Slides PDF Module 1

Syllabus
Module 1
Evolution of CAD/CAM and CIM segments of generic CIM, computers and workstation, elements
of interactive graphics, input/ out put display, storage devices in CAD - an overview of CIM
software - 2D Graphics: line drawing algorithms, DDA line algorithm circle drawing,
bressnham`s circle drawing algorithm 2D translation, rotation, scaling clipping -3D
Graphics (basic only).
Design process CAD process: wireframe, surface, solid modeling; Engineering analysis; design
review & evaluation, automated drafting CAD hard ware, software, data presentation,
CAD software packages
Syllabus
Module 2
Numerical control: Need - advantages & disadvantages classifications Point to point, straight
cut & contouring positioning - incremental & absolute systems open loop & closed loop
systems DDA integrator & Interpolators resolution CNC & DNC.
Programmable logic controllers (PLC): need relays- logic ladder program timers - Simple
exercises only.
Devices in N.C. systems: Driving devices - feed back devices: encoders, moire fringes, digitizer,
resolver, inductosyn, tachometer.
Module 3
NC part programming: part programming fundamentals - manual programming NC coordinate systems and axes tape format sequence number, preparatory functions,
dimension words, speed word, feed world, tool world, miscellaneous functions programming
exercises.
Computer aided part programming: concept & need of CAP CNC languages APT language
structure: geometry commands, motion commands, postprocessor commands, compilation
control commands programming exercises programming with interactive graphics.
Syllabus
Module 4
Automated process planning: Process planning, general methodology of group technology, code
structures of variant & generative process planning methods, AI in process planning, process
planning software.
Module 5
Robotics: Industrial robots and their applications for transformational and handling activities,
configuration & motion, actuators, sensors and end effectors, feature like work envelop,
precision of movement, weight carrying capacity, robot programming languages.
Vision systems: introduction to intelligent robots.
Reference Books
Craig John
Introduction to Robotics
Groover M.P.
CAD/CAM, PHI.
Hearn & Baker
Computer graphics (in C version), Prentice Hall.
New man & Sproull
Principles of interactive Graphics, McGraw Hill.
Petruzella Frank.D.
Programmable logic controllers.
Yoram Koren
Numerical control of machine tools, McGraw-Hill
Credits
3-1-0 hours (per week)

3 hours lecture
1 hour tutorial
0 hours practical
Marks
Series
Out of 50
University
Out of 100
Series Marks distribution

60% - Series test

30% - Assignments

Class tests (at the end of each module)

Pop quiz (written)
Written assignments
Presentations
10% - Attendance
Inclusive of written assignments
Examination schedules (tentative)

I Series
II Series
Feb 27th - 29th
Mar 28th - 30th
University Exam
May - June
Module 1
Evolution of CAD/CAM and CIM segments of generic CIM
Computers and Workstation
Elements of interactive graphics in CAD

Input/ out put
Display
Storage devices
An overview of CIM software
2D Graphics
Line drawing algorithms
Circle drawing
DDA line algorithm

Bressnham`s circle drawing algorithm
2D translation
rotation, scaling
Clipping
3D Graphics (basics only)
Module 1
Design process
CAD process
Wireframe
Surface
Solid modeling
Engineering analysis
Design review & evaluation
Automated drafting
CAD hard ware, software, data presentation

CAD software packages
Reference:
1. Groover M.P.
CAD/CAM, PHI.
2. Groover M.P. / Zimmers E.W
CAD/CAM, PHI.
What is CAD/CAM?
Use of computers to enhance certain functions of design

and production
CAD Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided
Drafting
Use of computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a design
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing
Use of computer systems to plan, manage, and control
the operations of a manufacturing plant
Interface with the plant's production resources
Direct
or Indirect
Why CAD/CAM?
Why CAD/CAM?
Why CAD/CAM?
Why CAD/CAM?
Why CAD/CAM?
Why CAD/CAM?
Why CAD/CAM?
Product
Concept
Customers /
Market
Quality Control
Design
Engineering
Drafting
Order new
equipment / tooling
Process
Planning
Production
Production
scheduling
TYPICAL PRODUCT
CYCLE
Computer
Aided Design
Product
Concept
Customers
/ Market
Quality Control
Computer
Aided Quality
Control
Design
Engineering
Computer
Aided Drafting
Drafting
Order new
equipment / tooling
Process
Planning
Production
Production
scheduling
CNC, Robots,
Machines
Computer
Aided Process
Planning
Computerized
scheduling, Material
Requirement, Shop floor
control
List of Computer Aided Manufacturing

