Research

Soil Transmitted Helminths |
SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS

AMONG GRADE 1 PUPILS OF UPPER TAMBLER 1
CENTRAL ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Medical Technology Department of

General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation, Inc.
In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Bachelor of Science in Medical Technology
By
Chloetylle Faye Calubad, SMT
Ver Anthony Castillo, SMT
Ana Jamaica Ramos, SMT
Joel Ian Pat Burlaza, SMT
Shalimar Narvaiza, SMT
Hazel Faye Dizon, SMT
Karen Salaum, SMT
October 2014
S o i l T r a n s m i t t e d H e l m i n t h s | ii
ABSTRACT
Soil transmitted helminths infections are among the most common infections
worldwide. They are transmitted by helmith eggs present in human feces which in turn
contaminate soil in areas where sanitation is poor. The main species that infect people are
roundworm (Ascaris Lumbricoides), the whipworm (Trichuris trichiura) and the
hookworms. Children ages three to eight are mostly infected because they are more
exposed on playing soil than the adults. The infection is likely to be more serious if
nutrition is poor.
The study attempts to uncover the relationship between soil transmitted
helminthiasis and nutritional status of grade 1 pupils of Upper Tambler 1 Central
Elementary School as it has been basically affirmed in the statement of the problem. It
seeks to answer the nutritional and parasitic infection status of the respondents. The
profiles of the respondents needed or used in the study were gender, age, monthly income
of the parents and eating habits, all collected through a questionnaire and is presented in
the form of table and as an interactive electronic database. This publication will be a
comprehensive and authoritative reference work on identifying the relationship of the two
variables.
The study is a correlational design in determining the relationship of parasitic
infection with the nutritional status of only Grade 1 pupils considering their demographic
profile as well as their BMI as baseline of their standards. The researchers prepared
questionnaires that were validated as a form of gathering the demographic profile of the
said respondents. Their BMI were being calculated and given enough instruction for the
S o i l T r a n s m i t t e d H e l m i n t h s | iii
collection of the stool specimen. The stool that had been collected will be processed by
using the Kato Katz technique as a form of identifying the presence and absence of those
parasites (Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura ) and quantifying those specimen
who were positive. The study uses the Pearson moment correlation as a statistical tool for
all the data collected.
The respondents were of the total of fifteen and were all bonafide pupils of Upper
Tambler 1 Central Elementary School. The participants were picked in random sampling
manner consisting of 53% female and 47% male with most are in the age of six (53%).
The participants are mostly in the category of normal (40%) and severely wasted (40%).
Next are in the group of wasted accounting for about 20%. Most of the respondents had
light infection (73%) and 27% had moderate infection for Ascaris lumbricoides and
Trichuris trichiura.
The study found out that the above mention soil transmitted helminthiasis and the
nutritional status of Grade 1 pupils in the said locale has no significant relationship as
supported by the data gathered and results from statistical tool using the Pearson formula.
Thus, the researcher recommends future researchers to conduct with much wider
population and may utilize another methodically and statistical device to compare
relationship of variables presented in this study.
S o i l T r a n s m i t t e d H e l m i n t h s | iv
Acknowledgement
This research paper is made possible through the help and support from everyone,
including: parents, teachers, family, friends, and in essence, all sentient beings. This
research paper about the Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and Nutritional Status among
Grade 1 pupils of Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary School would not be possible
without all of them.
First
and
foremost,
please
allow
the
researchers
to
dedicate
their
acknowledgment of gratitude toward their adviser, Grace Joy Gerada, RN, MAN, for her
comments and suggestions, and for imparting her knowledge on how to prepare this
research paper well.
To Ms. Maria Lourdes Gapasin, the elementary school head and the faculty of
Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary School for the assistance and giving them the
opportunity to have their students be their subjects.
To their expert panelists namely, Ms. Riza Berenio, Ms. Charity Panerio and Ms.
Azucena Quito who gave generously their time, knowledge and wisdom.
To the statistician, Mr. Reuel Arsenal for having assisted the researchers in many
ways in the process of gathering the needed information and data.
To their very supportive parents, Mr. & Mrs. Calubad, Mr. & Mrs. Ramos, Mr. &
Mrs. Burlaza, Mr. & Mrs. Dizon, Mr. & Mrs. Salaum, Mrs. Narvaiza, and Mr. & Mrs.
Castillo for sustaining their financial needs on preparing this research paper.
And most of all to the Great God, for giving them heavenly knowledge and
strength during their hard times.
To these and to many others, the researchers were indeed very grateful.
Soil Transmitted Helminths |v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARIES
PAGE
TITLE PAGE ........i

ABSTRACT .ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ...iv
LIST OF FIGURES .viii
LIST OF TABLES ...ix
LIST OF APPENDICES ..x
Chapter 1: The Problem and Its Setting.....1
Statement of the Problem....2
Significance of the Study...3
Theoretical Framework...4
Conceptual Framework...5
Null Hypothesis......7
Scopes and Limitation....7
Definition of Terms7
Chapter II: Review of Related Literature.....10
Ascaris lumbricoides...10
Trichuris trichiura...12
Nutritional Status.......13
Parasitic Infection......15
Causes, Risk Factors and Symptoms of Ascariasis........16
S o i l T r a n s m i t t e d H e l m i n t h s | vi
Causes, Risk Factors and Symptoms of Trichuriasis......17

Diagnosis - Kato-Katz Technique...17
Body Mass Index....19
BMI Table...29
BMI for children.20
Related Studies...20
Synthesis.24
Chapter III: Methodology and Research Design...25
Research Design.25
Respondents...27
Sampling Design.27
Research Instrumentation...28
Ethical Consideration.31
Data Gathering Procedure..31
Data Quantification and Analysis..32
Chapter IV: Presentation, Interpretation and Data Analysis......33
Demographic Profile of the Respondents..33
Eating Habits of the Respondents..34
Parasitic Infection Status35
Nutritional Status of the Respondents by Body Mass Index.35
Relationship of Nutritional Status and Status of Parasitic Infection..36
Chapter V: Summary of Findings, Conclusions and Recommendation..37
Summary of Findings..37
S o i l T r a n s m i t t e d H e l m i n t h s | vii
Conclusion..39
Recommendation40
Bibliography...41
Appendices.46
Curriculum Vitae...61
S o i l T r a n s m i t t e d H e l m i n t h s | viii
List of Figures
FIGURE
PAGE
Conceptual Paradigm . 6
Research Design 26
S o i l T r a n s m i t t e d H e l m i n t h s | ix
List of Tables
Table
1
Page
Demographic Profile of the Respondents
by Age, Sex & Monthly Income..34
Eating Habits of the Respondents...35
Parasitic Infection Status of the Respondents.....36
Nutritional Status of the Respondents

by Body Mass Index.....36
Relationship of Nutritional Status

and Status of Parasitic Infection........37
Soil Transmitted Helminths |x
List of Appendices
Page
Appendix 1:
Sample Consent (Dean)...46
Appendix 2:
Sample Consent
(Upper Tambler Elementary School)...47
Appendix 3:
Sample Consent (Respondents)....48
Appendix 4:
Demographic Questionnaire.....49
Appendix 5:
BMI Table.....51
Appendix 6:
Data Sheet of the Respondents.52
Appendix 7:
Questionnaire Scale with Corresponding Weighted

Mean and Verbal Description...53
Appendix 8:
Thresholds for intensity of infection

by STH species.54
Appendix 9:
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

Statistical Analysis Report.......55
Appendix 10: Grammarians Certificate....56

Appendix 11: Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary
School and documentation (Photos)..........................................................57
Chapter I
THE PROBLEM AND ITS SETTING
Malnutrition and intestinal parasitic infections are common public health problems of
children in developing countries and it also the most devastating health condition
worldwide, affecting one of three children and contributing more than ten million deaths
annually. An estimated global infection rate for some parasites has primarily been
attributed to the appalling unhygienic and environmental conditions, poverty and overdispersion of parasites (Amuta E., Olusi T., Houmsou R., 2008).
Soil-transmitted helmenthiasis, considered the most common intestinal helmenthiasis
that is ranked first among all communicable and non communicable diseases in the
Philippines (Department of Health, 2006). According to World Health Organization
(2014), the eggs of the worm are found in soil contaminated by human feces or in
uncooked food contaminated by soil containing eggs of the worm. A person becomes
infected after accidentally swallowing the eggs. Children are infected more often than
adults, the most common age group being 3-8 years. The infection is likely to be more
serious if nutrition is poor. They often become infected after putting their hands to their
mouths after playing in contaminated soil.
Food and Drugs Administration (2013) cited that Ascariasis and trichuriasis are the
scientific names of these infections. Ascariasis is also known commonly as the "large
roundworm" infection and trichuriasis as "whip worm." Parasitic infection competes with
hosts ability to absorb the necessary nutrients it needs for its basic daily needs and
Soil Transmitted Helminths |2
energy production. To determine the presence of parasitic infection, we must have an

accurate diagnosis on how the infection is progressing for us to be able to give the
appropriate treatment for the suffering patient (Amuta E., Olusi T., Houmsou R., 2008).
With such interest, this study will guide us on how the presence of soil
transmitted helminths in relation to nutritional status are, particularly, Ascariasis, an
infection caused by Ascaris lumbricoides; and Trichuriasis, an infection caused by
Trichiuris trichura among children in a certain area in General Santos City, South
Cotabato, particularly in Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary School which was found
out to have pupils with compromised nutritional status according to the Community
Diagnosis conducted by the BSN 4th year students of General Santos Doctors Medical
School Foundation Inc. (2014).
Statement of the Problem

