Professional Documents
Culture Documents
AC Circuits
Alternating Current (AC) Circuits
by
Prof. Dr. Osman SEVAOLU
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Department
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 1
AC Circuits
METU
Current, I
R1= 5 Ohms
+
Vs=600 V
R2= 5 Ohms
Current (Amp)
Switch
80
60
40
I = 60 A
DC (Constant) Current
20
0
1
Time (Sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 2
AC Circuits
METU
Current (Amp)
Sinusoidal AC
10
Angle (Radians)
0
/2
3/2
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
- 10
0,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 3
AC Circuits
METU
Definition
Sinusoidal voltage is a voltage
with waveform as shown on the
RHS
^
V(t) = V sin ( wt + )
where
V(t) is the voltage waveform,
^
Voltage (Volt)
312
300
200
Phase angle
Amplitude
100
Angle (Radians)
0
/2
3/2
w =2f
f = 50 Hz
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 4
AC Circuits
METU
10
5
0
-5
Time (msec)
10
15
20
-10
-15
-20
-25
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 5
AC Circuits
METU
I (Amp)
V (Volts)
25
20
15
10
5
0
-5
Time (msec)
0
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
55
60
-10
-15
-20
-25
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 6
AC Circuits
METU
I (Amp)
I (Amp)
25
I(t)
25
25
20
20
20
15
15
15
10
10
10
V(t) +
5
0
0,005
0,01 0,015
-5
Load
0
0
-10
-15
-20
-25
Time (Sec)
0,005
-5
-5
-10
-10
-15
-15
-20
-20
-25
-25
I(t)
V(t) +
0,01
0,015
0,02
Time (Sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 7
Load
AC Circuits
METU
Positive conductor
Insulating Layer
Negative conductor
Symbolic
representation
_
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 8
AC Circuits
METU
Capacitance
Definition
Small Capacitance
Large Capacitance
Capacitance = C2
+
Capacitance = C1
+
__
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 9
AC Circuits
METU
Capacitor-Practical Configuration
Geometry
Alminum cover
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 10
AC Circuits
METU
Capacitor-Practical Configuration
Geometry
Capacitor cylinders are then
connected in parallel in bank form
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 11
AC Circuits
METU
Capacitor-Practical Configuration
Geometry
Capacitor banks
Control relay
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 12
AC Circuits
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Capacitor-Practical Configuration
Geometry
Single and three-phase capacitor
banks
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 13
METU
AC Circuits
MV (Medium Voltage) Shunt Capacitor Banks
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 14
METU
AC Circuits
MV (Medium Voltage) Shunt Capacitor Banks
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 15
METU
AC Circuits
MV (Medium Voltage) Shunt Capacitor Banks
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 16
METU
AC Circuits
Electronic Capacitors in a Motherboard
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 17
AC Circuits
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Basic Relation
+
_
Symbolic Representation
+
or
Q=CV
where, Q is charge stored (Coulombs),
V is voltage (Volts),
C is capacitance (Farads)
Capacitance C
+
Voltage Source V
C = 1 Farad
Basic Principle
Q = 1 Coulomb
1 Volt
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 18
AC Circuits
METU
I(t)
The relation;
Q(t) = C V(t)
or differentiating both sides with respect to time
V(t)
_
Q=CV
dQ(t)/dt = C dV(t)/dt
or remembering that
dQ(t)/dt = I(t)
Hence,
I(t) = C dV(t) / dt
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 19
AC Circuits
METU
I(t)
Switch
V(t)
C
Vc (0)
Definition