Activities
Computer-aided design (CAD)
Enterprise resource planning (ERP)
Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD)
Finite element analysis (FEA)
Computer-aided process planning (CAPP)
Manufacturing process management (MPM)
Computer-aided quality assurance (CAQ)
Manufacturing process planning (MPP)
Computer-aided reporting (CAR)
Material requirements planning (MRP)
Computer-aided requirements capture (CAR)
Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)
Computer-aided rule definition (CARD)
Product data management (PDM)
Computer-aided rule execution (CARE)
Product lifecycle management (PLM)
Component information system (CIS)
Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)
Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)
Computer-aided industrial design (CAID)
Computer numerical controlled (CNC)
Computer-aided engineering (CAE)
Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)
Your role in CAD/CAM industry

Drafting
Tool design
Part design
Solid modelling
Surface modelling
Meshing
Analysis
Simulation
Mathematical Modelling (Research)
CAD/CAM Related Career Paths

Engineering
Animation
CAD/CAM software
development
CAD/CAM hardware
development
CAD/CAM software
maintenance and
troubleshooting
CAD/CAM consulting services
CAD/CAM instruction services
CAD/CAM marketing and sales

Simulation technology
Robotics
Digital art and advertising
Internet development and
consulting
Cutting tool designer
Rehabilitation technology
Medical imaging systems
Digital gaming and
amusement systems
Basic eligibility required

Read and write well

Basic knowledge of
College
level algebra
Trigonometry
Manual drafting practices
Windows OS
2D & 3D CAD
Manual shop practices
Production processes
Manual programming of CNC machines (recommended)
CNC programming (recommended)
Product Cycle & CAD/CAM

Product
Concept
Customers /
Market
Quality Control
Design
Engineering
Drafting
Order new
equipment / tooling
Process
Planning
Production
Production
scheduling
TYPICAL PRODUCT
CYCLE
Computer
Aided Design
Product
Concept
Customers
/ Market
Quality Control
Computer
Aided Quality
Control
Design
Engineering
Computer
Aided Drafting
Drafting
Order new
equipment / tooling
Process
Planning
Production
Production
scheduling
CNC, Robots,
Machines
Computer
Aided Process
Planning
Computerized
scheduling, Material
Requirement, Shop floor
control
Automation & CAD/CAM

4 main categories of production systems

Continuous
flow processes
Mass production of discrete products
Batch production
Job shop production
Continuous Flow processes

Continuous
Dedicated
production of one bulk
product
Limited model
variations
E.g.
Chemical plants
Oil refineries
Steel
Mass production of discrete products

Dedicated production
of large quantities of
one product
E.g.
Engine
blocks
Bearings
Batch Production
Medium Lot sizes of

same component
One
time activity
Periodic batch
production
E.g.
Books
Clothing
Industrial
Machinery
Job Shop production

Low quantities
One of a kind
Specialized & Unique
product
Customized to
customer requirements
E.g.
Prototypes
Aircrafts
Machine
Tools
Quantity v/s Variety
Automation Achievements for 4

types of production
Category
1. Continuous-flow
processes
Automation achievements
Flow process from beginning to end
Sensor technology available to measure important
process variables
Use of sophisticated control and optimization strategies
Fully computer-automated plants

types of production
Category
2. Mass production
of discrete products
Automated transfer machines
Dial indexing machines
Partially and fully automated assembly lines
Industrial robots for spot welding, parts handling,
machine loading, spray painting, etc.
Automated materials handling systems
Computer production monitoring