This study attempted to uncover the relationship between Soil Trasnmitted
Helminthiasis and Nutritional Status among Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler
Elementary School. Specifically, it answered the following questions:
1. What is the profile of the respondents in terms of:
a. age;
b. gender;
c. monthly income; and
d. eating habits;?
2. What is the of parasitic infection status of grade one (1) students of Upper
Tambler Elementary School?
3. What is the nutritional status of the grade 1 students of Upper Tambler
Elementary School?
4. Is there a significant relationship between the soil transmitted helminthiasis
and nutritional status among grade 1 students of Upper Tambler Elementary
School?
Significance of the Study

This study is significant to the:
Community. It will help in developing programs in relation to the prevention of
the spread of infection and to improve health education towards malnutrition and its
causes. People will expand their knowledge about parasitic infections and will have the
ability to impart their knowledge to the other members of the community.
Family. Family members knowledge can be extended about the signs and
symptoms, mode of transmission, and the possible causes of parasitic infection towards
their children. They will have a deeper understanding towards hygiene and will improve
in-house sanitation. By this study the level of awareness will be heightened.
School. Improves health education that will help in controlling the increased
number of parasitic infection. It is also a way to create constant programs such as
deworming.
Health Care Workers. This study will serve as the basis for future plans of
action in regards to the necessary programs for the preventions of parasitic infection.
Researchers. This will cause a better understanding of the limitation and mere
knowledge of parasitic infection in relationship to the nutritional status of a person.
Future Researchers. Lastly, this study will benefit the future researchers that
will provide them the facts needed to compare their study during their respective time and
usability. It will also cause a better understanding of the limitation and mere knowledge
of parasitic infection in relationship to the nutritional status of a person.
Theoretical Framework
The study applied the Theory of Maslows Hierarchy of Needs in relation to soiltransmitted helminthiasis and nutritional status of children. In Maslow's model, basic
needs must be met before a person can focus on higher needs. Grogan, J. and Perennial,
H. (2012) cited that Maslow shows that in ranks human needs are on the following five
levels, beginning with the most basic needs (e.g. physiological, safety, love, and esteem)
and growth needs (self-actualization). Each stage stresses that human needs are common
to all people, but some needs are "more basic". The lower-level (e.g. physiological) must
be met to some degree before the higher needs (e.g self-esteem) can be achieved.
According to Maslow (1943) as cited by Hill, C. and Wilson, C.(2001) to
maintain life a person should have to be sure that he drinks safe water and make healthy
eating choices to end up at the top of the pyramid. Through examining cultures, large
numbers of people still live in poverty. In that sense, it is clear that there are still people
who are not capable of achieving a higher order of life. However, this should not occur
because people who have difficulty of attaining very basic physiological needs (such as
food, shelter etc.) will not be able to reach higher growth .
Conceptual Framework
Figure 1 shows the independent variable being affected by the demographic
factor, lifestyle and economic status of the children. School children were often the group
that has the highest infection rate as well as the highest worm burden, which contributes
greatly to the contamination of the environment (World Health Organization, 1995).
Helminths consumed nutrients from the children they had infected. In doing so, they
bring about or aggravate malnutrition and retard children's physical development. They
also destroy the tissues and organs in which they live, and cause abdominal pain,
diarrhea, intestinal obstruction, anemia, ulcers, and various other health problems. If left
untreated, in some cases, heavy or long-term infection can result in death.
Helminth infections also contribute to poor appetite and decreased food intake,
which contribute to malnutrition, anemia, and other poor states of health and result in
impairment of learning and poor school performance. Lifestyle which includes proper
hygienic procedures, especially hand washing and disposal of excreta, can control the
transmission of helminths (Mooijman, A., 2005).
Independent
Variable
Dependent
Variable
Soil Transmitted
Helminthiasis
Nutritional Status
Figure 1.Conceptual Framework
Demographic Factors
Lifestyle
Economic Status
Hypothesis
There is no significant relationship between the Soil Transmitted Helminthiais
and Nutritional Status among Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler Elementary School.
Scope and Delimitation
This study entitled Soil Transmitted Helminthiais and Nutritional Status among
Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler Elementary School. The study limited its coverage on
grade 1 elementary students only. Its main purpose was to know the presence of parasites
in relation to malnourished children and also to identify the common problems that
they encountered. This study considered every aspect of students personal information
that has an impact on their environmental behavior such as their parents income, their
gender, age and physical appearance. Each of the respondents was provided by the same
questionnaires to be answered and had produced containers for the collection of stool
specimens. The study would be conducted at the Medical Technology laboratory in
General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation Inc. for the period of June to July,
2014.
Definition of Terms
Terms that appear very scientifically will be used in the study. Thus, these terms
were defined conceptually or operationally.
Ascariasis. Conceptually, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it
refers to the infection caused by the etiologic agent, Ascaris lumbricoides. Operationally,
it is one of the variable being studied to show parasitic infection in Upper Tambler
Elementary School.
Body Mass Index. Conceptually, according to merriam-webster.com, it is the