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 20
AC Circuits
METU
Example - 1
I(t)
Problem
C = 0.1 F
V(t)
V(t) = 5 (1 - e-t/ )
V(t) = 5 (1 - e-t/ )
5,0
4,0
3,0
2,0
1,0
0,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 21
AC Circuits
METU
Example - 1
I(t)
Solution
V(t) = 5 (1 - e-t/ )
5,0
4,0
I(t) = C dV(t)/dt
V(t)
I(t) = C d V(t) / dt
= C d 5(1 e -t/ )/dt
= 0.1 x 10-6 ( 5 / ) x e -t/
= 0.1 x 10-6 x 5 x 106 x e -t/
= 0.5 x e -t/ Ampers
3,0
2,0
1,0
Hence,
V(t) = 5 (1 - e-t/ )
0,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
I(t)
5,0
6,0
5,0
6,0
t (sec)
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
0,1
0,0
0,0
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 22
METU
AC Circuits
Example - 1
V(t)
C = 0.1 F
Q(t)
5x10-7
Q(t) = C x V(t)
= 0.1 x 10 -6 x 5 (1 - e-t/ )
= 5 x 10-7 x (1 - e-t/ ) Coulombs
4x10-7
3x10-7
2x10-7
1x10-7
0,0
0,0
1,0
2,0
3,0
4,0
5,0
6,0
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 23
AC Circuits
METU
Example - 2
I(t)
t [0, 1]
12,0
14,0
I(t)
10,0
8,0
Problem
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
t [0, 1]
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
t (sec)
C = 1000 F
Vc(0) = 2 Volts
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 24
AC Circuits
METU
Example - 2
I(t) (mA)
Solution
I(t)
14,0
12,0
I(t)
= 10 t + 2 Volts
8,0
4,0
2,0
where,
10,0
6,0
0,0
C = 1000 F
Vc(0) = 2 Volts
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
t (sec)
V(t) (Volts)
14,0
12,0
10,0
8,0
6,0
4,0
2,0
0,0
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 25
AC Circuits
METU
R-C Circuits
I(t)
Solution
V(t) = R I(t) + VC(t)
= R I(t) + (1/C) I(t)dt + V(0)
V(0)=V0
C
^
V(t) = V sinwt
Problem
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 26
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
Solve the resulting first order ordinary differential equation (ODE)
^
V(t) = V sinwt
V(0)=V0
C
V( t ) = V sin ( wt + )
dV( t ) / dt = ^
V w cos wt
Voltage (Volt)
312
300
200
Amplitude
100
0
/2
Angle (Radians)
2
3/2
Phase angle
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 27
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
Solve the resulting first order ordinary differential equation (ODE)
^
^
V(t) = V sinwt
^
(t) dI(t)/dt + I(t) (1/RC)(t) = (t) ( V/R ) w cos ( wt + )
^
(t) dI(t)/dt + I(t) d/dt (t) = ( V/R ) (t) w cos ( wt + )
^
d/dt [(t) I(t)]
= ( V/R ) (t) w cos ( wt + )
^
d/dt [(t) I(t)] dt
= ( V/R ) (t) w cos ( wt + ) dt + I(0)
^
(t) I(t)
= ( V/R ) (t) w cos ( wt + ) dt + I(0)
^
I(t)
= I (t) -1 (t) w cos(wt + ) dt + (t)-1I(0)
V(0)=V0
C
V( t ) = V sin ( wt + )
dV( t ) / dt = ^
V w cos wt
Voltage (Volt)
312
300
200
Amplitude
100
0
/2
Angle (Radians)
2
3/2
Phase angle
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 28
AC Circuits
METU
Solution (Continued)
I(t)
- t/RC
e t/RC
cos (wt + ) dt + e
- t/RC
I(0)
^
V(t) = V sinwt
V(0)=V0
C
V( t ) = V sin wt
dV( t ) / dt = V w cos wt
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 29
AC Circuits
METU
^
I
I(t) = ------------------- ( sinwt + (1/wRC) coswt ) + e - t/RC I(0)
(1/wRC)2 + 1
Switch
I(t)
R
^
V(t) = V sinwt
V(0)=V0
C
Solution (Continued)
V( t ) = V sin wt
dV( t ) / dt = V w cos wt
Steady-State Term
Transient Term
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 30
AC Circuits
METU
Numerical Example
V(0)=V0
C
^
I
I(t) = ------------------- ( sinwt + (1/wRC) coswt ) + e - t/RC I(0)
(1/wRC)2 + 1
Switch
V( t ) = V sin wt
Steady-State Term
Transient Term
dV( t ) / dt = V w cos wt
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 31
AC Circuits
METU
Numerical Example
20
^
I
I(t) = ------------------- ( sinwt + (1/wRC) coswt ) + e - t/RC I(0)
