ap1

N 1=

1
( L10 ) L1 2

1
(10)(1 )
2

) =2 L

) =2 L

( L 12 )=L (2 L 1)=2 L L
1

2
1

d N1
=4 L11
d L1
d N1
=0
d L2

N 2=

1
( L20 ) L2 2

1
(10)(1 )
2

( L 12 )=L (2 L 1)=2 L L
2

2
2

d N2
=0
d L1
d N2
=4 L21
d L2

N 3=

1
( L30 ) L3 2

) =2 L

1
(10)(1 )
2

( L 12 )=L (2 L 1)=(1L L )(12L 2L )

3

d N3
=1+2L1 +2L2 2+ 2L1 +2L2=4 ( L1 + L2 )3
d L1
d N3
=1+2L1 +2L2 2+ 2L1 +2L2=4 ( L1 + L2 )3
d L2
N4=

( L1 0 ) ( L20 )
1
1
( 0)( 0)
2
2

=4 L1L2

d N4
=4L2
d L1
d N4
=4L1
d L2
N 5=

( L30 )( L2 0 )
1
1
( 0)( 0)
2
2

=4 L3L2=4L2 ( 1L1L2 )

d N4
=4L2
d L1
d N4
=4( 1L1L2 )4L2=4(1L12L2)
d L2
N 6=

( L30 )( L10 )
1
1
( 0)( 0)
2
2

=4 L3L1=4L1 ( 1L1L2 )

d N4
=4( 1L1L2 )4L1=4(12L1L2)
d L1
d N4
=4L1
d L2
ap3.

F55

1.
50

55

F54
49

54

F53
48

53

Half of F55 acts on line 54-55, and half on 53-54, that is why the force on node 54 will be 5/2 for
each line.

b is half of the length of the distance between node 54 and node 55, which is , so b=1/4
the pressure will be calculated for line 54-55

1
y
N 54= 1
2
b

F54 = N 54 P dy
b

N 54 dy
b

1
y
1 dy
2
b

( )
b

1
y
1 dy
2
b

( )
b

y
1 dy
b

y2
y bb
2b

F
P= 54

1
y
N 55= 1+
2
b

( )

A 3= N 3 P ( y ) dy
b

y2 b

2 b b

2
2
b
b
b + +b
2b
2b
5

A
2.5
5
P= b 3 = b
=
1
y
N 3 dy 2 1+ b dy
b
b
y+

( )

55

49

53

43
48

N 1=2 L21L53
N 6=4 L53 L55
N 11=2 L255 L55

L55=

y
L

L53=1

y
L
L

2
53

y 2
y
1+ dy=
L
L

(( )

(2 L L5 3 )dy= 10 2 1

N 55 P dy= 10
0

F 53=
0

54

F55

F54
F53

y+

2 y3 3 y2 L
2
3

0 =10 L+ L L =1.666
2
3L 2 L
3
2
2
y
y
1+2 2 3 dy =10
L
L

10
0

y2
y3
2 0L=
2L 3L
y
y
1 dy =40
L
L

(4 L53 L55) dy= 4 0

0

N 5 4 P dy= 10
0

F 54=
0

( L2 L3 )=6.666

40

L
0

(( ) )

(2 L L55 ) dy= 10 2
2
55

y
y
dy=
L
L
L

N 55 P dy=10
0

F 55=
0

2 y3 y2 L
2
L

0 =10 L2 =1.666
3 L 2L
3
2
10

which doubles because of simmetry

vessel

4.

b=

2 r
=0.0785
4102

1
y
N 1= 1
2
b

F1= N 1 P dy
b

N 1 dy
b

1
y
1 dy
2
b

( )
b

1
y
1 dy
2
b

( )
b

y
1 dy
b

y2 b
y b
2b

F
P= 1

104.7198
=666.66
0.157

N 53=2 L53L53
N 54=4 L53 L55
2

N 55=2 L55L55

L55=

y
L

L53=1

y
L
L

(( )

