AVO Attribute Volumes

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

Introduction
The AVO Attribute Volume process (formerly known as the Gradient Stack) allows us to
analyze gathers to determine either the zero-offset and gradient components of the
amplitude or the zero-offset P-wave and S-wave reflection coefficients at each time
sample.
These results are derived from two formulations of the Aki-Richards approximation to
the Zoeppritz equations.
The output of AVO Attribute Volume will be stored in SEGY files, but is typically viewed
in a single output window.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

Possible Attributes
For each field and reservoir, not all AVO attributes will give the same results, some may
be more robust than others. Modeling and comparing all available AVO attributes is
useful in determining the best AVO input for reservoir modeling and simulation.
Following are a number of different possibilities of getting AVO attributes:
Offset or angle-limited stacks
Elastic Impedance inversion
Intercept and Gradient
Extraction of RP and RS reflectivity
Inversion of RP and RS to give ZP and ZS
Lambda-Mu-Rho analysis of ZP and ZS

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

Types of AVO Attributes Analysis in HRS

Using AVO program in HRS Software, there are four types of analysis for AVO Attributes:
1.
2.
3.
4.

The traditional A/B (Intercept/Gradient) approach

The three term A/B/C (Intercept/Gradient/Curvature) approach
The Rp/Rs approach, which is the Geostack method described by Fatti et al.
The Vp/Vs analysis

Every approach will create some useful attributes that were calculated internally in the
software. Theory for each type of analysis is given briefly on next slides.
The following pages have more details on how to create and combine various AVO
attributes using HRS software.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

Types of AVO Attributes Analysis in HRS

A description of the relevant AVO equations is
accessible from the Help > AVO Equations menu.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

A/B (Intercept/Gradient) Analysis

In this traditional A/B (Intercept/Gradient) approach, the amplitude of any pre-stack data sample can
be written as:
R(x,t) = A(t) + B(t)*sin(x,t), where: A(t) is the ideal zero-offset (intercept) trace
B(t) is the gradient trace for this gather
(x,t) is the P-wave angle of incidence at this sample
This A/B approach will give following attributes:
1. Intercept (A)
2. Gradient (B)
3. Product (A*B)
4. Intercept (A) * sign (Gradient (B))
5. Gradient (B) * sign (Intercept (A))
6. Scaled Poissons Ratio Change (aA+bB)
7. Scaled S-wave Reflectivity (aA-bB)
8. Polarization Angle Difference
9. Polarization Magnitude
10. Polarization Coefficient Squared
11. Polarization Product
12. Weighted Polarization Product

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

See next slide for more explanation

A/B (Intercept/Gradient) Analysis

Explanations of Polarization Attributes:
1. Polarization Angle Difference: The calculated angle minus the Background Angle.
2. Polarization Magnitude: The length of the Polarization Vector.
3. Polarization Coefficient Squared: The squared normalized correlation coefficient
from the Polarization Vector calculation.
4. Polarization Product: The product of the Polarization Angle times the Polarization
Magnitude.
5. Weighted Polarization Product: The product of the Polarization Angle times the
Polarization Magnitude times the Polarization Coefficient Squared.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

A/B/C (Intercept/Gradient/Curvature) Analysis

In the three term A/B/C (Intercept/Gradient/Curvature) approach, the amplitude of any pre-stack data
sample can be written as:
R(x,t) = A(t) + B(t)*sin(x,t) + C(t)*tan2(x,t)sin2(x,t)
where: A(t) is the ideal zero-offset (intercept) trace
B(t) is the gradient trace for this gather
C(t) is the curvature term
(x,t) is the P-wave angle of incidence at this sample
This A/B/C approach will give following attributes:
1. Intercept (A)
2. Gradient (B)
3. Curvature (C)
4. Product (A*B)
5. Intercept (A) * sign (Gradient (B))
6. Gradient (B) * sign (Intercept (A))
7. Scaled Poissons Ratio Change (aA+bB)
8. Scaled S-wave Reflectivity (aA-bB)