(1/wRC)2 + 1
15
10
Transient Term
Steady-State Term
0
25
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
40
20
30
15
20
10
5
0
-5
-10
-15
-20
-20
10
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
-10
-20
-30
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 32
AC Circuits
METU
Rule - 1
I(0) = ( V V0 ) / R
R=2
C =1000 F
V(0)=V0
R
+
V = VDC-V0
VDC
I(t)
I(0)
SC
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 33
AC Circuits
METU
Rule - 2
I() = 0
I(t)
+
C =1000 F
VDC +
I() = 0
OC
V(0)=V0
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 34
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
VDC
I(t)
+
R=2
C =1000 F
V(0)=V0
I(t) (Amp)
24.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
8.0
4.0
0
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,01
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 35
AC Circuits
METU
Definition
Time constant of a electric circuit is
the duration for the current to get
reduced by 63 % of its initial value
Time constant of an RC circuit is
simply expressed as:
= RC
The Effect of
5
4
2
1
0
0
0,5
1,5
2,5
3,5
4,5
5,5
t (sec)
2
2 > 1
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 36
AC Circuits
METU
Example
R= 2 Ohm
Problem
V() = VS = 24 Volts
The voltage waveform will then be;
V(t) (Volts)
+ VDC= 24 Volts
I(t)
V(0)=V0 = 6 V
C = 1 mF
24.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
8.0
4.0
0
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,01
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 37
AC Circuits
METU
Example
A 10 F capacitor fully charged with a 12
Volts DC voltage stores an energy;
(1/2) 10 x 10-6 x 122 = 720 x 10-6 Joule
I(t)
= C VC(t) dVC(t)
V(t)
= VC(t) C dVC(t) / dt dt
Vc(t)
= VC(t) I(t) dt
or
WC(t) = (1/2) C VC2(t)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 38
AC Circuits
METU
Example
^
I(t)
V( t ) = V sin wt
Voltage (Volts)
312
Angle (Radians)
^
V (t) = V sin wt
/2
3/2
- 312
0,6
C = 10 F
Wc(t)
0,5
0,4
0,3
0,2
sin2
cos2
wt = 1
wt = 1 ( 1 + cos2wt ) / 2
= cos2wt
0,1
Angle (Radians)
0
/2
3/2
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 39
Problem
AC Circuits
METU
(1/C1) I(t)dt
(1/C2) I(t)dt
+
---------------------[ (1/C1 ) + (1/C2) ] I(t)dt
(1/Ctot ) I(t)dt
Hence,
Ctot
1
= ---------------------(1/C1 ) + (1/C2 )
I(t)
C1
V1 (t)
V(t)
C2
V2 (t)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 40
AC Circuits
METU
=
=
=
=
=
C1 d V(t) / dt
C2 d V(t) / dt
+
---------------------------(C1 + C2) d V(t) / dt
d V(t) / dt
Ctot
+
V(t)
Vc(t)
I1
I2
C1
C2
Where,
C tot = C1 + C2
is the total capacitance
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 41
AC Circuits
METU
Inductance
Definition
Coil
Core
Toroidal Coil
Toroidal Core
Inductance is a winding or
coil of wire around a core
Core may be either insulator
or a ferromagnetic material
Symbolic representation
_
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 42
AC Circuits
METU
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 43
METU
AC Circuits
Air Core Inductor
Configuration
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 44
AC Circuits
METU
Basic Relation
I(t)
+ V(t)
V(t) = L d I(t) / dt
where, V(t) is the voltage across the
inductance,
I(t) is the current flowing
through,
L is the inductance (Henry)
Inductance L
Definition
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 45
AC Circuits
METU
Current in an Inductance
Definition
The equation;
Inductance L
I(t)
V(t) = L d I(t) / dt
can be written in inverse form as
where I(0) is the current initially flowing
in the inductor
+
V(t)
_
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 46
AC Circuits
METU