types of production
Category
3. Batch production
Numerical control (NC), direct numerical control (DNC),
computer numerical control (CNC)
Adaptive control machining
Robots for arc welding, parts handling, etc.
Computer-integrated manufacturing systems
4. Job shop production Numerical control, computer numerical control
What is CAD?
Use of computers to enhance certain functions of

design
CAD Computer Aided Design / Computer Aided
Drafting
Use of computer systems to assist in the creation,
modification, analysis, or optimization of a
design
Extended use of ICG
ICG
Modern Computers are

based on ICG
Interactive Computer
Graphics
ICG is
A
User oriented system

Makes use of a
computer to
Create
Transform
Display Data Pictorially
Functioning of an ICG system
USER
COMMANDS
COMPUTER
CRT SCREEN
INPUTS
Typical ICG system

WORKSTATION
PLOTTER
CPU
DESIGNER
PRINTER
Synergistic effect of ICG

Designer
Conceptualisation
Speed
of Thinking
Computer
Speed
of calculation
Visual Display
Storage of large data
Result:
Greater
than the sum

of components
Reasons for implementing a CAD system

Increase productivity
of the designer
Improve the quality of
the design
Improve communication
Create a database for
manufacturing
Design Process
Recognition of
need
Definition of
problem
Synthesis
Analysis &
Optimisation
Evaluation
Presentation
As defined by
Shigley
1. Recognition of a need
Realisation that a
problem exists
Corrective action
needs to be taken
New product market
opportunity
2. Definition of the problem

Thorough specification
of item to be designed
Physical
Characteristics
Functional
Characteristics
Cost
Quality
Operating
Performance
3. Synthesis & Analysis

Conceptualisation
Analysis
Improvement
Redesign
Process is repeated till optimized
within the constraints
4. Evaluation
Measuring the design

against the
specifications
5. Presentation
Documentation of
design
Drawings
Material
Specifications
Assembly lists
Etc.
Design Process
Computer
Aided Design
Recognition of
need
Definition of
problem
Synthesis
Geometric
Modelling
Analysis &
Optimisation
Engineering
Analysis
Evaluation
Design Review
& Evaluation
Presentation
Automated
Drafting
Application of Computers for Design

Geometric Modelling
ICG
Engineering Analysis
FEA
CFD
Mathematical Modelling
Simulation

Design Review & Evaluation

Automated Drafting
1. Geometric Modelling
Generating a computer compatible mathematical

description of the geometry of an object
Use of ICG
Interactive
Computer Graphics
Three types of commands

Points,
lines, circles
Scaling, rotation, transformation
Synthesis of above two
During geometric modelling computer converts

commands into a mathematical model
Generating a computer compatible mathematical
description of the geometry of an object
Centre = (5,5)
Radius = 20
X2 + Y2 = R2
Three types of
commands
lines, circles
Scaling, rotation,
transformation
Synthesis of above two
USER
Points,
COMMANDS
COMPUTER
CRT SCREEN
INPUTS
a. Points, Lines, Circles
b. Scaling
c. Translation
d. Rotation
Types of representing an object

Wireframe
2D
2.5
3D
Solid Model
2. Engineering Analysis
Analysis of Mass
Solid
Object
Surface area
Weight
Volume
Center of gravity
Moment of inertia
Plane
Surface (or a
cross section)
Perimeter
Area
Inertia properties
FEM
Stress-Strain
Calculations
Heat Transfer
Calculations
Computational Fluid
Dynamics
3. Design Review & Evaluation

Semiautomatic GD & T
Layering
Interference Checking
Graphical Kinematics

Semiautomatic GD & T

Layering

Interference Checking

Graphical Kinematics
4. Automated Drafting
Creation of hard copy

engineering drawings
5. Parts classification and coding

Grouping of similar part designs into classes by

means of a coding scheme
Creation of Manufacturing Database

Draftsmen
Process
Engineers
Design
Process Route
Process
Engineers
Process
Planning
Integrated CAD/CAM system

