Chapter 1

Chapter 0

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques

Part I: Theory
Giuseppe Di Massa
Additional information is available at the end of the chapter
http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/51513

1. Introduction
This chapter is devoted to the theory of open resonators. It is well known that lasers uses
open resonators as an oscillatory system. In the simplest case, this consists of two mirrors
facing each other. This is the rst but not the only application of open resonators, whose
salient features consist in the fact that their dimensions are much larger than the wavelength
and the spectrum of their eigenvalues is much less dense than that of close cavity.
The origin of Open Resonators can be dated to the beginning of the twentieth century when
two French physicists developed the classical Fabry-Perot interferometer or Etalon [1]. This
novel form of interference device was based on multiple reection of waves between two
closely spaced and highly reecting mirrors.
In [2] and [3] a theory was developed for resonators with spherical mirrors and
approximated the modes by wave beams. The concept of electromagnetic wave beams was
also introduced in [5, 12] where was investigated the sequence of lens for the guided
transmission of electromagnetic waves.
The use of open resonators either in the microwave region, or at higher frequencies (optical
region) has taken place over a number of decades. The related theory and its applications
have found a widespread use in several branches of optical physics and today is
incorporated in many scientic instruments [6].
In microwave region open resonators have also been proposed as cavities for quasi-optical
gyrotrons[16] and as an open cavity in a plasma beat wave accelerator experiment [9].
The use of Open Resonators as microwave Gaussian Beam Antennas [10, 11, 18] provides a
very interesting solution as they can provide very low sidelobes level. They are based on the
result that the eld map at the mid section of an open resonator shows a gaussian
distribution that can be used to illuminate a metallic grid or a dielectric sheet.
2012 Di Massa, licensee InTech. This is an open access chapter distributed under
the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License
(http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0), which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly
cited.

Microwave Materials
Characterization
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For microwave applications a reliable description of the coupling between the cavity and the
feeding waveguide is necessary. Several papers deal with the coupling through a small hole
or a rectangular waveguide taking into account only for the fundamental cavity and
waveguide mode [7, 8, 17].
In [4] a complete analysis of the coupling between a rectangular waveguide and an open
cavity has been developed taking into account for all the relevant eigenfunctions in the
waveguide and in the cavity.
In this paper we review the general theory of Open Resonators and propose to study the
coupling between a feeding coupling aperture given by a rectangular or circular waveguide.
Starting from the paraxial approximation of the wave equation, we derive the modal
expansion of the eld into the cavity taking into account for the proper coordinate system.
The computation of the modal coefcients takes into account for the characteristics of the
mirrors, the ohmic and diffraction losses and coupling.

2. Open resonator theory

2.1. Parabolic approximation to wave equation
A parabolic equation was rst introduced into the analysis of electromagnetic wave
propagation in [13] and [14]. Since then, it has been used in diffraction theory to
obtain approximate (asymptotic) solutions when the wavelength is small compared to all
characteristic dimensions. As open resonators usually satisfy this condition, the parabolic
equation nds wide application in developing a theory of open resonators.
A rectangular eld component of a coherent wave satises the scalar wave equation:
2

u+k u=0

(1)

where k = 2/ is the propagation constant in the medium.

For a wave traveling in the zeta forward direction, assuming an ejt time dependance, we
put:
u = (x, y, z)e

jkz

(2)

where is a slowly varying function which represents the deviation from a plane wave. By
inserting (2) into (1) and assuming that varies so slowly with z that its second derivative
can

be neglected with respect to 1k 1, one obtains the well know parabolic approximation to the
11
1
wave equation:

+
2jk
= 0
(3)
z
2
2
The differential equation (3), similarxto the ySchrodinger
equation, has solution of the type:
(

where:

=e
r

j P+
2

(4)

2q

r =x +y

(5)

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

The parameter P(z) represents a complex phase shift associated to the propagation of the
beam along the z axis, q(z) is the complex parameter which describe the Gaussian beam
intensity with the distance r from the z axis.
The insertion of (4) in (3) gives the relations:
dq
dz
dP
dz
The integration of (6)
yields:

=1
=

(6)
j

(7)

(8)

q(z 2 )= q(z 1 )+ z

which relates the intensity in the plane z2 with the intensity in the plane z1.
A wave with a Gaussian intensity prole, as (4), is one the most important solutions of
equation (3) and is often called fundamental mode.