Current in an Inductance
I (Amp)Voltage Waveforms
Phase Shift between Current and
V (Volts), I (Amp)
25
20
15
10
I(t)
5
0
V(t)
+ Inductance
Vmax
Imax
0.005
0.010
0.015
0.020
-5
-10
-15
-20
-25
Time (Sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 47
METU
AC Circuits
Series and Shunt Connected Inductors
+
V1 (t)
L1
+
V(t)
+
L2
V2 (t)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 48
AC Circuits
METU
I(t)
V(t)
Vc(t)
I1
I2
L1
L2
V(t)dt
Hence,
Ltot
1
= ---------------------(1/L1 ) + (1/L2 )
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 49
AC Circuits
METU
Example - 3
Problem
t < 1 ms
1 t 5 ms
5 t 9 ms
9 t 13 ms
t 13 ms
I(t)
I(t)
L = 10 mH
I(t) (Amp)
1,0
0,5
0,0
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
t (msec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 50
AC Circuits
METU
Example - 3
I(t)
Solution
V(t) = L d I(t) / dt
I(t)
L = 10 mH
t < 1 ms
1 t 5 ms
5 t 9 ms
9 t 13 ms
t 13 ms
V(t) (Volts)
2,5
0,0
-2,5
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
t (msec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 51
AC Circuits
METU
Example - 4
I(t)
Problem
Assume that the inductor shown on the RHS
is connected to a voltage source of the form
shown in the figure
Find out the inductor current waveform
assuming that the initial current in the
inductor is zero
V(t) = 0
V(t) = -10 V
V(t) = 0
t<0s
0t1s
t 1s
V(t)
L = 10 mH
V(t) (mV)
0,0
-10
0,0
0,5
1,0
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 52
AC Circuits
METU
Example - 4
I(t)
Solution
I(t) = (1/L) V(t) dt + I(0)
V(t)
L = 10 mH
I(t) (A)
0,0
-1
0,0
0,5
1,0
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 53
AC Circuits
METU
VL(t)
L
_
I(t)
WL(t) = P(t) dt
= VL(t) I(t) dt
= I(t) L dI(t) / dt dt
= L I(t) dI(t)
or
WL(t) = L I2(t)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 54
AC Circuits
METU
Example 5
I(t)
Problem
Find the instantaneous energy in the
inductor for the current shown in the figure
t < 1 ms
1 t 5 ms
5 t 9 ms
9 t 13 ms
t 13 ms
I (t) = 0
I (t) = 1/(4x10-3) (t-10-3) Amp
I (t) = 1 Amp
I (t) = 1/(4x10-3) (t - 13x 10-3) Amp
I (t) = 0
V(t)
L = 10 mH
I(t) (Amp)
1,0
0,5
0,0
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
t (msec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 55
AC Circuits
METU
Example 5
I(t)
Solution
WL(t) = L I2(t)
V(t)
t < 1 ms
1 t 5 ms
5 t 9 ms
9 t 13 ms
t 13 ms
L = 10 mH
W(t) (Joule)
0,006
0,005
0,004
0,003
0,002
0,001
0,0
2,0
4,0
6,0
8,0
10,0
12,0
14,0
t (msec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 56
AC Circuits
METU
R-L Circuits
Switch
I(t)
+
Solution
V(t)
I(0)=I0
L
Problem
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 57
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
I(t)
I(0)=I0
V(t)
V( t ) = V sin ( wt + )
Voltage (Volt)
312
300
200
Amplitude
100
0
/2
Angle (Radians)
2
3/2
Phase angle
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 58
METU
AC Circuits
Solution
I(t)
^
(t) dI(t)/dt + I(t) (1/RC)(t) = (t) ( V / L ) sin ( wt + )
^
(t) dI(t)/dt + I(t) d/dt (t) = ( V / L ) (t) sin ( wt + )
^
d/dt [(t) I(t)]
= ( V / L ) (t) sin ( wt + )
^
d/dt [(t) I(t)] dt
= ( V / L ) (t) sin ( wt + ) dt + I(0)
^
(t) I(t)
= ( V / L ) (t) sin ( wt + ) dt + I(0)
^
I(t)
= I (t) -1 (t) sin (wt + ) dt + (t)-1I(0)
I(0)=I0
V(t)
V( t ) = V sin ( wt + )
Voltage (Volt)
312
300
200
Amplitude
100
0
/2
Angle (Radians)
2
3/2
Phase angle
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 59
AC Circuits
METU
Solution (Continued)
Subsituting the integration factor (t) = e t R/L into
the above solution;
I(t)
V(t)
t R/L
sin wt dt =
e t R/L
I(0)=I0
V( t ) = V sin ( wt + )
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 60