measurement that shows the amount of fat in your body and that is based on your weight
and height. Operationally, it is used as a preference to know the nutritional status of the
respondents.
Gender. Conceptually, according to the merriam-webster.com, it is the state of being
male or female. Operationally, it refers to the sex of respondents.
Monthly Income. Conceptually, according to webdefinition.com, it refers to an amount
of salary from employment and other sources before taxes and other deductions.
Operationally, it is the salary of the parent with the ranges of 3,000 to 5,000; 5,000 to7,
000; 7,000 to 10,000; and 10,000 above.
Nutritional status. Conceptually, according to medical-dictionary.com, it refers to the
assessment of the state of nourishment of a patient or subject. Operationally, it is the
condition of the patients with different ranges that will determine their nutritional status
base on their age and gender. Five year old boys with body mass index that is below 12.0
will be categorized as severely wasted; from 12.1 to 12.9 as wasted; from 13.0 to 18.5 as
normal; from 18.6 to 20.6 will be overweight; and equal or above 20.7 will be obese. Six
year old boys with body mass index below 12.1 will be severely wasted; 12.2 to 13.0 as
wasted; from 13.1 to 19.0 as normal; from 19.1 to 21.5 will be overweight; and equal or
above 21.6 will be obese. Seven year old boys with body mass index below 12.2 will be
severely wasted; from 12.3 to 13.2 as wasted; from 13.3 to 19.6 as normal; from 19.7 to
22.7 will be overweight; and equal or above 22.8 will be obese. Five year old girls with
body mass index below 11.7 will be severely wasted; from 11.7 to 12.6 as wasted; from
12.7 to 19.2 as normal; from 19.3 to 21.1 will be overweight; and equal or above 22.2
will be obese. Six year old girls with body mass index below 11.6 will be severely
wasted; from 11.7 to 12.6 as wasted; from 12.7 to 19.7 as normal; from 189.8 to 23.2 will
be overweight; and equal or above 23.3 will be obese. Seven year old girls with body
mass index below 11.7 will be severely wasted; from 11.8 to 12.8 as wasted; from 12.9 to
20.5 as normal; from 20.6 to 24.6 will be overweight; and equal or above 24.7 will be
obese.
Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis. Conceptually, according to who.com, it refers to the
successful invasion of an intestinal worm that are transmitted by eggs present in human
feces. Operationally, it refers to the presence of the infection caused by a parasite and
expressed in intensity thresholds or eggs per gram.
Trichuriasis. Conceptually, according to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, it
refers to the infection caused by the etiologic agent, Trichuris trichiura. Operationally, it
is one of the variables being studied to show parasitic infection in Upper Tambler
Elementary School.
Chapter II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE
To develop a thorough understanding and deeper insight into previous works and
trends that are relevant to the subject, as well as to reach specific goals of the study, the
researchers considered a number of references. It includes books, related foreign and
local literature and studies acquired through the internet, past thesis and case studies of
the same field and discipline. This provides a background for the discussion to analyze
the findings of the present investigations. Thus, giving us a clear idea on what the study
wants to deliver to its readers and beneficiaries.
Ascaris lumbricoides
According to Belizario, V.Y., and De Leon, W.U., (2004), it is the most common
nematode in man. It is estimated that more than 1 billion are infected, 75% are from Asia.
It is a soil-transmitted helminth and it causes varying degrees of pathology, such as tissue
reaction to the invading larvae, intestinal irritation to adult and other complications due to
extra-intestinal migration. Ascariasis is also known as the disease of poverty. They
contribute to the impairment of cognitive performances, growth of children, reduction of
work capacity and productivity of adults.
The parasites morphology of male Ascaris lumbricoides measures 10 31 cm
and females measures 22- 35 cm. The adults reside in but do not attach to the mucosa of
the small intestine. Larvae and adult morphology are similar. There are different
classifications of their ova: infertile eggs, fertile eggs and embryonated eggs. The infertile
S o i l T r a n s m i t t e d H e l m i n t h s | 11
eggs are longer and narrower than fertile eggs with a thin shell and irregular mammilation
filled with refractile granules. Infertile eggs are found in about 2 out of 5 infections.
Belizario, V.Y., and De Leon, W.U. (2004) also cited that fertile eggs has an outer
coarsely mammilation which is absent in decorticated eggs. It has a thick, transparent
hyaline shell with a thick, outer supporting structure. The infective stage is the fully
embryonated egg. When ingested, the larvae hatch in the lumen of the small intestine and
penetrate the intestinal wall. Then, it enters to the circulation going to the lungs for its
incubation period of 60-70 days, then goes upward to the pharynx until the host swallows
it back, transporting it back to the small intestine where adult stage occurs. They stage
there and copulate forming fertilized ova excreted in the feces.
Belizario, V.Y., and De Leon, W.U. (2004) stated that Ascaris has a cosmopolitan
distribution. Over one billion people globally are estimated to have ascariasis, and of
these, at least 20,000 die annually, mostly young children. The disease remains endemic
in many countries of Southeast Asia, Africa, Central and South America. Children are at
high risk of ingesting embryonated Ascaris eggs while playing in soil contaminated with
human feces.
Ascaris lumbricoides is a prominent parasite in both temperate and tropical zones,
but it is more common in warm countries and more prevalent in areas where sanitation is
poor. In many countries, the Philippines included, the prevalence may reach 80-90% in
certain high risk groups like public elementary school children. Treatment is best with
Albendazole. Prevention and control measures for Ascaris infection involve the
following: a) sanitary disposal of human feces b) health education c) mass chemotherapy
done periodically (Belizario, V.Y., and De Leon, W.U., 2004).
Trichuris trichiura
According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), Trichuriasis
occurs in both temperate and tropical countries but it is more widely distributed in warm,
moist areas of the world. Hundreds of millions of people are infected. The most affected
regions are rural areas with poor sanitation and tropical climates, including Southeast
Asia, Africa, the Caribbean, and Central and South America. Prevalence rates are as high
as 80% in these regions. Prevalence in temperate countries ranges from 20 to 30% while
in tropical countries; it ranges from 60 to 85%. Children 5 to 15 years of age are more
frequently infected than adults. In the Philippines, the prevalence is from 80 to 84%
distribution and prevalence is co-extensive with that of A. lumbricoides. In school has
been found to have higher infection rates than A. lumbricoides. Infection and disease
rates as well as morbidity and mortality rates for trichuriasis are not well documented in
the Philippines. Factors affecting transmission are the same as that of ascariasis, namely,
indiscriminate defecation of children around yards, frequent contact between fingers and
soil among children at play, poor health education, and poor personal, family and
community hygiene. Unhygienic behavior and eating should be corrected.
Mass treatment may be indicated rates are greater than 50%. Due to high
incidence of reinfection, periodic mass treatment may be necessary. Infection in highly
endemic areas may be prevented by: 1) Treatment of infected individuals, 2) Sanitary
disposal of human feces by construction of toilets and their proper use, 3) Washing of
hands with soap and water before and after meals, 4) Health education on sanitation and
personal hygiene, and 5) Thorough washing and scalding of uncooked vegetables
especially in areas where night soil is used s fertilizer (CDC, 2011).
Nutritional Status
According to Bender, D. (2009), nutritional status is defined as the condition of
the body in those respects influenced by the diet; the levels of nutrients in the body and
the ability of those levels to maintain normal metabolic integrity. For adults, general
adequacy is assessed by measuring weight and height; the result is commonly expressed
as the body mass index. Body fat may also be estimated, by measuring skinfold
thickness, and muscle diameter is also measured. For children, weight and height for age
are compared with standard data for adequately nourished children. The increase in the
circumference of the head and the development of bones may also be measured. Status
with respect to individual vitamins and minerals is normally determined by laboratory
tests, either measuring the blood and urine concentrations of the nutrients and their
metabolites, or by testing for specific metabolic responses.
Classification of Nutritional Status
According to United Nations Children's Fund Philippines (2008), under-nutrition
in the Philippines remains a serious problem. They stated that the damage to health,
physical growth and brain development of children affected by chronic under-nutrition is
often irreversible, impairing them for life and leaving them with lower chances of
finishing school and becoming highly-productive adults. Stunting, iron and iodine
deficiencies impact learning abilities and intelligence of children.
UNICEF Philippines (2008) included the nutrition status of Filipino children and
pregnant women that varies greatly, with higher income groups and having advantage
over the poorest revealing major disparities across the country. These gaps reflect
disparities in energy and nutrient intake between children from the affluent and poor
households. The available data shows large numbers of Filipino children are
undernourished: 3.6 million of children 0-59 months are underweight; and 4 million are
stunted.
UNICEF Philippines (2008) stated that children are affected not only because of
the lack of food. Their lives are also placed at risk by poor feeding and care practices,
poor health conditions of pregnant and breastfeeding women, lack of access to health
services, and unsanitary conditions.
According to Murage E., Kahn, K., Pettifor, J. and et al. (2010) understanding the
prevalence and patterns of under nutrition, particularly stunting, the emergence of
overweight/obesity in children and adolescents, and the concomitant risk for metabolic
disease, is of critical important. Under nutrition is a serious risk factor for ill health and
contributes substantially to the burden of disease in low- to middle-income countries
(LMICs). Increasing adverse ramifications of childhood under nutrition are recognized
later in life, and include impaired cognitive development, poorer educational achievement
and human capital formation, and greater risk for obesity. A nutrition transition, often
accompanied by changes in physical activity levels, is being experienced in LMICs.
Nutrition transition refers to changes in diet composition from traditional diets that are
primarily derived from plant-based food sources low in fat and high in fibre, to more
"Western" diets that are high energy dense and low in fibre.
Murage E., Kahn, K., Pettifor, J. and et al. (2010) concluded that both under
nutrition-related diseases, infectious diseases and obesity-related diseases contribute
substantially to the burden of disease in these societies. Further concern is the fact that
obese children and adolescents are likely to be obese adults at increased risk of
cardiovascular diseases and other morbidity, premature death, and impaired social,
educational and economic productivity.
Parasitic infection relating to nutritional status
In the study of Berrilli, F., et al (2012), it was stated that parasitic infections in
children are an important public health issue, particularly in developing countries where
social and economic deprivation, poor hygienic conditions and warm climates favor the
spread of intestinal parasites. Worldwide, 3.5 billion people are affected by intestinal
parasites, and 450 million people, mostly children, present clinical symptoms. Parasites
lead to malabsorption and chronic blood loss in children, with long-term effects on their
physical (height-weight) and cognitive development. Parasitic diseases represent a social
and economic problem in developing countries. Malnutrition makes the children more
vulnerable to intestinal parasites, which in turn leads to a poor nutritional status, creating
a synergistic relation impairing growth. Disadvantaged groups in industrialized countries
like immigrants and/or nomads are at risk for parasites.
In an article of Dave, S. (2013) it was concluded that as worm populations build
up over time, many of the health problems caused by these worms become chronic. The
worms can cause malnutrition as they rob the body of food either by reducing appetite,
or by preventing food from being absorbed properly once it has been eaten. Children
with chronic worm infections and large numbers of worms may become stunted and
underweight. Heavy infections with roundworm can cause bowel obstruction. Intestinal
worms especially hookworm can contribute to anemia by causing intestinal bleeding
and thus loss of blood. The larger the number of worms, the more likely they are to make
a person ill. Chronic infections can lead to long-term retardation of mental and physical
development and, in very severe infections, even death. The long-term presence of
parasites may contribute to the development of food allergies.
Causes, Risk Factors and Symptoms of Parasitic Infection - Ascaris lumbricoides
A review by Boskey, E. and Stoltzfus, S. (2012) reported that infection can
happen when feces contaminate water or food. Ascariasis can also be passed directly
from person to person. Environmental risk factors for ascariasis include lack of modern
hygiene and sanitation infrastructure, use of human feces for fertilizer, living in or
visiting a warm climate, exposure to an outdoor environment where dirt might be
ingested for children. Exposure to roundworm can be limited by avoiding unsafe food
and water. According to the WHO, infection is most common among children three to
eight years old.
Also, according to Boskey, E. and Stoltzfus, S. (2012), ascariasis produces
depending on its level of infection. The condition depends on where are eggs or larvae in
your body. Symptoms associated with roundworms in the lungs include coughing or
gagging, vomiting roundworms, wheezing or shortness of breath. Roundworms in the
intestines cause nausea, vomiting, irregular stools, stomach or abdominal pain, and
weight loss. Some people with a large infestation may experience other symptoms, such
as fatigue and fever. A major infestation can cause extreme discomfort. Ascariasis can
also cause complications. These include bowel obstruction and pancreatitis.
Complications occur when worms gather in other areas of the body. They may cause
blockages, inflammation, or other damage.
Causes, Risk Factors and Symptoms of Parasitic Infection - Trichuris trichiura