Eo

0.8

0.6

0.4

Eo
e

W
0.2

0
2.5

1.5

0.5

0
r

0.5

1.5

2.5

Figure 1. Amplitude distribution of cavity fundamental mode

Two real beam parameters, R and w, are introduced in relation to the above complex
parameters q by
1
1

= j w2
q
R
Introducing (9) in the solution (4), we obtain:
(

2
r

2
r

w2

j P+ R e
=e
Now the physical meaning of these two parameters becomes clear:

(9)

(10)

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R(z) is the curvature radius of the wavefront that intersects the axis at z;

w(z) is the decrease of the eld amplitude with the distance r from the axis.

Parameter w is called beam radius and the term 2w beam diameter. The Gaussian beam
contracts to a minimum diameter 2w0 at beam waist where the phase is plane. The beam
parameter q at waist is given by:
w0
(11)
q0 = j

and, using (8), at distance z from the waist:

w0
q = q0 + z = j
+z
(12)

Combining (12) and (10), we have:

1+

R(z)= z

an
d

zR
z

(13)

2l

(14)

w2 (z)=
w

1+

where zR is the Rayleigh distance:

zR
=

w2

w20

The beam contour is an hyperbola with asymptotes inclined to the axis at an

angle:

(15)

(16)

= w0
In (14) w is the beam radius, w0 is the minimum beam radius (called beam waist) where one
has a plane phase front at z = 0 and R is the curvature radius of of the phase front at z. It
should be noted that the phase front is not exactly spherical; therefore, its curvature radius is
exactly equal to R only on the z-axis. The parameter of the Gaussian beam are illustrated in
Fig. 2.

Figure 2. Parameters of Gaussian beam

Dividing (14) by (13), the useful relation is obtained:

= 2
w

w2

(17)

The expression (17) is used to express w0 and z in terms of w and R:

2

w0

w
(

=
1

(18)

w
2
R

(19)

z=
1

R2
w

Inserting (11) in (7) we obtain the complex phase shift at distance z from the waist:
dP
dz

j
z+
j
w

(20)
2

Integration of (20) yields

jP(z)=
lg

1
j

w2

= lg\ 1
+

j
arctan

(21)

w2

w20

The real part of P represent the phase shift difference between the Gaussian beam and an
w
ideal plane wave, while the imaginary part produces an amplitude factor w 0 which gives the
decrease of intensity due to the expansion of the beam. Now we can write the fundamental
Gaussian beam:
jk
2 (1
w0 f
+
lj(kz)r
2R
w2
(22)
u(r, z )=
ew
where:
= arctan

z
w20

(23)

2.2.Stability of open resonator

A resonator with spherical mirrors of unequal curvature is representable as a periodic
sequence of lens which can be stable or unstable. The stability condition assumes the form:
\
(
\(
2l
0 < 1 2l
1
<1
(24)
R1
R2
The above expression was previously derived in [3] from geometrical optics approach based

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

on equivalence of the resonator and a periodic sequence of parallel lens and independently
in [5] solving the integral equation for the eld distribution of the resonant modes in the
limit of innite Fresnel numbers.

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To show graphically which type of resonator is stable and which is unstable, it is useful to
plot a stability diagram on which each type of resonator type is represented by a point (Fig.
3).

2
Figure 3. Stability diagram.
g =1

2l
R1

2l

,g =1

2.3. Spherical cavity in cartesian coordinates

In cartesian (x, y, z) coordinates, the separate solutions for (3) are [12]:
z

m p (x, y, z) = m p (x, y, z)ex p j(m + p + 1) tan 1

zR

l
2
r
R(z)

where1
m p (x, y, z) =

2 1
w(z)

H (
H p m 2x

2m+ p m! p|

( y

r2
ex p w

Hm is a Hermite polynomial of order m (Appendix A).

(25)

j
l
(26)

w2 (z)

Note that both the mp and mp functions are orthonormal on the transverse planes z=cost.
When we assume that the mirrors are sufciently large to permit the total reection of the
gaussian beams of any relevant order, we can put:
mpq = u

(+)

mpq

( )

+ u mpq

To be consistent with the parabolic approximation the condition |m + n + 1| << (kw0)2 must be satised.