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

9. Delta Vp(2*C)
10. Delta Rho(s*(A-C))
11. Delta Vs(1+0.25k)*C-(0.25k)*B-A
12. Polarization Angle Difference
13. Polarization Magnitude
14. Polarization Coefficient Squared
15. Polarization Product
16. Weighted Polarization Product

Rp/Rs Analysis
The Rp/Rs approach is the Geostack method described by Fatti et al. (Geophysics,
Vol.59,1994), which describes the amplitude of any pre-stack data sample as:
R(x,t) = Rp(t)*a(x,t) + Rs(t)*b(x,t)
where: Rp(t) is the zero-offset P-wave reflectivity
Rs(t) is the zero-offset S-wave reflectivity
a(x,t) and b(x,t) are functions of the P-wave angle of incidence at this sample
This Rp/Rs approach will give following attributes:
1. Fluid Factor (Vp/Vs=2)
2. aRp + bRs
3. aRp bRs
4. Rp
5. Rs

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

Vp/Vs Analysis
The Vp/Vs analysis allows us to display various combinations of the P-wave and S-wave
velocities. These velocities are only the input velocities that are used for the AVO
Attribute calculation. They are designed to give you a fast method of creating the SEGY
velocity volumes from the velocity function that you use in the AVO Attribute
calculation.
This Vp/Vs approach will give following attributes:
1. Vp
2. Vs
3. Vp/Vs
4. Vs/Vp
5. Poissons Ratio

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Creating AVO Attribute in HRS

To start creating AVO Attributes in HRS, in the window containing seismic gather, click
AVO Attribute > AVO Attribute Volume. A Volume Range Specification window will
appear. Specify velocity information from either a well log or a table, and also the
Type of Analysis desired.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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A/B (Intercept/Gradient) Attributes

Remember that for each field and reservoir, not all AVO attributes will give the same
results, some may be more robust than others. Modeling and comparing all available
AVO attributes is useful in determining the best AVO input for reservoir modeling
and simulation.
We can check and select various combinations of these attributes in the Color Data
Volume. Below are attributes calculated when choosing type of analysis A/B.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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A/B/C (Intercept/Gradient/Curvature) Attributes

Calculated Attributes when choosing type of analysis A/B/C.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Rp/Rs Attributes
Calculated Attributes when choosing type of analysis Rp/Rs.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Vp/Vs Attributes
Calculated Attributes when choosing type of analysis Vp/Vs.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Making AVO Attributes Volume

When we calculate the AVO attributes of gathers, AVO determines the values for A(t),
B(t), C(t), Rp(t) and Rs(t) and stored the output in two SEGY files. Other attributes in
the software are internally calculated and are not output in SEGY files.
Wanting to bring AVO attributes from HRS to other software suite requires a bit different
way. The simple way to make AVO attribute volume of desired attribute is by using
Process > Utility > Copy, and choose the desirable attribute as input volume.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Making AVO Attributes Volume

In the Seismic Window Data menu and seismic.dir of the project, see that the volume and
SEGY files of desired attributes have now been created.
We can now move these files to other software suite. For reference to move SEGY data,
see the Moving_Data pdf file.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Other Attribute Volumes

If you have two seismic volumes in the same window, the software will create on-thefly (internally calculated) attributes. This, for example, is the sum, difference,
multiplication, etc of the available seismic volumes.
Attribute volumes for these on-the-fly attributes could not be created using the option
Process > Utility > Copy. It has to be done using the Trace Math option. After that,
the data can be moved to other software suite. See next slide for details.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Other Attribute Volumes

There are two seismic volumes in the same window. Looking at the Color Data Volume,
we have on-the-fly attributes, for example the sum, difference, and multiplication of
the seismic volumes.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Other Attribute Volumes

To create attribute volume of these on-the-fly attributes, do the Trace Math option, and
select the desired process.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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Other Attribute Volumes

Check in Seismic Window Data Menu and in seismic.dir of your project, the volume of
the on-the-fly attributes is now existing.

CE7/R2 Last Updated: August 2005 Author: Feby Hapsari

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