Gabbey, A. (2012) reported in her review that humans typically get whipworm
infections from consuming soil or water contaminated with the whipworm parasites or
their eggs. Usually, the soil or water has been contaminated by infected animal or human
feces. The risk factors for contracting whipworm infection include living in a hot, humid
climate, contact with soil that contains manure, contact with or consumption of raw
vegetables grown in manure-fertilized soil and living in areas with poor sanitation and
hygiene practices. Whipworm infection can cause a variety of symptoms, ranging from
mild to severe. Some people have no symptoms, while others experience bloody diarrhea,
painful or frequent defecation, abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting, flatulence,
headaches, weight loss or malnutrition, iron-deficiency anemia, the inability to control
defecation and rectal prolapse (the walls of your rectum protrude from your body).
Diagnosis Kato Katz Technique
Kato-Katz thick smear method (Kato-Katz) is the diagnostic method
recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) for the quantification of STH
eggs in human stool, because of its simple format and ease-of-use in the field. The chief
limitation of the Kato-Katz method, however, arises when it is used with the objective of
simultaneous assessment of STH in fecal samples from subjects with multiple species
infections. This is because helminth eggs of different species of helminths appear at
different time intervals (clearing times). In addition, hookworm eggs rapidly disappear in
cleared slides, resulting in false negative test results if the interval between preparation
and examination of the slides is too long (>30 min). These properties have impeded
standardization of the Kato-Katz method in large-scale studies at different study sites.
Moreover, quantification of the intensity of egg excretion is based on a fixed volume of

feces, rather than the mass of feces examined. Its quantitative performance is, therefore,
questionable, as the intensity of eggs excreted is expressed as the number of eggs per
gram of stool (EPG), and the density of feces can vary. This potential bias in the value of
FEC is likely to be important in programs monitoring drug efficacy by the Kato-Katz,
where it may introduce additional variation in the results of FECT and broaden the
confidence levels of the resulting statistical parameters.
Nutritional Status
An article by Conley, R. (2011) described nutritional status as a measurement of
how well the nutrients in your diet are meeting the physiologic needs of your body. It
was also described in the article the different classification of measuring the nutritional
status of an individual.
Anthropometric Measurements
Anthropometry is the science of measuring the size, weight and dimensions of the
human body. Height, weight and skinfold thickness can be used to assess fat stores,
adequacy of body weight and risk for chronic disease. Using height and weight, clinicians
can compare your current weight to your ideal body weight and usual body weight. A
current body weight of less than 90 percent of a person's ideal body weight or usual body
weight may indicate a compromised nutritional status. Measurements of skinfold
thickness can be interpreted to assess body fat stores. Depleted fat stores may also
indicate a compromised nutritional status (Conley, 2011).
Body Mass Index

According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2011), Body Mass
Index (BMI) is a number calculated from a child's weight and height. BMI is a reliable
indicator of body fatness for most children and teens. BMI does not measure body fat
directly, but research has shown that BMI correlates to direct measures of body fat.
Furthermore, BMI is an inexpensive and easy-to-perform method of screening for weight
categories that may lead to health problems. For children and teens, BMI is age and sexspecific and is often referred to as BMI-for-age. BMI is used as a screening tool to
identify possible weight problems for children. BMI is used to screen for obesity,
overweight, healthy weight, or underweight. However, BMI is not a diagnostic tool. For
example, a child may have a high BMI for age and sex, but to determine if excess fat is a
problem, a health care provider would need to perform further assessments. These
assessments might include skinfold thickness measurements, evaluations of diet, physical
activity, family history, and other appropriate health screenings.
BMI Table
According to kidshealth.org, doctors have used height and weight measurements
to assess a child's physical growth in relation to other kids the same age for so many
years. Now they have another tool: body mass index (BMI). Body mass index is a
calculation that uses height and weight to estimate how much body fat someone has.
Doctors use it to determine how appropriate a child's weight is for a certain height and
age. The body mass index show the weight status categories used with children or teens.
(underweight, overweight, and obese).
BMI for children

BMI number is calculated for children, the criteria used to interpret the meaning
of the BMI number for children and teens are different from those used for adults. For
children and teens, BMI age- and sex-specific percentiles are used for two reasons: 1) the
amount of body fat changes with age 2) the amount of body fat differs between girls and
boys. BMI-for-age weight status categories and the corresponding percentiles shows that
a BMI that is less than the 5th percentile is considered underweight, and above the 95th
percentile is considered obese. Children with a BMI between the 85th and 95th percentile
are considered to be overweight (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2011).
Related Studies
In a study entitled Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Nutritional Status in
Angolela, Ethiopia by Aboset, N. et al (2012), the prevalence of parasitic infection and
nutritional status of the school-children of rural Ethopia were estimated. I was across
sectional study of 664 students aged from 6 to 19 years old from Angolela, Ethiopia.
Socio-demographic information was collected using a structured questionnaire.
Anthropometric measurements were taken at the time of interview. Examinations of fecal
samples for helminthic and protozoan parasitic infections were performed. Logistic
regression procedures were employed to evaluate the association between stunting,
underweightedness, and wasting with parasitic infections. Overall, there was a deficit in
normal growth patterns as indicated by lower than average anthropometric measures. It
was concluded in the study conducted that there is a high prevalence of intestinal
parasitic infections. Stunting, wasting, and underweightedness were also prevalent, and
showed patterns of associations with intestinal parasitic infections.
A cross sectional study was conducted by Abate, E., et al (2012) in 405 school
children in two randomly selected governmental elementary schools in Gondar town,
Ethiopia. Gondar town is located in the Northwestern part of Ethiopia with population of
200,000. The data collection was done over 10 consecutive days in JanuaryFebruary
2008. Overall prevalence of underweight, stunting and thinness/wasting was 15.1%,
25.2%, 8.9%, respectively. Of the total, 22.7% were found to be positive for intestinal
parasites. The most prevalent intestinal parasite detected was Ascaris lumbricoides
(31/405, 7.6%). The prevalence of malnutrition, intestinal parasitism and allergy was not
negligible in that population. In addition, there was no significant association between the
prevalence of allergy and their nutritional status, and parasite infection.
A study conducted by Ekpenyong, E. A. (2008) entitled Prevalence of intestinal
helminths infections among school children in Igbo-Eze stated that the the overall
prevalence of A. lumbricoides (4.9 %), hookworm (2.5 %) and T. trichiura (0.7 %)
infections among school children in Igbo Eze South LGA, EnuguState, A. lumbricoides
had the highest prevalence (4.9 %), followed by hookworm (2.5 %), while T. trichiura
had the least (0.7 %). The higher prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection than that of
hookworm infection and T. trichiura infection is consistent with the reports of Taiwo and
Agbolade (2000) and Adeyeba and Akinlabi (2002), but disagrees with that of Nwaorgu
et al. (1998). The high prevalence of A. lumbricoides infection may be attributed to high
level of unhygienic practices among the pupils which enhanced transmission. The
presence of T. trichiura infections in the study area was not unexpected since it is known
that similar conditions which influence the endemicity of A. lumbricoides also influence
its endemicity (OLarcain and Holland, 2000). It is also known that A. lumbricoides
infections are rarely found alone in human communities (Crompton, 1994).
The study of Abdulsalam A., Abdulhamid A., and et al. (2012) entitled The
nutritional impacts of soil-transmitted helminths infections among Orang Asli
schoolchildren in rural Malaysia shows total of two hundred and eighty nine pupils (140
males and 149 females), aged 6 13 years old with a mean age of 9.70.2 years
participated in this study. About half of the parents had no formal education and almost
two thirds of the children belong to families with low monthly income
(<RM500.00/month; 1US$=RM3.00). Almost half (53%) of the children were 10
years old and about one fifth of all the children belong to large family settings (>7
members). About half of the households in the study area have no toilet facilities, rivers
were used as the preferred defaecation sites as well sources of water for domestic usage.
Only about one fifth of the households in the area have access to piped water supply. The
results of this study showed that 93.7% of all the participants were infected with at least
one species of STH. The prevalence of trichuriasis, ascariasis and hookworm infections
were 84.6%, 47.6% and 3.9%, respectively. Among those, about a quarter of the
infections by Ascaris lumbricoides and nearly half of those by Trichuris trichiura were of
moderate-to-heavy intensities, whereas, all hookworm infections were of light intensity.
Overall, the combined moderate-to-heavy STH infections accounted for 60.5% of all the
infections.
Bartoces, M., Davis, S., Fox, L., and et al. (2013) conduct a study entitled Soil
Transmitted Helminth Infections, and Nutritional Status among Urban Slum Children in
Kenya where a cross-sectional survey of 205 pre-school (PSC) and 487 school-aged
children (SAC) randomly selected from the surveillance registry of the Centers for
Disease Control and Prevention of the Kibera slum in Kenya. Hemoglobin, iron
deficiency (ID), vitamin A deficiency (VAD), inflammation, malaria, anthropometry, and
STH ova were measured. Poisson regression models evaluated associations between STH
and malnutrition outcomes and controlled for confounders. Approximately 40% of PSC
and SAC had STH infection, primarily Ascaris and Trichuris; 2.9% of PSC and 1.1% of
SAC had high-intensity infection. Malnutrition prevalence among PSC and SAC was
anemia (38.3% and 14.0%, respectively), ID (23.0% and 5.0%, respectively), VAD
(16.9% and 4.5%, respectively), and stunting (29.7% and 16.9%, respectively). In
multivariate analysis, STH in PSC was associated with VAD (PR = 2.2, 95% confidence
interval = 1.14.6) and ID (PR = 3.3, 95% confidence interval = 1.66.6) but not anemia
or stunting. No associations were significant in SAC. Integrated deworming and
micronutrient supplementation strategies should be evaluated in this population.
Synthesis
All of these Review of Related Literature and Studies are pertaining to soil
transmitted helminthiasis and nutritional status. It is important to review related literature
and studies because it may help and guide the researcher in making comparison between
the finding of other researches on similar studies and literature with the end of view in
formulating generalization or principles which are the contributions of the study to fund
the knowledge. All these concepts are significant to the study because they expand the
need and understanding of the researchers to meet the needs of society.
Chapter III
METHODOLOGY
This chapter presented the research and sampling design, instrumentation,
and data gathering procedures of the Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and
Nutritional Status among Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary
School.
Research Design
This study entitled, Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and Nutritional Status
among Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler Elementary School is a descriptive
quantitative design. The design process includes a method of deductive reasoning
by use of measurable tools to collect relevant data, and was used as an element of
determining the relationship between the statuses of parasitic infection with the
nutritional status among the grade 1 pupils of Upper Tambler 1 Elementary
School, empirically considering their demographic profile as well. The study is all
about the correlation of two variables, namely the soil-trasmitted helminthiasis
through the obtained eggs per gram from the positive respondents for parasitic
infection and their respective nutritional status by their measured Body Mass
Index.
SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS AND