(27)

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

where u

(+)
mpq

and u

()

represent Hermite Gauss beams propagating from left to right and from

mpq

right to left,respectively.
Resonance occurs when the phase shift from one mirror to the other is a multiple of . Using
(2), (4) and (9) this condition leads to:
kmpq 2l 2(m + p + 1)
1
tan

(
\

= (q + 1)

(28)

zR
where q is the number of nodes of the axial standing wave pattern and 2l >> zR the distance
between the mirrors (Fig.4).
The fundamental beat frequency f0,
longitudinal resonances, is given by:

i.e.

the frequency spacing between successive

c
f0 =
(29)
4l frequency f of a mode can be expressed
where c is the velocity of light. From (10) the resonant
as:
1
f mpq
1
\
(m + p + 1) cos (1 2l
=q+1
(30)

f0 +
R
The combined use of eqs. (2),(4) and (9) yields:
mpq (x, y, z)= mp (x, y, z)
cos

k mpq z (m + s + 1) tan

q
l
2

zR

R(z)

(31)

+
2

Figure 4. Spherical Open Cavity

In the paraxial approximation the eigenfunctions spq satisfy the normalization relation
f
rrr
l, mpq nst;

mpq nstdxdydz
(32)
0, mpq I= nst .
cavity =

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Microwave Open Resonator Techniques

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Part I: Theory

3. Coupling to feeding waveguide

Because the expressions for the solution of scalar wave equation (3) with the boundary
condition = 0 on the mirrors is given by (31) the electromagnetic eld inside the cavity
can be expressed in terms of (quasi) transverse electromagnetic modes (TEM):
E=

Vn en

(33)

H=

In h n

(34)

According to the results reported in sect. 2, the expressions for the y

z

k mpq z (m + p + 1)
1
tan

en = mp (x, y, z)
cos

hn = mp (x, y, z)
sin

zR
z

k mpq z (m + p + 1)
1
tan

polarized modes are:

l
q
r +
y
2

R(z)

R(z)

l
x

and similarly for the x polarized ones.

In (33) the index n summarizes the indexes (mpq).
From Maxwell equations we get for the mode vectors [15]:
(35)

kn hn = en
j 0

and for the coefcients Vn , In

In =
2

k2 k n l
Vn =

kn

rr

(36)

In

(37)

n
E 0

n
h ndS = j

k k2n l

E hndS

rr
2

where S is the cavity surface, denotes the complex conjugate and 0 is the free space
impedance. Note explicitly that the tangential electric eld appearing in expression (36) and
(37) is the actual eld over S. This is not given by expression (33), which, at variance with
expression (34), does not provide a representation for the tangential components uniformly
valid up to the cavity boundaries. Let us divide the surface S into three parts: the coupling
aperture A, the mirrors M and the (ideal) cavity boundary external to the the mirrors, M (see
Fig. 4). Hence:
(38)
rr
rr
n
E
In = j 0 1
n

E
n

E
frr
hndS +
hndS +
hn dS

k2 k2n l

Strictly speaking, in one of the integrals over the mirrors surfaces the coupling aperture

1
0

Microwave Materials
Characterization

should be deleted. However, the error that we make in extending the integration to the
whole mirror is negligible provided that the waveguide dimension is much smaller than that
of the mirrors.

The Leontovic boundary condition:

n

E=

(39)

1 + n
H n
j

wherein is the electric conductivity of the mirrors and =

I

is the penetration depth,

can be applied to express the (tangential) electric eld over the mirrors in terms of magnetic
one, given by (16). Hence:
nm Im
(40)
rr
dS = 1 +
1+j
h

h
n

n
h n dS = Im
m
2m
rr
j
M

being:

rr

(41)
h n hmdS
M
2
Outside the mirrors we can assume that the eld is an outgoing locally plane wave (FresnelKirchhoff approximation), so that on M :

nm =

n
o n

(42)

E=

H n

Accordingly, we have for the last integral in (38):

rr

rr

E hn dS = o Im hm hn dS = 2o Im (nm nm )

m
M

(43)

The last equality in (43) follows from the fact that:

rr
MM

hm hndS

rr
z=l

hm hn dxdy
+

rr
z=
l

hm hndxdy = 2nm

(44)

according to the orthogonality condition satised by the

functions. The cavity quality factor Qn for the n-th mode is dened
(45)

as:
Qn = n

Wn
Pn

where Wn is the mean electromagnetic energy stored in the cavity and Pn is the power lost
when only the nth mode is excited at the resonance pulsation n. The power is lost due to
diffraction and ohmic losses.
By taking (32) into account, we can express the diagonal term in (40) as a function of the
quality factor for the ohmic losses, Qrn,:
rr

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

2nn =

|h n| dS =

n0
Qrn

nl

(46)

being n the skin depth at the resonant frequency.