AC Circuits
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Solution (Continued)
Subsituting the above term into the solution;
^ t R/L t R/L (R/L) sinwt - w coswt
I(t) = I e
e
---------------------------------- + e t R/L I(0)
(R/L)2 + w 2
R
I(t)
+
I(0)=I0
V(t)
^
I
I(t) = ------------------- ( sinwt - (wL/R) coswt ) + e t R/L I(0)
(wL/R)2 + 1
Steady-State Term
Switch
V( t ) = V sin ( wt + )
Transient Term
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 61
AC Circuits
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Numerical Example
Steady-State Term
R
I(t)
+
V(t)
I(0)=I0
L
^
I
I(t) = ------------------- ( sinwt - (wL/R) coswt ) + e t R/L I(0)
(wL/R)2 + 1
Switch
V( t ) = V sin ( wt + )
Transient Term
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 62
AC Circuits
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Numerical Example
20
^^
I
I(t) = ------------------- ( sinwt - (wL/R) coswt ) + e t R/L I(0)
(wL/R)2 + 1
15
10
Transient Term
Steady-State Term
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
250
200
400
150
300
100
200
50
0
-50
-100
100
0.5
1.5
2.5
3.5
4
0
-100
-150
-200
-250
-200
-300
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 63
AC Circuits
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Rule - 1
I(0) = (1 / L) V(t) dt = I0 = 0
-
L=0.002 H
VDC
I(t)
R=1
(OC)
R
I(0) = 0
+
VDC
OC
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 64
AC Circuits
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Rule - 2
R=1
(SC)
I(t)
L=0.002 H
VDC
I() = V / R
VDC
I()
SC
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 65
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AC Circuits
Definition of the Time Constant:
R = 1 Ohms
I(t)
L = 2mH
V= 24 Volts
I(t) (Amps)
_
24.0
20.0
16.0
12.0
% 63 of peak (24 V)
8.0
4.0
0
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,01
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 66
AC Circuits
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Example - 6
R = 1 Ohms
Problem
L = 2mH
V= 24 Volts
I(t) (Amps)
I(t)
24.0
20.0
16.0
I()
12.0
8.0
I(0)
4.0
0
0,002
0,004
0,006
0,008
0,01
t (sec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 67
AC Circuits
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Example - 7
+
V= 24 V
R2 = 5 Ohms
_
R1 = 10 Ohms
A
A
+
L = 0.4 H
V= 24 V R2 = 5 Ohms
L = 0.4 H
I(t)
Solution
First take out the branch containing inductor,
and derive the Thevenin Equivalent of the LHS
circuit seen from the terminals A and B
A
+
Problem
R1 = 10 Ohms
B
A
R1 = 10 Ohms
R2 = 5 Ohms
L = 0.4 H
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 68
AC Circuits
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Example 7 (Continued)
R1 = 10 Ohms
Solution (Continued)
Open circuit terminals A B and find VAB
+
VA-B (t)
V= 24 V R2 = 5 Ohms
V = 24 V x R2 / ( R1 + R2)
= 24 x 5 / 15 = 24 / 3
=8V
R eq= 10 // 5 = 10 x 5 /(10+5)
= 10/3 Ohms
B
A
A
L = 0.4 H
V= 24 / 3 = 8 V
R eq= 10 // 5 = 10 x 5 /(10+5)
= 10/3 Ohms
A
L = 0.4 H
V= 24 / 3 = 8 V
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 69
AC Circuits
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R-L-C Circuits
Problem
V(0)=V0
_
R
V(t)
V(t)
Solution
V(t) = R I(t) + VL(t) + VC(t)
= R I(t) + L dI(t)/dt + (1/C) I(t)dt + V(0)
Differentiating both sides wrt time once;
I(t)
L I(0)=I0
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 70
AC Circuits
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Initial Conditions
Differential Equation
Initial Conditions
_
VC(0) = VC0
IL(0) = IL0
or
d/dt IL(0)= IL(0) =(1/L) [ V(0) VC(0) R IL(0) ] 2
V(t)
_
I(t)
I(0) = I0
V(0)=V0
C
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 71
