CCB 1052

ENGINEERING
GRAPHICS
INTRODUCTION TO STANDARDS
USED IN PROCESS INDUSTRIES

LECTURE OBJECTIVES
By the end of this lecture, student should be able
to:
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Define standard , identify standards and give reason why

standards are very important in drawing

Apply British Standard in Process Flow Diagram (PFD)

Classify and design Flow Diagrams

-

Block diagram

Process flow diagram (PFD)

Piping and instrument diagram (P&ID)

WHAT IS A STANDARD?

Source: British Standard Institution (BSI) Education

A Standard is a published specification that

establishes a common language, and contains a
technical specification or other precise criteria
and is designed to be used consistently, as a
rule, a guideline, or a definition.

WHY DO WE NEED STANDARDS?

Standards are necessary to:

expedite/accelerate the technical processes

(drafting designing manufacturing)
uphold professionalism in engineering field

avoid misunderstanding/confusion (such that

we speak in the same language)

WHY DO WE NEED STANDARDS?

What the user wanted.

As designed by the senior

engineer.

WHY DO WE NEED STANDARDS?

As understood by the
tender committee.

As produced by the
manufacturing.

WHY DO WE NEED STANDARDS?

As
installed/commissioned
by the sub-contractor.

As proposed by the project

sponsor.

COMMON STANDARDS

1. British Standard (BS)

Hardcopy of symbols (BS EN ISO 10628:2001) is
available at the IRC
Also online at http://www.bsiglobal.com/index.xalter

2. PETRONAS Technical Standard (PTS)

CD-ROM is available at the IRC

Two of the common standards used in this

course are listed below:

BRITISH STANDARD
The British Standard is the official English
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language version of the European Standard

(in German EUROPISCHE NORM or EN for

short).
In this case, EN ISO 10628:2001 is
identical with ISO 10628:1997.Tag reference number

The governing body is the British

Standards Institution (BSI).

BRITISH STANDARD
Countries that follow the European
Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic,

Denmark, Finland, France, Germany,

Greece, Iceland, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway,
Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland
and the United Kingdom

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Standard (in English, French and German):

BRITISH STANDARD- SYMBOLS FOR

PROCESS EQUIPMENT

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12

BRITISH STANDARD- SYMBOLS FOR

VALVES

13

PETRONAS TECHNICAL STANDARD

Check the difference between BS and PTS!!
- VALVES

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WHAT IS FLOW DIAGRAMS?

procedure, configuration and

function of a process plant or

plant section.

Definition according to the British Standard

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Diagrams representing the

FLOW DIAGRAMS
Flow diagrams (FDs) are used mainly in
oil, gas, petrochemical (OGP)
pharmaceutical
food and beverages
Environmental (waste mgmt/treatment center)
FDs are also used in other industries, e.g.,
mining and metallurgical, to describe
production process and auxiliary systems.

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the process industries:

FLOW DIAGRAMS
The flow diagrams are divided into three
(a) Block diagram

(b) Process flow diagram (PFD)

(c) Piping and instrument diagram

(P&ID)

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categories:

(A)

BLOCK DIAGRAMS

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In the block diagrams, processes and/or

process steps are shown as rectangularshape objects, interconnected by flow lines.

Block diagram with basic info to manufacture Product X

(A)

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Source: EN ISO
10628:2001

(A)

BLOCK DIAGRAMS

The objects may represent:

Processes sequence of chemical, physical or biological

operations for conversion, transport or storage of
material/energy
process steps Part of a process which is predominantly selfsufficient & consists of one or several unit operations
unit operations Simplest operation in a process according to
the theory of process technology
process plants Facilities & structures necessary for
performing a process
plant sections Part of a process plant that can, at least
occasionally be operated independently
Equipment Single parts of a plant, such as vessels, columns,
heat exchangers, pumps, compressors.
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(A)

BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram should consist of the

denomination of objects

denomination of incoming and

outgoing flows of material and energy
direction of main flows between
objects

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following basic information:

(A)

BLOCK DIAGRAM

The block diagram may also contain:

outgoing materials and energy

operating conditions (T and P)

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flow rates of the incoming and