The diffraction losses of a cavity can be calculated by taking into account for the diffraction
effects produced by the nite size of the mirrors. Under the simplifying assumption of

1
3

Microwave Materials
Characterization

quasi-optic nature of the problem (dimensions of the resonator large compared to

wavelength and quasi-transverse electromagnetic elds) the Fresnel-Kirchhoff formulation
can be invoked for the diffracted eld from the mirrors. Hence we have for the diffraction
loss of the nth mode:
r
(r
\
2
1r

Pdn = Re r
| hn | ds
(47)
0 | I n | 2
1 En H n n
dS =
2
M 2
M
and for the corresponding quality factor for the diffraction losses, Qd,:

rr

n0

(48)

| hn | dS = Qd

By using (40, 41,44, 45) and taking into account that 0 >> 1 and n /
modes, equation (38) becomes:
j 0

In = (

1
(
k2 k2
n

wherein ,
nI=m

and:

kkn

0
,

Imnm

(49)

rr

kkn

Qr

E hn n
dS 2

1 for all relevant

Q Tn

Qd

Q Tn

(50)

Q rn

A metallic waveguide is assumed to feed the cavity. The waveguide eld on the coupling
aperture A is represented as:
g g
g
(51)
E =
V e

H =

n n
n g g

I h

n
g

(52)

n n

where e and h are TE electromagnetic modes of the waveguide:

Assuming that the mirror curvature can be neglected over the extension of the coupling
aperture,elds (51, 52) verify the following orthonormality relation:

rr

g
n

g z dS =
hm
nm

(53)

Expressing the eld over the coupling aperture A by means of expression (52) we obtain from
(3):
,
Fn
g
In + 2Fn nm Im
nm Vm
(54)
0 m
=
where:
m

jk/

Fn = (l
k2 k2 +
n

and:
nm =

rr

e h n
=

kkn

j kkn

Q rn

dS

(55)

Q Tn

rr

h hg dS.

(56)

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Microwave Materials
Characterization
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By introducing the matrices A and B, whose elements are:

f
anm =

1
F

n=m
2nm n I= m.

(57)

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

13

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

11

and nm respectively , and the vectors I {I n } and V {V } , nrelation (3) can be written
in a compact form as:
(
)
g
0A I = B V = B V+ + V
(58)
wherein V + and V are the vectors of the incident and reected waveguide mode
amplitudes
respectively. By enforcing the continuity of the magnetic eld tangential component over the
coupling aperture, we get:
+

I= I

1 1

0
(

(59)

V
V+

wherein B+ is the adjoint (i.e., the transpose, being B a real matrix) of B and is the
diagonal matrix whose elements are the modes characteristic impedances, normalized to 0 .
From (48) and (49) we immediately obtain:
2
(I A1 B B + I = A 1 B V+
(60)
0
(
(61)
I B + A1
V = (I + B A1 B V
+
+

B
1

wherein I is the unit matrix and A the inverse of the matrix A.

Solution
of eq. (60)
and (61)for
provides
the answer
to ourscattering
problem.matrix
In particular,
from (61) we
get the (formal)
expression
the feeding
waveguide
S:
(
(62)
1
1 I + B +
S = (I B + A

B
A
B

4. Field on the coupling aperture

In order to solve the system (60-61) a suitable description of the eld on the aperture A is
necessary. Any device, able to support electromagnetic eld matching the cavity eld on the
mirror (33-34), can be used to feed the cavity. In the following, the case of metallic and
circular waveguide will be treated in detail.

4.1.Modes in rectangular waveguide

A rectangular metallic waveguide, with transverse dimensions a b, is assumed to feed the
cavity. The waveguide TE electromagnetic modes of the metallic rectangular waveguide, on
the coupling aperture A, is represented as:
/
1
4
hn = hpq =
k
f
p a

sin

tp
q

p q

ab

(63)

p
(
x+

a cos
2

q
b

\
y b x
+
+
2

q
b

co p
s
a

(
x+

a sin

y
+

y b

Note explicitly that nm and nm are real quantities, as both the cavity and waveguide mode vectors are real.
Moreover
nm = mn so that the matrix A is symmetric.