Direct link between product design and

manufacturing
Potential Benefits of CAD

Shorter Lead Times

Design Analysis
Fewer Design Errors
Greater accuracy in design
calculations
Standardisation of design,
drafting and documenting
procedures
Drawings more
understandable
Improved procedures for
engineering changes
Potential Benefits of CAD

Assignment to be submitted on Wed, 8th February

4 pages / 2 sheets
Hardware in CAD
A Stand-alone CAD
system
One or More
Workstations
Workstation
Graphics
Terminal
Operator Input Devices
Plotters
Other output devices
CPU
Secondary Storage
Typical Hardware Configuration in CAD

Secondary
Storage
CPU
Output plotters,
etc.
Graphics
Terminal
Input
Devices
Design Workstation
Five Functions
with CPU
Generate Steady graphic
image for the user
Provide digital
descriptions of the graphic
image
Translate computer
commands to operating
functions
Facilitate communication
between user and system
Interface
All these five functions

are achieved using
ICG
Interactive Computer
Graphics
ICG Workstation
A
graphics terminal
Operator Input Device
ICG Workstation
ICG Workstation
A
graphics terminal
Operator Input Device
Graphics Terminal

CRTs
Flatscreens
LCDs
LEDs
Touch screen
Resistive
Capacitive
Image Generation (CRT)

Electrons energise a
phosphor coated glass
screen
Electron beam can be
Focussed
Change
intensity
Control point of
contact
Deflectors
Image Generation Techniques

Stroke writing
Also
known as
Line drawing
Random position
Vector writing
Directed beam
Raster scanning
Also
known as
Digital TV
Scan Graphics
Raster Scan
Viewing screen divided into

pixels
Matrix of pixels is called a
raster
800x600
1024x768
Each pixel can be made glow

with a different
Brightness
& Color
Refresh Rate
30-60
Hz
Graphics terminals for CAD

Different types of
screen based on
Type
of phophor
coating
Pixel Density
B/W or Color
Memory available for
image generation
Three types are

Direct
Beam Refresh
Direct-View Storage
Tube (DVST)
Raster Scan (digital
TV)
1. Direct Beam Refresh

Uses Stroke-writing
technique
Phosphor screen can
maintain brightness
only for microseconds
Screen must be
refreshed many times
per second
Difficult to avoid
flicker on dense
screens
Selective erasure and
alteration of image
readily accomplished
Possible to provide
animation using refresh
tube
2. DVST (Direct View Storage Tube)

Also uses stroke-writing

Screen is able to retain the
image
Uses

electron flood gun
Lowest-cost terminals
Lack of color-capability
Cannot use light-pen as
data entry
Animation not possible

Avoid the need to refresh

Resulting image is flickerfree
Lines may be readily
added without worrying
about refresh rate or
image density
Individual lines cannot be
selectively removed
3. Raster-scan terminals
Uses digital signals

instead of analog like
TV
Limited by cost of
memory
Memory depends on
Intensity
and resolution
4 levels 2 bits
8 levlels 3 bits
Grayscale 6 bits
Color 18 bits (RGB)
Comparison of Graphics Terminals

Directed-beam
DVST
Raster scan
refresh
Image generation
Stroke writing
Stroke writing
Raster scan
Picture quality
Excellent
Excellent
Moderate to good
Data content
Limited
High
High
Selective erase
Yes
No
Yes
Gray scale
Yes
No
Yes
Color capability
Moderate
No
Yes
No
Moderate
Animation capability Yes
Operator Input Devices
Cursor control devices

Digitizers
Alphanumeric & other keyboard terminals
Uses

Creating
& positioning new items on screen

Pointing at or identifying locations on the screen with
existing images
Ideal graphic device should have both these functions
1. Cursor control devices

Thumbwheels
Direction keys on
keyboard
Joysticks
Tracker ball
Light pen
Electronic tablet
2. Digitizers
3. Keyboard terminals
Plotters & Output Devices