After basic info has been included e.g flowrates, operating conditions T & P,
Processes steps, unit operations

(A)

BLOCK DIAGRAM

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Source: EN ISO
10628:2001

(A)

BLOCK DIAGRAM DRAWING GUIDE

Read and understand the whole process. Do not

start drawing
Sketch the main operations
Identify the sub-operation
Start constructing block diagram
Finish by referring to BS

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CLASS EXERCISE
Construct a block diagram for this process.
Biodiesel production:
catalyst

Vegetable oil + Alcohol <-> Biodiesel + Glycerol

(RBD Palm Stearin)

(Methanol)

(Methyl Esters)

RBD* Palm Stearin and methanol are chosen as the raw materials in transesterification reaction. Catalyst
used is the based type, potassium methoxide, a typical mixture of potassium hydroxide with methanol. It is
being prepared during Catalyst Preparation step before Transesterification stage, where methanol is

supplied 100% in excess and preheated RBD are added. The reaction effluent is then pumped to Methanol
Recovery 1 where methanol being recovered and recycled. After that, the liquid mixtures undergoes
Phase Separation, where methyl esters (biodiesel) and glycerol split into two distinct layers. Methyl
esters are sent to Washing before graded as final product. Glycerol undergoes Neutralisation step, where
phosphoric acid is added. In this step, potassium catalyst is neutralised by the acids and forms potassium
phosphate in solid phase. The solid potassium phosphate is recovered in Soild Separation. The liquid
mixture of glycerol is then sent to another Methanol Recovery 2 unit, where methanol is recovered and
recycled. Glycerol leaves as final by-product.
* RBD- refined, bleached & deodorised

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THE BLOCK DIAGRAM

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! But not to British Standard

INCORPORATING BS
KOH
Catalyst
preparatio
n
Methanol

Methanol

Transesterification

RBD Palm
Stearin
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SUMMARY

Definition, Identify Standard and

Need For Standard
Standards
Use Standards in PFD and PID
What is PFD and PID?

British Standards

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INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT 2
Individually, draw a block diagram containing elemental unit
operation according to British Standard based on this process
description. You may use Microsoft Office to construct the block
diagram.
Manufacturing of Cumene
The manufacturing of Cumene is done through reaction between
Benzene and Propylene, via alkylation and transalkylation
processes. The reaction scheme is as follows:
Benzene + Propylene Cumene
Benzene and propylene, both at 100% purity are used as fresh
feed to the process. Fresh benzene is fed to the pre-treatment
section, consists of two flash drums, to remove impurities harmful to
the catalyst as well as water possibly containing chlorine.

The treated benzene, along with recycled benzene, and

propylene, is heated before being pumped to the alkylation section.
In the alkylation section, reaction of propylene with benzene takes
place in liquid phase in two fixed bed reactors with multibed catalyst
(PBE-1 zeolite) arrangement. The temperature of the reactor is at
230C.
The alkylation effluent, which consists mainly of unconverted
benzene, cumene and diisopropylbenzenes undergo series of three
heat exchangers to cool it down.

The product is then sent to the distillation section. In the first

column, depropanizer, propane is purged at the top product
assosiated with fresh propylene as off gas to be sent in the fuel gas
network. The bottom product then enters the second column to
separate benzene as the top product to be recycled. The bottom
product from the second column enters another column, cumene
purification, to separate cumene at more than 99.9%wt purity at the
top from heavies that are made up of recoverable
polyisopropylbenzenes and a very small amount of unrecoverable
material. The produced cumene is sent to the storage tank.

The heavies enter the transalkylation section where a column

separates the recoverable polyisopropylbenzenes from the
unrecoverables as the bottoms. Polyisopropylbenzenes are fed to the
transalkylation reactor, with PBE-1 zeolite catalyst in packed bed,
along with benzene, coming from the distillation section, to produce
additional cumene, while bottoms are sent to as purge. The
transalkylation reactor effluent, which consists mainly of
unconverted benzene, cumene and a small amount of unconverted
polyisopropylbenzenes, is sent to the above mentioned distillation
section.

SUBMISSION DATE: 26TH Nov, 5pm.