1
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Microwave Open Resonator Techniques

Part I: Theory

epq = hpq z
f
1, p I= 0;
p = 1 , p =

(64)
(65)

2
k tpq

0.
(p
a

and the TM electromagnetic modes:

en = epq = 1

tp
q

k
f
p

cos p

(
+
q
b

(66)

4 p q
(67)

ab
a sin
2

+
a

\
b x
+
2

y
+

q
b

sin p

(
\
q
b
a cos
y+
y
2
b
2

(
x

+
a
(68)

hpq = z epq
Note explicitly that in expressions (63-68) the index n summarizes the indexes (pq).

4.2.

Modes in circular waveguide

When a circular waveguide , with radius a, is assumed to feed the cavity, the TE
electromagnetic modes/are:
p
1
1

hn = hpr =
J (q,

)
2 p2 p pr
q,pr
f
( ,
pr (k ) cos cos (p) p Jp (ktpr) sin f sin (p)

q a p tpr
sin (p)

q,pr
+

, (k,

Jp

tpr )

f
sin

cos (p)
sin
(p)

and the TM electromagnetic

modes:
en = epr =

p
J,

Jp

(k,

tpr )

cos

sin (p)

cos (p)

epr = hpr

(69)

(70)

cos
x
(p)

p
+
1
q

, (k (p)
Jpcos
)
pr
cos tpr

sin (p)
f

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8

Microwave Materials
Characterization
p
12

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Jp (ktpr ) sin

q pr

p
p

cos

qpr

(p)
sin (
p)

i
1 p,
J (ktpr ) sin
a

f
Jp (ktpr ) cos

2tpr

= ( qpr
a

2
k tpr

sin (p)

x
l
(71)

cosy( p)
(72)

hpr = z hpr
where:

cos
(p)

(73)

p
r

qor is the r-mo zero of Bessel function of order p and q,or r-mo zero of the derivative of Bessel
function of order p.
(
p =
1, p =
(74)
0;
2, p I=
0.
Note explicitly that in expressions (69, 71) the index n summarizes the indexes (pr).

5. Equivalent circuit
Let us consider systems (60) and (61) under the following assumptions:

1. Negligible intercoupling between cavity modes, i.e. :

1
(A)pq =

p pq

)pq
(A1 =

Fpp

(75)

2. Single cavity mode approximation, i.e., -see (3)-:

(76)

Fp = p0 F0

3. Beam diameter at the mirror much larger than the waveguide dimension, i.e. :

Putting

w = w(l) a

(77)

+
ng = V1 1n +
V
Vn

(78)

and taking (75-76) into account, equations (60-61) became

(79)

0 n 0n I0 = V + 0n
1
Vn
2F0

(1 F0 n 20
=

From (79,80) we immediately get:

Vn

Hence

= 1n +

V
=

V1+

0
2F0n
1 F0
k

0n
01

20k k

(80)

V
1

01V

n I0

1 + F01 01 F0 kI=1
k 0k
1

2
F0 k k 0

(81)

(82)

From (82) we get for the equivalent terminal impedance relative to the fundamental mode:

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

Z = 0 1

13

1+
1

0
=

01

F2
0

(
+ 0

kI=
1

0k \2

01

(83)

14

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Taking into account for the expression (55) for F0, we get the equivalent circuit representation
of Fig. 5.

Figure 5. Equivalent Circuit

where the explicit expression for its elements are collected under Table 1.
L0 0 l (H) C l/(k0 l)2 (F)
L 0 (H) R,

2/ ()

Table 1. Expressions for the circuit elements of Fig.5

The value of Le depends on the feeding waveguide and is reported in the following
subsections for rectangular and circular waveguides.

5.1.

Rectangular waveguide

The cavity is assumed to be excited by the incident fundamental TE10 mode. From
expressions (51-52) and (63) follows that in the cavity are excited only the (0,0,q) mode, in
the feeding waveguide are excited the modes TEn0.
When the cavity is fed by a rectangular waveguide under the approximation 3), the expression
(56) for 0k can be explicitly evaluated, leading to:
/
41
ab
0n =

n = 1, 3,
n w2
Hence, for the sum at the right hand side of (83) we have:

k = j0

1
2

k \2

k=3,5,

(
j0

2a

01

k=0

k=0 (2k

+ 3)

(2k + 3)

= ja 1

(84)
1

/
(

2k+3
2a

\
l
1 (3) = jL
e
1
8 1

(85)

wherein ( ) denotes the Rieman zeta function. From equation (85), we have the value of Le :
3

Le = 16.5 10 0 a [henry]