Pen plotters
Hard-copy units
Electrostatic plotters
Computer-output-microfilm (COM) units
1. Pen Plotters
Uses mechanical ink

pen
Wet
ink
Ball-point
Relative movement
between pen and
paper
Two types
Drum
plotter
Flat-bed plotters
a. Drum Plotters
b. Flat-bed printers
2. Hard Copy Units

Dry silver copiers

Replicates content of
CRT screen
Fast
Accuracy and quality
not as good as pen
plotter
3. Electro-static plotters
Consists of a series of
wire-styli mounted on
a bar
Uses charge sensitive
paper
Styli density
200
per liner inch
Data must be in raster

format
4. Computer-output-to microfilm
Computer Graphics Software

Collection of programs
written
Convenient
for a user
to operate the
computer graphics
system
Programs can
Generate
images
Manipulate images
Interaction between
user and system
Computer Graphics Software

Specialized Functions
Design
Analysis
programs
FEA
CFD
Kinematic Analysis
Manufacturing
Planning
Automated Process
Planning
Numerical Control part
programming
Ground rules for designing graphics

software
By Newman & Spoull

Simplicity
Easy to use
Consistency
Operate predictably to user
Completeness
No missing commands
Robustness
Tolerant to minor misuses by operator
Performance
Efficient. Within limits of hardware.
Economy
Software configuration of a graphics

system
Activities
Interact
with graphics terminal
Create / Alter images on screen
Construct
a model
Using images on the screen

Models are also called application models
Save
the model in memory
Primary (RAM)
Secondary (HDD / DVD / Flash Memory)
User performs above actions

In
combination rather than sequentially
Modules of a graphic software

Module
A standardized, often
interchangeable component
of a system that is designed
for easy assembly or
flexible use
3 modules
Graphics
Package
Application Program
Application Database
Functions of a Graphics Package

Generation of graphic elements

Transformations
Display control & Windowing functions
Segmenting functions
User input function
1. Generation of graphic elements

Graphic element
Dot
Line
Circle,
etc.
Also known as primitives
Special hardware components for some basic

elements
Speeds
up generation of these elements
Primitive
Sphere,
Cube or Cylinder
Used to generate more complex models
2. Transformations
Applied to graphic elements to

Modify
image on screen
Reposition item in database
Transformations
Scaling
Reduction / Enlargement
Translation
Repositioning
Rotation
3. Display Control & Windowing

functions
Provides user ability to

View
image
From desired Angle

At desired Magnification
Hidden
Image is divided into

Line Removal
Visible lines
Invisible / Hidden lines
Hidden line removal process

Manual
Automatic
4. Segmenting Functions
Provide capability to
Selectively
Replace
Delete
Modify
portions
of the image
Segment
Particular
portion of
image
May be
Single Element
Local Group of elements
5. User Input functions

Permit operator to
Enter
Commands
Data
using
input devices
Input functions are written

specifically for the
particular compliment of
the input device
Should maximise benefit
of using ICG
Constructing the geometry

Use of Graphic elements

Defining graphic elements
Editing the geometry
1. Use of Graphic elements

Points
Polygons
Arcs & Circle
Conics
Curves
Surfaces
2. Defining the Graphic Elements

3. Editing the geometry

Editing capabilities
Corrections
to model
Adjustments to model
User must be able to

Delete
Move
Selecting a segment
of the model
Copy
Rotate
Scale
Selective editing by
Segmenting
function & Transformations
Common editing features of a CAD

system

Move / Translate
Duplicate / Copy (similar to Move function)
Rotate
Mirror
Delete
Remove from display / Hide
Trim
Create a cell / group
Scale
Mathematics of Transformations
2D Translation
Problem 2D Translation
Problem 2D Translation
2D Scaling
Problem 2D Scaling
Problem 2D Scaling
2D Rotation
Problem 2D Rotation
Problem 2D Rotation
Problem 2D Rotation
3D Translation
3D Scaling
3D Rotation
Concatenation
Multiple transformations can be combined as a

sequence of transformations
Known
as concatenated transformations
E.g.
Rotation
of element
Magnifying the element
Types of representing an object