NUTRITIONAL STATUS AMONG GRADE PUPILS
OF UPPER TAMBLER 1 CENTRAL ELEMENTARY
SCHOOL
Upper Tambler 1
Central Elementary
School
Demographic Profile
Grade 1 Pupils
Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis
Demographic Profile Questionnaire
BMI Data
Stool Examination Data
Nutritional Status
Pearson Moment Correlation
Relationship significance between the SoilTransmitted Helminthiasis and Nutritional Status
Figure 2. Research Design
Respondents of the Study

The respondents of the study were the Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler 1
Elementary School. There were (9) nine female and (6) six male pupils to
complete the indentified number of respondents of the study. They will represent
the whole population of the study.
Sampling Design
This study used a random sampling design in which the researcher had
selected a sample that was based on the experience or knowledge of the group
being sampled. The method was most commonly used in the statistical
environment. Therefore, it presumed that the gathering of data from the
respondents indicated all the samples came from expected body mass index of
Grade 1 pupils of Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary School with soil
transmitted helminthiasis.
Research Locale
This study was conducted at Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary School;
this place has a vast field, surrounded by trees. Currently, a huge number of pupils
are enrolled in this public elementary school. The researchers chose grade 1
students of the school to be the respondents, consisting of 348 enrolled pupils
divided to 7 sections. Upper Tambler 1 Elementary School is located at Barangay
Fatima which is one of the 26 Barangays comprising the City of General Santos.
The school site has an area of 60 000 square meters donated by the city
government through a Sangguniang Resolution # 82, S. 1994 authored by Hon.
Minda C. Falgui, former City Vice Mayor. The rapid growth of population of
Barangay Fatima, from approximately 70,000 few years ago to 82,132 in the year
2014, is due to the establishment of the citys International Airport and the growth
of canning factories, brought about the rapid increase of enrollment of the school.
The migration of many families in the barangay resulted in unstoppable increase
of school population.
Research Instrument
Research instrument is the tool that was utilized as a testing device to
measure the aforementioned phenomenon and was also used as a guide for
observations, validated by professionals.
A. Research Equipment for stool examination were the following:
1.
Kato Katz equipment is a set of equipment used to identify the parasite of
the respondents. It consists of the following:

1.1.1
Glycerine- a colorless, odorless, syrupy, sweet liquid,

C 3 H 8O 3, usually obtained by the saponification of natural
fats and oils.
1.1.2
Green Water Cellophane- a substitute of malachite green

where it was used as a cover slip.
1.1.3
Newspaper- a printed publication (usually issued daily or

weekly) consisting of folded unstapled sheets and
containing news, feature articles, advertisements, and
correspondence that was used to be a placement of all the

materials.
1.1.4
Popsicle stick- it was used to spread or remove excess fecal

material.
1.1.5
Screen- it was used to sieved fecal material.
1.1.6
Stool template- used as an instrument to form enough stool

to be added on a glass slide.
1.1.7
Applicator Stick- used for many purposes, usually to mix

small quantities of different materials together. Another use
would be to transfer very small quantities of a material to
another container.
1.1.8
Personal Protective Equipment (masks, gloves, lab gown,

hair nets and goggles)
1.1.9
Stool container- a container use to hold the specimen.
1.1.10 Microscope- an optical instrument used for viewing very

small objects, such as minerals samples or animal or plant
cells, typically magnified several hundred times.
2.
Body Mass Index Instrument is used to measure the body mass index of
the respondents which consists o the following:

2.1.1
Calculator- used for making mathematical calculations, in

particular a small electronic device with a keyboard and a
visual display.
2.1.2
Weighing scale- measuring instrument for determining the

weight or mass of an object.
2.1.3
Tape measure- length of tape or thin flexible metal, marked

at intervals for measuring.
B. Research Tool
A questionnaire is simply a tool for collecting and recording
information about a particular issue of interest. It is made up of list of questions
with clear instructions, and data sheets for administrative details.
1.
Questionnaire (Appendix 4) The researcher made this instrument to know
the socio-economic profile of the respondents. Part one covers the age, gender,
height, weight, monthly income and physical appearance of the subjects. The
researchers elaborated as to how the subject notified and labeled his or her
standards between variables that relates to nutritional status. Part two of the
questionnaire consists of survey where the questions were answered by yes or no
in relation to their economic status and lifestyle. Respondents infected with
parasitic infection were analyzed and had a comparison of nutritional status with
those who are not infected.
2.
BMI table (Appendix 5) was used as a preference to know the patients
characteristics or nutritional status.
3.
Data sheet for stool exam and Body mass index data sheet (Appendix 6)
was used to identify the presence of parasitic infection of the respondents and to
calculate the body mass index which includes the height, weight and gender.
Bioethical consideration
The consent from (Appendix 3) was read in the local language and a copy
was provided to a parent. The parents were informed about the study as well as
about the potential risks and its benefit. They were assured of their childrens
confidentiality, and are also free to decline their partaking. In addition, the
participants were also informed that they may withdraw from the study at any
time without penalty and that the result of the experiment was made available to
them if they wish to receive them. To ensure confidentiality, participants result is
linked to a code number.
Data Gathering Procedures

The researchers had acted in accordance to the data gathering procedures
beginning with a letter designated to Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary School
and had asked permission to have the data collection. A self-made questionnaire
was used as a medium of acquiring data about the socio-economic profile of the
Grade 1 pupils of Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary School. The
questionnaires had been used was validated by validators who are equipped and
knowledgeable on how to make a comprehensive survey questionnaire. After the
approval of Barangay principal, the researchers identified the specific method to
be used for identifying parasites. Preparation of materials needed for examination

was done accordingly then the researchers went to Upper Tambler 1 Central
Elementary School to assess and had examined respondents recent stage or
condition. First, the researchers had determined the gender and the age of the
randomly selected respondents, calculated the height and weight to be able to
identify their nutritional status using body mass index. The researchers manually
calculated the BMI by getting the weight (in kilograms) and the height (in
centimeters) of the children using the Body Mass Index equipment. The
researchers computed the body mass index using this formula BMI= mass (kg)/
(height(m)). After the researchers got the body mass index, given the
questionnaires to the parents of the respondents, the researcher collected all the
specimens then went to General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation Inc.
to perform kato-katz technique. The method used was prepared by placing a
mound of fecal material on a newspaper then pressed the small screen on top, to
sieve some feces through the screen to accumulate on top. The researcher had
scraped the flat-sided spatula across the upper surface of the screen to collect the
sieved feces. Placed the template with the hole on the center of a microscope slide
and add feces until the hole was completely filled. The researcher removed the
template carefully so that cylinder of feces was left on the slide. Fecal material
was covered with pre-soaked cellophane strip and inverted the microscope slide to
be pressed firmly against a smooth hard surface until it had spread evenly and for
the newspaper print to be seen through the smear. Systematically examined the
preparations with the low power objective for identification then switched to high
power for more detailed study of any suspected eggs. Researchers had determined
the presence or absence of soil transmitted helminthiasis. The specimen samples
with positive results were further subjected to counting of the parasite eggs. The
amount of eggs counted was multiplied to a fixed value 24 to get the epg (eggs
per gram).
Data Quantification and Analysis

The researcher used Pearson moment correlation as a statistical tool for all
the data that has been collected. The researchers correlated the nutritional status
or the measured body mass index of the respondents to their current parasitic
infection status using the eggs per gram obtained a method of stool exam.
CHAPTER IV
PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION AND DATA ANALYSIS
This chapter contains the presentation, interpretation and analysis of the

data gathered regarding Parasitic Infection and Nutritional Status among Grade 1
Pupils of Upper Tambler l Elementary School.
Variable
Age
Frequency
Percentage
5 and below
20
53
27
8 and above
Total Number of
Respondents
Sex
15
Female
60
Male
40
Total Number of
Respondents
Guardians Monthly Income
Total Number of
Respondents
100
15
100
P3,000- P5,000
60
P5,000-P7,000
20
P7,000- P10,000
20
P10,000 &
above
15
100
Table 1. Demographic Profile of the Respondents by Age, Sex & Monthly Income
Table I displays that the study conducted were at random sampling which
means that the respondents had the equal chance to participate. It turned out that
there were nine female random respondents which constitute to 60% and six male
respondents resulting to a percentage of 40. It also shows the profile of the
respondents according to age. It presents that the highest number of respondents
are in the age of six which consist of eight (53%) of the total respondents. Next is
from age of seven which consist of four (27%), followed by age ranging from 5
and below consisting three (20%). This indicates that most of the respondents
participated are at age of six. Lastly, it shows the economic status of the parents
respondents in terms of their monthly income. It goes to show that there are nine
(60%) who had their monthly income that ranges from 3000-5000. There were
both three of the parents respondents contributing to both 20% for an income of
5000-7000 and 7000-10 000 respectively.
INDICATORS
Described childs appetite as moderate
The child eats at approximately the same time everyday
The child skips meals
There are foods the child does not eat because its not good
for them
The child goes out to play with playmates and with soil
The parent prepares/cooks their own food
Maintains their environment clean
The child eats street foods like isaw, barbeque, banana cues,
or anything that is sold on street food stalls
The child is sick
Practiced hand washing before eating
2.67
2.67
1.73
2.73
VERBAL
DESCRIPTION
Always
Always
Sometimes
Always
2.47
2.87
2.8
2.33
Always
Always
Always
Sometimes
1.87
2.53
Sometimes
Always
MEAN
Table 2. Eating Habits of the Respondents
The respondents lifestyle in particular eating habits affects the

independent variable which is parasitic infection as displayed in the conceptual
framework of this study. Table 2 shows the corresponding weighted mean and its
verbal description of each indicator (Appendix 7). The highest calculated
weighted mean 2.87 indicated that the parents always prepare/cook their own food
followed by 2.8 which indicated that they always maintain their environment
clean. On the other hand, the lowest calculated weighted means indicated that
their children sometimes skip meals, sometimes sick and sometimes eat foods
sold on food stalls. This may all have contributed to the development of the
infection since the infection is food-borne. Though, there are still factors to be
considered.
Parasitic Infection Status