(86)

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

15

5.2.Circular waveguide
The cavity is assumed to be excited by the incident fundamental TE11 mode. From
expressions (51, 52) and (69) follows that in the cavity are excited the (0,0,q) mode, in
the feeding waveguide are excited the modes TE1r .
When the cavity is fed by a circular waveguide under the approximation 3), the expression
(56) for 0k can be evaluated (Appendix A), leading to:
2
1
1
0r = I 1
[I1 I2]
(87)
J (q,

,
2
) w(l)
q
2
p
pr
pr p
2
q,pr r a

2
2 l
w (l)
, ,

q l
1 l
+
+
sin
J
(k
)e
d
(88)
k
l

1
t1r
00q
0
I1 =
zR
R(l)
2
tan
l
2
2

1 l
a
r

k00q l tan
+
q d
J1
w2
)
sin
(89)
l
a
+
I2 =
e
(k,
(l)
t1r
zR
R(l)
2
0
allowing the computation of L e .

Author details
Giuseppe Di Massa
University of Calabria, Italy

Appendix

A. Hermite polynomials
The Hermite polynomials are dened as:
2

n x

Hn (x)= (1) e

ex
x

(90)

The differential equation:

2 y

2x + 2y = 0
(91)
x
x2
admits as solution the Hermite polynomial
Hn (x). For the the Hermite polynomials the
following orthogonal relation holds:
f n
r +
2
2 n!, n=m;
x

e 2 Hn (x)Hm (x)=
(92)
0,
n I=

m.
In the following some particular values with the recursion relation are reported:
H0(x) = 1
H1(x) = 2x

H2(x) = 4x 2

H3(x) = 8x 12x
4

H4(x) = 16x 48x + 12

Hn+1 = 2xHn (x) 2nHn1(x)

B. Coupling cavity - circular waveguide

The x component of the magnetic eld, for TE modes, in the waveguide is:
/ p
I 1
1
,
xpr =

J (q,
q
)
h
g

(93)

q,pr

pr

p2

pr

p
, ) sin sin (p)
) cos cos (p)
Jp (ktp
Jp, (k,tp
r
r

a
The x component of the magnetic eld in the cavity
is:
z

where

k mpq z (m + p + 1) tan

hxn = mp (x, y, z)
sin

R(z)
zR

mp (x, y, z )=

2 m+ p m!p |

( 2
m

Hw

w (z)

(94)

ex
( 2 p
y
w

r2

r2
l

(95)

w2(z)

According to the position of sect.4 we consider the mode (0,0,q) in the cavity, so the equation
(95) reduces to:
1 /
l
r2
(96)
2ex
p
00 (x, y, z )=
2

w (z)
w( z )
and the equation (94) on the
/mirror (for z=l):
1
2 2
hxn =
e

w2r (l)

w(l)

rr

0m =
=

sin k00q l
tan

l
zR

R(l)

h
0 h dS

2
q pr
,

p2

l
(97)

(98)
1

Jp

(q,pr

16

Will-be-set-by-IN-TECH

(99)
) w(l )
p
(p)
p (ktpr ) cos cos (p)

rr

q,pr
A

w2 (l)

Jp (k tpr) sin sin

(100)

sin k
l

00q

tan

l
zR

R(l)

l
+ q dd
2

(101)

Microwave Open Resonator Techniques Part I: Theory

17

2
0r =
where:

q pr
,

p2

1
Jp
(q,pr

) w(l)

(102)

[I1 I2]
s

(2p
q,pr

n 2 l
J, w2
)
( e (
k,
l

I1
=p

p2

tpr p
0

s
i
n
k

l
z

00q

d
(103)

tan
+
+

R(l) 2
R

q
d
l
(104)
+

2
I2 = sin(2 J
s k00q l
p
p) (k, w2 i tan1
t
r a
n
l
(l)
+
pr
p2
)e
p
1
0

z
R

R
(l
)
2
that are not equal to zero for p=1,
giving:
2
q,pr r a

l
l
,
1 l
w

q
+
J sin k00
d
I
+
(105)
1
l
q
zR
(
=

k
tan

t
R(l)
1
r

0
2

)
e
l

r a

I2 =

J
)
1 e
(
k

w
2
(
l

s k00q l
i tan1
n
+

,
0

t1r

zR

d
+ (106)
q

R(l)

6
.
R
e
f
e
r
e
n
c
e
s
[1]

C
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