Wireframe
2D
2.5
3D
Solid Model
Wireframe v/s Solid Modelling

Wireframe
Adequate
for 2D
models
Limitations
Edge defining lines are
visible in the image
Invisible lines need to
be hidden
Ambiguity as to which
surface is solid
Wireframe v/s Solid Modelling

Solid Modelling
Models
are displayed
as solid objects
Very little risk of
misinterpretation
Realistic due to use of
Color
Shading
Limitations
Higher system
configurations required
Solid Modelling techniques

Constructive Solid
Geometry
or C-Rep
Building block
approach
CSG
Allows user to build

model out of
primitives
Cubes
Spheres
Cylinders
Pyramids
Boundary
representation
B-rep
Requires user to draw

the outline of the
object
Front,
side, top views

and interconnecting
relationships
Transformations need
to be applied to refine
the model to shape
CSG / C-Rep / Building Block

Approach
Boundary representation
Consists of
Topological
Shells
Faces
Edges
Vertices
Geometry
Surfaces
Curves
Points
features
Comparison
C-Rep / CSG
Initial
formulation
Procedural advantage
Difficult
to create complex
shapes
Less storage space
required
More computational effort
required
Difficult to convert
between C-Rep &
Wireframe definition
B-Rep
Initial
formulation requires
more detail
Easier to create complex
shapes
More storage space
required
Less computational effort
required
Boundary definition similar
to wire-frame definition
Vector Generation

Process of turning on pixels

Two VG Algorithm
DDA
(Digital Differential Analysers) Algorithm

Bresenhams Algorithm
DDA Algorithm

Based on dy, dx
Floating point arithmetic
Hence
slower
More accurate
DDA Algorithm
DDA Algorithm
y = m x
yk+1-
yk = mx
If x = 1
yk+1 = yk + m
x = y/m
xk+1-
xk = y/m
If y = 1
xk+1 = xk + (1/m)
DDA Algorithm
Bresenhams Line Drawing Algorithm

1. Input the two line end-points and store the left end
point in (x0, y0)
2. Load (x0, y0) into the frame buffer, i.e plot the first
point
3. Calculate contants
x,
y, 2y & 2y- 2x
Obtain starting value for decision parameter p
p0 = 2y- x

4. At each xk along the line, starting at k = 0, perform
the following test
If
pk < 0
Next point to plot is (xk+1, yk) &

pk+1 = pk + 2y
Else
Next point to plot is (xk+1, yk+1)

pk+1 = pk + 2y - 2x
5. Repeat above step x times.

Example
Digitize
the line with endpoints (20,10) & (30,18) with

slope 0.8

Digitize the line with endpoints (20,10) & (30,18)

with slope 0.8
x
= 10
Decision
y = 8
2y - 2x = -4
parameter
p0 = 2 y - x = 2*10 8 = 6
Increments
for calculating successive decision

parameters are
2y = 16
2y - 2x = -4

We
plot the initial point (x0, y0) = (20, 10) and

determine successive pixel positions along the line path
from the decision parameters
Since
Next point is
p0 = 6 > 0
(xk+1, yk+1) = (21, 11)
Next decision parameter is

p1 = p0 + 2y - 2x = 6 4 = 2

po = 2 y - x = 2*8 10 = 6
po
(xk+1, yk+1) = (22, 12)
< 0 hence next point is
(xk+1, yk)
= (23, 12)
p3 = p2 + 2 y = 2 + 16 = 14
p3
> 0 hence next point is
p2 = p1 + 2 y - 2 x = 2 4 = 2
p2
(xk+1, yk+1) = (21, 11)
p1 = p0 + 2 y - 2 x = 6 4 = 2
p1
(xk+1, yk+1) = (24, 13)
p4 = p3 + 2 y - 2 x = 14 4 = 10
p4
(xk+1, yk+1) = (25, 14)

k
pk
(xk+1, yk+1)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
6
2
-2
14
10
6
2
-2
14
10
(21, 11)
(22, 12)
(23, 12)
(24, 13)
(25, 14)
(26, 15)
(27, 16)
(28, 16)
(29, 17)
(30, 18)
Bresenhams Circle Drawing Algorithm

fcircle(x,y) = x2 + y2 r2
< 0 then (x,y) inside the circle boundary
If fcircle(x,y)
= 0 then (x,y) on the circle boundary
> 0 then (x,y) outside the circle boundary
The above circle function tests are performed for the
mid-positions between pixels close to the circle path at
each sampling step