AC Circuits
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Example
R=2
I(t)
C = 2.494 mF
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
R-L-C Circuit
L=1H
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
R=2
R-L-C Circuit
I(t)
C = 2.494 mF
L=1H
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
s1, s2 = ( - b
= -1
b=2
a =1
j 20
b2 -4 x a x c ) / (2 a)
Eigenvalues of the differential equation
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 73
AC Circuits
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Solution
R=2
L=1H
R-L-C Circuit
I(t)
C = 2.494 mF
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
_
I(t) = k1 e s1 t + k2 e s2 t
= k1 e (-1 j20 ) t + k2 e (-1 + j20 ) t
= k1 e - t x e j20 t + k2 e - t x e
= e - t (k1 e j20 t + k2 e j20 t )
j20 t
= e - t [ k1 (cos 20 t j sin 20 t )
= + k2 (cos 20 t + j sin 20 t ) ]
Eulers Identity
e j = cos + j sin
= 20 t
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 74
AC Circuits
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Eulers Identity
Definition
Graphical Representaion
e j = cos + j sin
^
sin
1.0
e j = cos + j sin
= cos2 + sin2
=1
x2 + y2 = z2
cos
z = x2 + y2
EE
EE 209
209 Fundamentals
Fundamentals of
of Electrical
Electrical and
and Electronics
Electronics Engineering,
Engineering, Prof.
Prof. Dr.
Dr. O.
O. SEVAOLU,
SEVAOLU, Page
Page 75
75
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
R=2
R-L-C Circuit
I(t)
+
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
_
-t
C = 2.494 mF
L=1H
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
R=2
Nonhomogeneous Term
(Transient Term)
I(t)
+
C = 2.494 mF
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
L=1H
AC Circuits
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Solution
R=2
Nonhomogeneous Term
(Transient Term)
I(t)
+
C = 2.494 mF
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
In(t) = c e 4 t
L=1H
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 78
AC Circuits
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Solution
Transient Term
R=2
16 c - 8 c + 401 c = - 400
L=1H
I(t)
C = 2.494 mF
+
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
AC Circuits
Solution
R=2
Complete Solution
I(t)
+
C = 2.494 mF
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
L=1H
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 80
METU
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
R=2
I(t)
C = 2.494 mF
L=1H
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
_
Transient Term
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 81
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
Determination of the Unknown
Coefficients
L=1H
I(t)
+
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
C = 2.494 mF
R=2
_
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 82
AC Circuits
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Solution
Determination of the Unknown
Coefficients
L=1
H
I L(t)
V(t) = 100
e- 4 t
C = 2.494 mF
A = 0.97799
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 83
R=2
AC Circuits
METU
Solution
Determination of the Unknown
Coefficients
L=1H
I L(t)
+
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
C = 2.494 mF
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 84
R=2
V(0) = 100 e- 4 t
= 100 e- 4 x 0
= 100
AC Circuits
Solution
R=2
I L(t)
+
V(t) = 100
e- 4 t
C = 2.494 mF
e4t
L=1H
METU
AC Circuits
METU
Solution Terms
General form of the Solution
IL(t) = - 0.9799 e 4 t + e - t ( 0.97799 cos 20t + 0.5033 sin 20t )
Transient Term
L=1H
I(t)
C = 2.494 mF
+
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
_
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 86