2
53

(2 L L53 ) dy= 10 2 1
0

y
y
1+ dy =
L
L
L

N 55 P dy =10
0

F53=
0
3

y+

2y 3 y L
2
3

0 =10 L+ L L =1.666
2
3L 2 L
3
2
2
y
y
1+2 2 3 dy =10
L
L

10
0

y
y
2 0L=
2L 3 L
y
y
1 dy =40
L
L

( )

(4 L53 L55) dy= 40

0

N 54 P dy=10
0

F 54 =
0

( L2 L3 )=6.666

40

L
2
55

(2 L L55 ) dy= 10
0

y 2 y
2
dy=
L
L

(( ) )
L

N 55 P dy=10
0

F 55=
0

2 y3 y2 L
2
L

=10 L2 =1.666
3 L 2L 0
3
2
10

(1) load applied in each case;

(2) discussion of the general performance of each element;
(3) compare the results of the Q4 and LST elements for each loading case;
(4) compare of the computed results with theoretical solutions obtained from Strength of
Materials (derivations to be included);
(5) optimization of node numbering and half-bandwidth;
(6) significance of the results for either beam1Q4 or beam1LST in the context of the patch test;
(7) justification of the boundary conditions and loading used for the beam and vessel problems;
(8) significance of Saint-Venants principle for beam3Q4; and,
(9) averaging of nodal stresses.

3. Results of the Q4 and LST elements for each loading case

Beam 1
1

10

11

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
LST

Q4

Fig shows the deflection on x axis for the nodes on the center line of the beam. The deflections on x
are the same for al 11 columns of rows. The results are the same for the two types of elements. As
expected, the deflection is proportional with the distance from the fixed nodes, which have 0
displacement.

Beam 2
12
10
8
6
4
2
0

5
LST

10

Q4

Fig. displays the deflection of the nodes on the center axis of the beam. There is a 10% difference
between the values at the same node. The y displacements for the other 4 rows of nodes are almost
the same, with a less than 1% variation from these.

Beam 3
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

5
Q4

10

LST

In fig. the displacements on x of the nodes places on the center horizontal axis of the beam are
shown. Again, a difference of 10% between the solution of Q4 and LST analysis can be noticed. As in
the case of beam 2, all 5 rows of nodes have the same vertical displacement (less than 1%
variation).

Vessel
0.45
0.4
0.35
0.3
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0

3
LST

Q4

Fig. shows the radial displacements of the nodes. Bar 1 of the plot represents the interior nodes, and
bar 5 the exterior nodes. There is a extremely small difference between the solutions of the two types
of elements. The radial displacement is identical for every radial axis of the vessel.
In beam 1 and vessel, the results are the same for the two types of elements, while for beam 2 and 3
the deflection is bigger for LST than Q4.

4. Beam 1

Beam 1
1

0
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1.2
LST

u= x0
=

u=

Beam 2

x0
E

Q4

THEORETICAL

Beam 2
12.00
10.00
8.00
6.00
4.00
2.00
0.00

THEORETICAL

y=

6
LST

10

Q4

P x2
(3 lx )
6 EI

Beam 3

Beam 3
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0

THEORETICAL

6
Q4

7
LST

10

y=

I=

Mx
2 EI

t h2
12

Vessel

p
2
i

( i r r )
E (r 20r 2i )

[( 1 ) + ( 1+ )

r 2i
r2

ur =
5.

HBW =max ( EHB W n ) =2( 6+1 )=14

HBW =max ( EHB W n ) =2(12+1 ) =26
6. Beam 1 respects the main conditions to be applied the patch test. The boundary conditions are
minimal in order to restrain rigid body motion (5 nodes are constrained on x axis and 1 of them on y
axis, all of them are exterior nodes). The traction is applied by forces acting on exterior nodes, but
none of the interior nodes is distorted.
Fig. shows that the theoretical results match the results of the analysis. The displacements on x are
the same,