Decision parameter
pk = fcircle(xk+1, yk )
= (xk+1)2+(yk-)2 r2
po = f(1, r-)
= 1 + (r-)2 r2
= (5/4) r
If r is an integer then
po
=1r

1. Input radius r and
3. At each xk position starting
circle center (xc, yc) and at k = 0 perform the
obtain the first point on following test
the circumference of a
If pk < 0
circle centered on the
Next point on along the circle
is (xk+1, yk)
origin as
(xo,
yo)=(0, r)
2. Initial decision
parameter
po
= (5/4) - r
If
pk+1= pk + 2xk+1 +1
pk > 0
Otherwise the next point along

the circle is (xk+1, yk-1)
pk+1= pk + 2xk+1 +1-2yk+1

Where
&
2xk+1=2(xk+1)
2yk+1 = 2(yk 1)
4. Determine symmetry
points about the other 7
octants
5. Move each calculated
pixel position (x, y) onto
the circular path
centered on (xc, yc)
x = x + xc
y = y + yc

Problem
r
= 10
(xc,yc) = (0,0)
Start with point (0, r)

for the first octant of
the circle

p0 = 1 r = 1 10 = 9
Since, po<0
Next
&
i.e. (x1,y0) = (1, 10)
next decision variable p1 is
P1
point is (xk+1,yk)
= p0 + 2xk+1 + 1 = -9+2*(0+1) + 1 = -6
Since p1 < 0
Next
&
point is (xk+1,yk)
(x2,y0) = (2, 10)

p2 = p1 + 2xk+1 + 1 = -6+2*(1+1) + 1 = -1

Since, p2<0
Next
&
point is (xk+1,yk)
i.e. (x3,y0) = (3, 10)

p3 = p2 + 2xk+1 + 1 = -1+2*(2+1) + 1 = 6
Since p3 > 0
Next
&
point is (xk+1,yk+1)
(x4,y1) = (4, 9)
p4 = p3 + 2xk+1 + 1 2yk+1

= 6+2*(3+1) + 1 2*(10 1) = 3
pk
(xk+1, yk+1)
2xk+1
2yk+1
-9
(1, 10)
20
-6
(2, 10)
20
-1
(3, 10)
20
(4, 9)
18
-3
(5, 9)
10
18
(6, 8)
12
16
(7, 7)
14
14
CIM Systems
Computer Integrated
Manufacturing Systems
Also known as
FMS
Flexible Manufacturing
Systems
VMM
Variable Mission
Manufacturing Systems
Computerized
Manufacturing System
All these refer to a

production system
which
consists of
a group of NC
machines
connected together by
an automated material
handling system
and
operating under
computer control
CIMS
Incorporates many individual CAD/CAM

technologies & concepts
CNC
DNC
Computer
Process Control
Computer Integrated Production Management
Automated inspection methods
Industrial Robotics
General Guidelines for CIMS
Application Guidelines for CIMS
Special Manufacturing System

Least flexible
Limited number of
different parts (2 8)
Similar to high
production transfer line
Variety of processes is
limited
Specialised machine
tools
Manufacturing Cell

Most flexible
Lowest production
Different parts may be
40 800
Annual production 15
500
FMS
FMS

4 100 different parts

40 2000 parts per year
Human labour required to operate
CIMS

Machine tools & related equipment

Materials handling systems
Computer System
Human Labor
1. Machine Tools & Related

Equipment

Standard CNC machine tools

Special Purpose machine tools
Tooling for these machines
Inspection stations
Inspection
probes used with machine tools
Selection of machines for CIMS