LIGHT
MODERATE
HEAVY
Total Number of Respondents
Frequency
11
4
0
15
Percentage
73.33%
27%
0%
100%
Table 3. Parasitic Infection Status of the Respondents
Table VI shows the status of parasitic infection of the respondents

by solving the eggs per gram obtained from using the Kato-Katz technique. The
status of parasitic infection was based on thresholds for intensity of infection. As
shown above, a greater number of light parasitic infection was observed and noted
consisting for almost eleven (73%) out of the total number of participants. It
implies that there are a number of four respondents consisting for a percentage of
27 who had a moderate infection for soil transmitted helminthiasis namely
Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Additionally, the intensity of
infection caused the said species corresponded to the intensity levels as defined by
WHO guidelines (Appendix 8).
Nutritional Status
Obese
Overweight
Normal
Wasted
Severely Wasted
Total Number of Respondents
Frequency
0
0
6
3
6
15
Percentage
0
0
40
20
40
100
Table 4. Nutritional Status of the Respondents by Body Mass Index

Table 4 gives you an idea about the nutritional status of the fifteen
respondents by calculating their Body Mass Index. The categorizations of the
BMI of the said respondents were based on the criteria sets by the researchers. It
shows that most of the BMI statuses of the observed random participants were on
the category of normal and severely wasted which consists of both 40 % upon the
entirety. Next in rank were in the category of wasted showing the percentage of
20 and followed by 0% from the category of overweight and obese.
Variable
Mean
R
Interpretation P-value Decision
Remark
Nutritional
12.92
There is no
Status
Negligible
Ho:
-0.116
0.680
significant
Correlation
Accepted
Soil-transmitted
relationship.
7514
Helminthiasis
Table 5. Relationship of Nutritional Status and Status of Parasitic Infection
As shown above Table VII, the respondents have the mean body mass
index of 12.92 and mean epg of 7514. Pearson moment correlation gave an r of 0.116, interpreted as negligible correlation using Calmorins interpretation. This
indicated that the body mass index of the respondents do not have correlation with
their epg. The relationship has a p-value of 0.680. Since it is more than 0.05 the
null hypothesis is maintained. Therefore there is no significant relationship
between the soil-transmitted helminthiasis and nutritional status of the grade 1
students
of
Upper
Tambler
Central
Elementary
School.
CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This chapter provides the summary, conclusions and recommendation

base on the findings and analysis of the gathered data.
Summary
This study entitled Soil Transmitted Helminthiasis and Nutritional Status
among Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler 1 Central Elementary School is able to
determine the socio-economic profile which encompasses age, gender, height,
weight, monthly income and physical appearance of the subjects. Respondents
infected with parasitic infection were analyzed and had a comparison of
nutritional status with those who are not infected. Primarily, the study is
conducted at Upper Tambler Elementary School and the laboratory test in
particular kato katz technique for the identification of parasites seen is conducted
at General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation Inc. Laboratory and had
been evaluated by trusted professional in the same field. There are fifteen (15)
respondents evaluated and appraised by the researchers. They are given a
particular self-made questionnaire as a tool of gathering data for each participant
of the investigation. After the data gathering, the researchers came up with the
result concordance with the objective of this research study.
In terms of the demographic profile of the respondents, 20% of it is in the
range of five and below and 53% are six years old and for seven years of age
garner 27%. Most of the respondents are female which accounts to 53% and 47%
are male. The socio economic status of the parents of those respondents goes to
show that there are 60% who had answered that their monthly income is not
enough for their basic needs and 40% answered that it was just enough.
The respondents lifestyle in particular to eating habits displays 87% said
that their parents always cook their own food, 67% who always practiced hand
washing before eating and 80% maintains their environment clean. There are 53%
of the respondents who always goes out to play with playmates and with soil and
33% who said yes that their child eats street foods or anything that is sold on
street food stalls.
The subjects nutritional status as based on their Body Mass Index shows
that 40% are severely wasted and another 40% are considered normal. There are
20% of the respondents in the category of wasted. There are a greater number of
light parasitic infections observed which consist of eleven respondents (73%) and
27% who had a moderate infection for soil transmitted helmenthiasis namely
Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura.
The factors as demonstrated in the conceptual framework somehow affect
the independent variable---Parasitic Infection but there are some factors to
consider as based on the nutritional status of the respondents as well.
In regards with the correlational study between the parasitic infection and
nutritional status among Grade 1 pupils of Upper Tambler Elementary School, it
shows that there is no significant relationship at all, with regards to the limit of the
population. This finding is concluded by the used of Pearson formula.
Conclusions
For the outcomes obtained in this study, the researchers came up with the
following conclusions:
It was found out that 53% in the age of six are the prominent in number
who participated in the study. In terms with sex of the respondents both of them
occurred almost equally with the percentage of 53% for female and 47% for male.
Next, for the socioeconomic status of the respondents, 60% had unsatisfactorily
agreed that their income wasnt enough to meet their basic needs. The highest
calculated weighted mean 2.87 indicated that the parents always prepare/cook
their own food followed by 2.8 which indicated that they always maintain their
environment clean. On the other hand, the lowest calculated weighted means
indicated that their children sometimes skip meals, sometimes sick and sometimes
eat foods sold on food stalls. The above percentage leads in drawing for an
assumption of also considering other factors that may affect the variables stated in
the study.
Based on the figures in the frequency distribution of the nutritional status
and parasitic infection of the respondents, it had revealed that the participants of
the study was in the category of both 40% normal and severely wasted and 20%
was in the group of wasted. It shows that the respondents in the said category as
based in their Body Mass Index were all infected with soil transmitted
helminthiasis with about 73% having light parasitic infection and 27% with
moderate infection.
In terms in correlating the nutritional status and parasitic infection among
Grade 1 pupils of Upper Tambler Elementary School, the investigation shows that
it has no relationship at all.
Recommendations
Based on the foregoing conclusions the following recommendations are drawn:
1. Since this study carried out with a few number of participants, the researchers
recommend to future researchers to conduct the study with wider population, and
if possible, any information or instruction must be given to parties with higher
degree of understanding such like parents or guardians. This would assure that the
specimen collection will be of good state for laboratory processing and
identification of parasites in particular Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris
trichiura. This would also make sure that the target number of specimen for this
study will attain for a wider correlation of the data.
2. The future researchers may add another statement of the problem to have a good
generalization of the study. The researchers of this study suggest an evaluation on
the level of parasitic infection and nutritional status of the participants.
3. The correlation between the nutritional and parasitic infection of the respondent
show that it has no relationship. By this fact, the following researchers who will
conduct another proposal with the same study require another methodically and
statistical method to compare relationship of the variables presented.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Books
Amuta E., Olusi T., Houmsou R. (2008). Relationship of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and
Malnutrition Among School Children in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria. The Journal of
Epidemiology, 7(1).
Belizario, V.Y., and De Leon, W.U., (2004). Soil Transmitted Helminth. Philippine Textbook of
Medical Parasitology. 2nd edition.
Bender, D. (2009). It's About Eating the Right Thing..A Dictionary of Food and Nutrition (3
ed.), 509.
Drisdelle, R. (2011). Roundworm and Whipworm on the Human Body. Parasites: Tales of
Humanitys Most Unwelcome Guests.
Grogan, J. and Perennial, H. (2012). A. H. Maslow: An Intellectual Portrait. Encountering
America: Humanistic Psychology, Sixties Culture, and the Shaping of the Modern Self.
Hill, C. and Wilson, C. (2002). The Right to be Human. New Pathways in Psychology: Maslow
& the Post-Freudian Revolution.
Manganelli, L. et. al. (2012). Intestinal Parasite Infections in Immigrant Children in the City of
Rome, Related Risk Factors and Possible Impact on Nutritional Status. Parasitic
Infection: OVERVIEW.
Electronic References
Abate, E., et al. (2012). Nutritional Status, Intestinal Parasite Infection & Allergy Among School
Children
in
Northwest
Ethiopia.
Retrieved
from
http://www.biomedcentral.com/14712431/13/7
Abdulsalam A., Abdulhamid A., and et al. (2012). The Nutritional Impacts of Soil-transmitted
Helminths Infections Among Orang Asli Schoolchildren in Rural Malaysia. Retrieved
from http://www.parasitesandvectors.com/content/5/1/119
Aboset, N. et al. (2012). Intestinal Parasitic Infection and Nutritional Status Among School
Children
in
Angolela,
Ethiopia.
Retrieved
from
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23362622
Amuta E., Olusi T., Houmsou R. (2008). Relationship of Intestinal Parasitic Infections and
Malnutrition Among School Children in Makurdi, Benue State Nigeria. The Internet
Journal of Epidemiology, 7(1).
Bartoces, M., Davis, S., Fox, L., and et al. (2013). Soil Transmitted Helminth Infections, and
Nutritional Status among Urban Slum Children in Kenya. Retrieved from
http://www.ajtmh.org/content/early/2013/12/12/ajtmh.13-0560.short?rss=1
Brooke
(2011).
FOOD:
Basic
Maslow
Hierarchy
Need.
Retrieved
from
http://www.bitchinnutrition.com/health/food-a-basic-maslow-hierarchy-need/
Boskey
E.
and
Stoltzfus,
S.
(2012).
Healthine.
http://www.healthline.com/health/ascariasis#Overview
Ascariasis.
Retrieved
from
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Parasites-Ascariasis. Retrieved from
http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/ascariasis/
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014). Parasites - Trichuriasis (also known as
Whipworm Infection). Retrieved from http://www.cdc.gov/parasites/whipworm/
Conley, K. (2011). Food and Health. What Does Nutritional Status Mean. Retrieved from
http://www.livestrong.com/article/444750-what-does-nutritional-status-mean/
Dave, S. (2013).Parasitic Infection: Overview .Retrieved from http://www.diagnoseme.com/symptoms-of/parasite-infection.html
Department of Health. (2006).Operational Guidelines of Parasitologic Screening of Food
Handlers. Retrieved from http://home.doh.gov.ph/ais_public/aopdf/ao2006-0001.pdf
Ekpenyong, E. A. (2008). Prevalence of Intestinal Helminths Infections Among School Children
in
Igbo-Eze.
Retrieved
from
http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi=10.1.1.404.1749&rep=rep1&type=pdf
Food and Drugs Administration. (2013). Foodborne Pathogenic Microorganisms and Natural
Toxins Handbook. Ascaris lumbricoides and Trichuris trichiura. Retrieved from
http://www.fda.gov/Food/FoodborneIllnessContaminants/CausesOfIllnessBadBugBook/u
cm070828.html
Gabbey,
A.
E.
(2012).
Whipworm
Infection.
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http://www.healthline.com/health/whipworm-infection?toptoctest=expand
from
Mooijman, A. (2013) Helminth Infections. Retrieved from http://www.wsp.org/HygieneSanitation-Water-Toolkit/Why/Helminth.html