AC Circuits
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Solution Terms
Transient Term
IL(t) = - 0.9799 e 4 t + e - t ( 0.97799 cos 20t + 0.5033 sin 20t )
Transient Term
0,00
0,0
0,2
0,4
0,6
0,8
1,0
1,2
1,4
1,6
R=2
L=1H
-0,20
I(t)
-0,40
C = 2.494 mF
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
-0,80
-1,00
-1,20
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 87
-0,60
AC Circuits
METU
Solution Terms
Sinusoidal Terms
IL(t) = - 0.9799 e 4 t + e - t ( 0.97799 cos 20t + 0.5033 sin 20t )
R=2
L=1H
Sinosoidal Terms
1,20
I(t)
C = 2.494 mF
0,80
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
0,40
_
0
0,00
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
0,7
0,8
0,9
-0,40
-0,80
-1,20
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 88
AC Circuits
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Solution Terms
Exponentially Decaying Sinusoidal Term
IL(t) = - 0.9799 e 4 t + e - t ( 0.97799 cos 20t + 0.5033 sin 20t )
1,20
e -t
0,80
R=2
L=1H
0,40
0
1,5
2,5
3,5
I(t)
+
C = 2.494 mF
-0,40
0,5
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
_
-0,80
-1,20
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 89
AC Circuits
METU
Solution Terms
Overall Solution
IL(t) = - 0.9799 e 4 t + e - t ( 0.97799 cos 20t + 0.5033 sin 20t )
0,80
0,40
R=2
0,5
0,0
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
3,5
L=1H
4,0
I(t)
+
C = 2.494 mF
-0,40
V(t) = 100 e- 4 t
-1,20
-1,60
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 90
-0,80
AC Circuits
METU
IDC
+
VDC
VR
_
Justification
VR = R x IDC
P = VR x IDC
= R x IDC2
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 91
AC Circuits
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2,0
1,5
V (t) = I(t) x R
P (t) = V(t) x I(t)
= R I(t)2 = R (Vmax / R sin wt )2
1,0
0,5
Angle (Radians)
= R (I max sin wt )2
0
0
I(t)
V(t) +
Imax
V(t) = Vmax sin wt
V(t)
/2
3/2
-0,5
+
R
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 92
AC Circuits
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= (1/T) P(t) dt
= (1/T) R I(t)2 dt
= R (1/T) I(t)2 dt
= R Irms2
where I(t)rms = ((1/T) I(t)2 dt)1/2
2,5
2,0
1,5
1,0
0
/2
3/2
0,5
0
Angle (Radians)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 93
AC Circuits
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2,0
Pavg = R I(t)rms2
1,5
1,0
I(t)
IDC
VR
V(t) +
VR(t)
/2
3/2
0,5
R
0
VDC
Angle (Radians)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 94
AC Circuits
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sin2 wt = 1 cos2 wt
= 1 (1 + cos 2wt) / 2
= 1 cos 2wt
= cos2wt
Current (Amp)
2,0
1,5
1,0
0,5
0
Angle (Radians)
/2
3/2
-0,5
-1,0
-1,5
-2,0
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 95
AC Circuits
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Problem
Calculate the RMS value of the
sinusoidal voltage waveform shown on
the RHS
21/2
Vrms = Vmax /
= V max x 0.7071
= 312 x 0,7071 = 220 Volts
Voltage (Volts)
/2
3/2
- 312
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 96
AC Circuits
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Example - 8
Problem
Calculate the RMS value of a the voltage
waveform shown on the RHS
I(t)
V(t)
Voltage (Volts)
= 4 Volts
0.3
+ (-4)2 dt)
Voltage2 (Volts)
( 1/0.3) ( 4 dt
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Time (msec)
-4
_
Vrms = ( 1/T ) V(t)2 dt
Vrms =
-2
VR(t)
0.1
32
24
16
8
V2(t) = 16
0.1
0,1
0,2
0,3
0,4
0,5
0,6
Time (msec)
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 97
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AC Circuits
EE 209 Fundamentals of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, Prof. Dr. O. SEVAOLU, Page 98