Part size
Part shape
Round
- > Turning / Boring
Cubical
- > Milling / Drilling
Flat
- > Grinding
Part Variety
Product Life cycle
Definition of future parts
Operations other than machining
Assembly
Inspection
2. Material Handling System

Functions
Move
workparts between machines
Primary Work Handling systems
Orient
and locate workparts for processing at

machines
Secondary Work Handling systems
Primary Work Handling Systems

Used to move parts between machine tools in CIMS

Requirements
Compatible
with Computer Control

Provide random, independent movement of palletized
work parts
Permit temporary storage or banking of workparts
Allow access to machine tools for maintenance, tool
changing, ..
Interface with secondary work handling systems
Secondary Work Handling Systems

Must present parts to the individual machine tools in the

CIMS
Generally consists of one transport mechanism for each
machine
Requirements
Interface
with primary WHS

Compatible with Computer control
Permit temporary storage of workparts
Provide parts orientation and location at each workstation
Allow access to machine tools for maintence, tool changing,
etc.
3. Computer Control System

Digital computer is used to manage the operations

of a complex manufacturing system
Functions
Machine
Control
Direct Numeric Control
Production Control
Traffic Control
Shuttle Control
Work Handling systems monitoring
Tool Control
System performance monitoring & reporting
3. Computer Control System

CIMS data files

Part
program file
Routing file
Part production file
Pallet reference file
Station tool file
Tool-life file
System Reports
Utilisation
reports
Production reports
Status reports
Tool reports
4. Human Labour
Personnel requirements for a CIMS system

System
Manager
Electrical Technician
Mechanical / Hydraulic technician
Tool setter
Fixture setup and lead man
Load/Unload man
Rover operator
Benefits of CIM

Increased machine utilisation

Reduced direct and indirect labour
Reduced manufacturing lead time
Lower in-process inventory
Scheduling flexibility

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Syllabus

Hearn & Baker

Computer graphics (in C version), Prentice Hall.

New man & Sproull

Principles of interactive Graphics, McGraw Hill.

Programmable logic controllers.

Numerical control of machine tools, McGraw-Hill

3-1-0 hours (per week)

Series Marks distribution

60% - Series test

Class tests (at the end of each module)

Inclusive of written assignments

Examination schedules (tentative)

Feb 27th - 29th

Mar 28th - 30th

Evolution of CAD/CAM and CIM segments of generic CIM

Computers and Workstation

Elements of interactive graphics in CAD

Input/ out put

An overview of CIM software

Line drawing algorithms

DDA line algorithm

3D Graphics (basics only)

Design review & evaluation

CAD hard ware, software, data presentation

CAD software packages

2. Groover M.P. / Zimmers E.W

Use of computers to enhance certain functions of design

List of Computer Aided Manufacturing

Enterprise resource planning (ERP)

Computer-aided design and drafting (CADD)

Finite element analysis (FEA)

Computer-aided process planning (CAPP)

Manufacturing process management (MPM)

Computer-aided quality assurance (CAQ)

Manufacturing process planning (MPP)

Computer-aided reporting (CAR)

Material requirements planning (MRP)

Computer-aided requirements capture (CAR)

Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II)

Computer-aided rule definition (CARD)

Product data management (PDM)

Computer-aided rule execution (CARE)

Product lifecycle management (PLM)

Component information system (CIS)

Computer-aided manufacturing (CAM)

Computer-integrated manufacturing (CIM)

Computer-aided industrial design (CAID)

Computer numerical controlled (CNC)

Computer-aided engineering (CAE)

Computational fluid dynamics (CFD)

Your role in CAD/CAM industry

CAD/CAM Related Career Paths

Basic eligibility required

Read and write well

Product Cycle & CAD/CAM

Automation & CAD/CAM

4 main categories of production systems

Continuous Flow processes

Mass production of discrete products

Medium Lot sizes of

Job Shop production

Quantity v/s Variety

Automation Achievements for 4