Murage E., Kahn, K., Pettifor, J. and et al. (2010). BMC Public Health. The Prevalence of
Stunting, Overweight and Obesity, and Metabolic Disease Risk in Rural South African
Retrieved
Children.
from
http://scholar.googleusercontent.com/scholar?q=cache:DYU0vc2q58J:scholar.google.com/+prevalence+nutritional+status+children+2010&hl=en&as_sdt=0,
5&as_vis=1 Nutrition
Page,
A.
(2010).
Are
My
Kids
Overweight.
Retrieved
from
http://www.tuckbox.org/overweight_kids.html
United Nations Children's Fund Philippines. (2008). Health Nutrition. Retrieved from
http://www.unicef.org/philippines/health_nutrition.html#.UvI5sGKSxPE
Vorvick,
L.
and
Longstreth,
G.
(2012).
Fecal
Smear.
Retrieved
from
http://www.utmedicalcenter.org/your-health/encyclopedia/test/003755/
World Health Organizatio.n (2013). Water Related Diseases. Ascariasis. Retrieved from
http://www.who.int/water_sanitation_health/diseases/ascariasis/en/
Soil Transmitted Helminths|
Appendix 1
General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation Inc.
Bulaong Avenue, General Santos City
Ms. Grace Joy Gerada, RN, MAN

College Dean
Dear Maam;
We, the 4th Year Medical Technology Students of General Santos Doctors Medical
School Foundation Inc. are conducting a study entitled Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis
For the study to be possible, we would like to ask your permission to conduct it at
Barangay Fatima, particularly in Upper Tambler Elementary School. We are hoping for
your positive response.
Respectfully Yours,
Ana Jamaica S, Ramos, SMT

Group Leader
Appendix 2
Principals Name
Principal
Upper Tambler Elementary School
Dear Madam/Sir;
We, the 4th Year Medical Technology Students of General Santos Doctors Medical
School Foundation Inc. are conducting a study entitled Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis
In relation to this, we would like to ask your approval as we conduct our study in your
school specifically, the grade 1 pupils for the month of June July of 2014.We are
hoping for your positive response.
Respectfully Yours,
Ana Jamaica S. Ramos, SMT

Group Leader
NOTED BY:
Grace Joy Gerada, RN, MAN
Research Adviser
Appendix 3
WAIVER
Maam/Sir,
Kami, ang 3rd year Medical Technology Students ng General Santos Doctors Medical
School Foundation Inc ay magsasagawa ng pagsusuri na may titulong Soil-transmitted
Helminthiasis and Nutritional Status among Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler
Elementary School. Kaugnayan nito, nais naming hingiin ang iyong pahintulot na kunan
ang inyong mga anak ng dumi upang malaman ang kanilang mga kondisyon ukol sa
parasitismo o bituk na maaaring maging masama sa katawan ng iyong anak. Ang
inyong pakikipagtulungan ay lubos na nakakahanga at maging ang iyong pahintulot ay
malaking tulong para sa aming pag-aaral.
Maging panatag po na ang mga impormasyon na aming makukuha ay maituturing bilang
kompidensiyal. Kami po ay umaasa sa iyong positibong tugon.
Lubos na gumagalang,
Ana Jamaica S. Ramos, SMT
Group Leader
NOTED BY:
Grace Joy Gerada, RN, MAN
Research Adviser
Appendix 4
Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis and Nutritional Status among Grade 1 Pupils of

Upper Tambler Elementary School
Demographic Questionnaire
Part I. Paki-fill up po ng mga sumusunod at itsek ang nararapat na sagot tungkol sa iyo.
(Please fill up the following data. Please check the corresponding data about you.)
Name/Pangalan:
Civil Status:
Employment Status/Trabaho:
___ Kita ay hindi sapat para sa mga
Monthly Income/Sweldo:
pangunahing pangangailangan
___
P 3,000 P 5,000
___ Kita ay sapat para sa pangunahing
___
P 5,000 P 7,000
pangangailangan
___
P 7,000 P 10,000
___ Kita ay higit pa sa sapat para sa
___
P 10,000 and above
pangunahing
pangangailangan
Pangalan ng Anak:
Edad ng Anak: 5 __
6__
Kasarian ng Anak: Lalaki __
7__ 8 __
Babae __
GRADO: 3 Lagi; 2 Minsan; 1 Di kainlanman

1. Naglalarawan ba ng katamtaman na pag kain ang iyong anak?
(Would you describe your childs appetite as moderate?)
2. Ang anak mo ba ay kumakain sa tamang oras? (Does your child eat
at approximately the same time every day?)
3. Nilalaktawan ba ng iyong anak ang pagkain? (Does your child skip
meals?)
4. May mga pagkain ka bang hindi pinapakain sa iyong anak dahil sa
tingin mo ito ay hindi tama? (Are there any foods your child does
not eat because you dont think they are good for them?)
5. Naglalaro ba sa labas ang iyong anak kasama ang kalaro, o sa lupa?
(Does your child play outside with playmates and soil?)
6. Kayo ba mismo ang naghahain/nagluluto ng inyong pagkain? (Do
you prepare/cook your own food?)
7. Napapanatili nyo bang malinis ang inyong kapaligiran? (Do you
always maintain your environment clean?)
8. Kumakain ba ng mga pagkaing kalye ang iyong anak katulad ng
isaw, barbeque, banana cues, o iba pang pagkaing nabibili sa
kalye? (Does your child eat street foods like isaw, barbeque, banana
cues, or anything that is sold on street food stalls?)
9. Masakitin ba ang iyong anak? (How often is your child sick?)
10. Ugali niyo bang maghugas ng kamay bago kumain?
(Do you practice handwashing before eating?)
Appendix 5
BMI Table for AGE
Age
Severely Wasted
Wasted
<12.0
12.1 12.9
<12.1
<12.2
Boys
Normal
Overweight
Obese
13.0 18.5
18.6 20.6
>20.7
12.2 13.0
13.1 19.0
19.1 21.5
>21.6
12.3 13.2
13.3 19.6
19.7 22.7
>22.8
Girls
5
<11.7
11.7 12.6
12.7 19.2
19.3 21.1
>22.2
<11.6
11.7 - 12.6
12.7 19.7
19.8 23.2
>23.3
<11.7
11.8 12.8
12.9 20.5
20.6 24.6
>24.7
Source: WHO; Page, A. (2010)
Appendix 6
Data Sheet of the Respondents

PUPIlL
Gender
Age
BMI
Parasitic Infection
14.61
786 A. lumbricoides epg
LIGHT
11.15
SW
LIGHT
17.95
LIGHT
11.57
SW
LIGHT
11.96
SW
46200 A. lumbricoides epg +
MODERATE
1440 T. trichiera epg

6
10.40
SW
12.0
SW
1920 epg of A. lumbricoides
LIGHT
LIGHT
912 epg
M

14.61
MODERATE
N
576 T. trichiura epg
13.56
MODERATE
10
12.42
MODERATE
11
12.36
LIGHT
12
14.07
LIGHT
13
11.07
SW
LIGHT
14
13.72
LIGHT
15
12.35
LIGHT
Appendix 7
Questionnaire Scale with Corresponding Weighted Mean and Verbal Description

1.00-1.50 never
1.51-2.50 sometimes
INDICATORS
Described childs appetite as moderate
The child eats at approximately the same time everyday
The child skips meals
There are foods the child does not eat because its not good
for them
The child goes out to play with playmates and with soil
The parent prepares/cooks their own food
Maintains their environment clean
The child eats street foods like isaw, barbeque, banana cues,
or anything that is sold on street food stalls
The child is sick
Practiced hand washing before eating
2.51-3.00 always
2.67
2.67
1.73
2.73
VERBAL
DESCRIPTION
Always
Always
Sometimes
Always
2.47
2.87
2.8
2.33
Always
Always
Always
Sometimes
1.87
2.53
Sometimes
Always
MEAN
Appendix 8
Thresholds for intensity of infection by STH species

Helminth
A. lumbricoides
T. trichiura
Intensity of Infection Threshold

Light
Moderate
Heavy
1-4,999 epg
5,000-49,999 epg
50,000 epg
1-999 epg
1,000-9,999 epg
10,000 epg
Source: WHO. Helminth control in school-age children: a guide for managers of

control programmes, 2002, Geneva.
Appendix 9
Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) Statistical Analysis Report
Correlations
Pearson Correlation
BMI
EPG
BMI
EPG
-.116
Sig. (2-tailed)
.680
15
15
Pearson Correlation
-.116
Sig. (2-tailed)
.680
15
15
Descriptive Statistics
N
Minimum
Maximum
Mean
Std. Deviation
BMI
15
10.40
17.95
12.9200
1.90432
EPG
15
384.00
47640.00
7514.8000
12168.29392
Valid N (listwise)
15
Appendix 10

Tel No.: (083) 302-3507
January 12, 2015
GRAMMARIANs CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the undersigned has reviewed and went through all the pages
of the proposed project study / research entitled Soil-transmitted Helminthiasis and
Nutritional Status among Grade 1 Pupils of Upper Tambler Elementary School as
against the set of structural rules that govern the composition of
sentences, phrases, and words in the English language.
Signed:
____________________________
Grammarian
Appendix 11
Documentation
Research Locale and Population
Figure 2. Preparation of all the materials
Figure 3. Green cellophane soaked to Glycerine
Figure 4. Sieving the feces using a small screen
Figure 5. Placing a template on a slide and adding feces
Figure 6. Removal of template and placing pre-soaked cellophane strip
Figure 7. Inverting or pressing a popsicle stick to flatten the feces
Soil Transmitted Helminths|
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data
Name: Joel Ian Pat T. Burlaza
Nickname: Joel
Address: Blk 13 Lot 8 Phase 2 Gensanville Subd, Brgy. Bula
Birth Date: February 13, 1995
Age: 19 y.o
Place of Birth: General Santos City
Sex: Male
Civil Status: Single
Fathers Name: Joel U. Burlaza
Mothers Name: Nancy T. Burlaza
Educational Background
Preparatory Level: City Social Welfare and Development Daycare Center
Primary Level: General Santos SPED Integrated School
Secondary Level: General Santos SPED Integrated School
Tertiary Level: General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation Inc.
Seminar/ Training: PHISMETS (2014)
Netiquette Seminar (2014)
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data
Name: Chloetylle Faye Calubad
Nickname: Chloe
Address: Blk 5 Lot 15 Malesido Phase 3, GSC
Birth Date: October 15, 1994
Age: 19 y.o
Sex: Female
Fathers Name: Felix Calubad
Mothers Name: Carolina Calubad
Preparatory Education: General Santos City SPED Integrated School
Primary Education: General Santos City SPED Integrated School
Secondary Education: General Santos City SPED Integrated School
Tertiary Education: General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation, Inc.
Seminar/ Training: 7th Medical and Evangelical Mission (2013)

Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data
Name: Ver Anthony Castillo
Nickname: Ver
Address: Banga, South Cotabato
Birth Date: January 11, 1993
Age: 21 y.o
Place of Birth: Marbel, South Cotabato
Sex: Male
Fathers Name: Noel Balanga-an Castillo
Mothers Name: Ma. Marites Anacan Castillo
Preparatory level: Precious Learning Center
Primary level: Notre Dame of Banga
Secondary level: Notre dame Siena School of Marbel
Tertiary level: General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation Inc.
Seminar/ Training: PAMET 3rd regional conference Sept. 4, 2009
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data
Name: Hazel Faye Honor Dizon
Nickname: Hazel
Address: #23 Capareda St. Lagao, GSC
Birth Date: September 15, 1995
Age: 18 y.o
Place of Birth: Guagua, Pampanga
Sex: Female
Fathers Name: Helsias A. Dizon
Mothers Name: Maria Cecelia H. Dizon
Primary Level:
Lagao Central Elementary School
Secondary Level:
Notre Dame of Dadiangas University
Tertiary Level:
Seminar/ Training: Medical Mission in Brgy. Dadiangas North, GSC. (2013)

Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data
Name: Shalimar H. Narvaiza
Nickname: Shalimar
Address: Blk. 11 Lot 9 Mahogany St. Rosario Village Lagao, GSC
Birth Date: April 19, 1995
Age: 18 y.o
Sex: Female
Fathers Name: Benigno Tangalin Narvaiza
Mothers Name: Judith Hallado Narvaiza
Preparatory level: Notre Dame of Lagao
Primary level: Victoria Child Montessori
Secondary level: Notre Dame of Dadiangas University Integrated Basic Education
Department
Tertiary level: General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation Inc.
Seminar/ Training: Netiquette Seminar (2014)
Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data
Name: Ana Jamaica S. Ramos
Nickname: Ana
Address: Blk 46 Lot 29-30 Yamville Subdivision, GSC
Birth Date: December 21, 1992
Age: 21 y.o
Place of Birth: Urdaneta, Pangasinan
Sex: Female
Fathers Name: Jerry D. Ramos
Mothers Name: Felilia S. Ramos
Preparatory:
Primary level:
Malalag Day Care Center

Malalag Central Elementary School
Secondary level:
Malalag National High School
Tertiary level:
General Santos Doctors' Medical School Foundation Inc.
Seminar/ Training: PHISMETS (2014)

Curriculum Vitae
Personal Data
Name: Karen T. Salaum
Nickname: Karen
Address: Habitat Phase A Blk. 12 Lot 8 General Santos City
Birth Date: March 17, 1994
Age: 19 y.o
Sex: Female
Fathers Name: Alcon B. Salaum
Mothers Name: Victoria T. Salaum
Preparatory Level: Ramon Magsaysay College
Primary Level: Pedro Acharon Elementary School
Secondary Level: Notre Dame of Dadiangas University IBED
Tertiary Level: General Santos Doctors Medical School Foundation Inc
Seminar/ Training: 7th Medical and Evangelical Mission (2013)

1st Socsargen Regional Student Congress (2014)

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Soil Transmitted Helminths |

SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS AND NUTRITIONAL STATUS

A Thesis Presented to the Faculty of Medical Technology Department of

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree

Soil Transmitted Helminths |v

TITLE PAGE ........i

Causes, Risk Factors and Symptoms of Trichuriasis......17

Eating Habits of the Respondents...35

Parasitic Infection Status of the Respondents.....36

Nutritional Status of the Respondents

Relationship of Nutritional Status

Soil Transmitted Helminths |x

Sample Consent (Dean)...46

Sample Consent (Respondents)....48

Data Sheet of the Respondents.52

Questionnaire Scale with Corresponding Weighted

Thresholds for intensity of infection

Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS)

Appendix 10: Grammarians Certificate....56

Soil Transmitted Helminths |

Soil Transmitted Helminths |2

energy production. To determine the presence of parasitic infection, we must have an

Statement of the Problem

Soil Transmitted Helminths |3

Significance of the Study

Soil Transmitted Helminths |4

Soil Transmitted Helminths |5

Soil Transmitted Helminths |6

Figure 1.Conceptual Framework

Soil Transmitted Helminths |7

Soil Transmitted Helminths |8

Body Mass Index. Conceptually, according to merriam-webster.com, it is the

Soil Transmitted Helminths |9

Soil Transmitted Helminths |

Causes, Risk Factors and Symptoms of Parasitic Infection - Trichuris trichiura

Moreover, quantification of the intensity of egg excretion is based on a fixed volume of

Body Mass Index

BMI for children

Soil Transmitted Helminths |

SOIL TRANSMITTED HELMINTHIASIS AND

Pearson Moment Correlation

Relationship significance between the SoilTransmitted Helminthiasis and Nutritional Status

Figure 2. Research Design

Respondents of the Study

Kato Katz equipment is a set of equipment used to identify the parasite of

the respondents. It consists of the following:

Glycerine- a colorless, odorless, syrupy, sweet liquid,

Green Water Cellophane- a substitute of malachite green

Newspaper- a printed publication (usually issued daily or

correspondence that was used to be a placement of all the

Popsicle stick- it was used to spread or remove excess fecal

Screen- it was used to sieved fecal material.

Stool template- used as an instrument to form enough stool

Applicator Stick- used for many purposes, usually to mix

Personal Protective Equipment (masks, gloves, lab gown,

Stool container- a container use to hold the specimen.

1.1.10 Microscope- an optical instrument used for viewing very

the respondents which consists o the following:

Calculator- used for making mathematical calculations, in

Weighing scale- measuring instrument for determining the

Tape measure- length of tape or thin flexible metal, marked

Questionnaire (Appendix 4) The researcher made this instrument to know

BMI table (Appendix 5) was used as a preference to know the patients

characteristics or nutritional status.