Chemistry Part-I Notes :

01. Give characteristics of solid state.

Ans: i) Solids of fixed composition have-fixed mass, volume, shape and density, solid state is denser than liquid
and gas of same substance, exception water, mercury has high density of 13.6 g/mL in liquid state also.
ii) Mostly hard, incompressible, & rigid but also soft like Na, K, P. Intermolecular separation shortest, hence
incompressible.
iii) Intermolecular force of attraction is stronger than liquid and gaseous states.
iv) Due to strong intermolecular forces solids have characteristic melting points ranging from absolute
zero(helium) to a few thousands kelvin (diamond) depending upon strength of intermolecular forces.
v) Due to high Intermolecular force particles held tightly and remain in one position so cannot be poured like
liquids.
02. Give the classification of solids.
Ans: Depending on presence or absence of orderly arrangement of constituent particles solids are classified in
two types:
1) Crystalline Solids and 2) Amorphous Solids
03. Explain crystalline solids and amorphous solids.
Ans: A) Crystalline: a) Solids are mostly crystalline b) Particles so arranged that Intermolecular force is
maximum c) Aggregates of many small tiny repeating structural units called crystals/unit cells. d) two or more
substances can have similar crystall- isomorphous (NaNO3 & CaCO3, K2SO4 & K2SeO4) e) different crystals of
same substance-polymorphous (allotropic forms) (Sulphur- rhombic & monoclinic, Carbon- graphite and
diamond) e) melts at constant temp. sharp melting points. f) anisotropic- properties may change with
direction.
B) Amorphous: a) appears like solid but do not have well developed perfectly ordered crystalline structure b)
melts over a range of temp- no definite, sharp melting point c) with increase in temp becomes less viscous,
gradually softens d) not solids in true sense but super cooled liquids/pseudo solid e) regular arrangement of
particles only up to short distance, no regular and periodically repeating structure f) structure similar to liquids,
behaves like fluids and floats very slowly under gravity g) properties remains same in any direction - isotropic.
h) examples tar, glass, rubber, butter, plastics etc.
04. What is glass? Distinguish between crystalline solids and amorphous solids. Give examples.
Ans: Glass: is an optically transparent material produced by fusing together silicon oxide, sodium oxide, boron
oxide, trace amount of transition metal oxides to impart color to it. Almost 800 types manufactured by varying
composition. Quart glass- only silicon dioxide, Pyrex glass 60 to 80% SiO2, 10 to 25% B2O3 and rest Al2O3.
Sr.
No.
1
2
3
4
5

Crystalline

Amorphous

Definite shape due to orderly regular long

range arrangement of constituent particles
True solids
May or may not be isotropic i.e can be
anisotropic
Heat of fusion definite depending on
arrangement of particles
NaCl, Sugar, Diamond, Graphite

Irregular due to short range of orderly

arrangement of constituent particles
Pseudo solids/ super cooled liquids
Isotropic like liquids
Heat of fusion not definite
Tar, glass, butter, rubber, plastic

05. Explain:
i) Molecular solids
ii) Hydrogen bonded molecular solids.
iii) Ionic solids

iv) Metallic solids

v) Covalent solids
vi) coordination number
06. Write a note on
i) Diamond
Ans: It is an allotrop of carbon. It is the hardest material on the earth. It is a crystalline solid in which C-C directional
covalent bonds form a three dimensional structure of tetrahydal lattice. The carbon bonds are formed by sp3
hybridisation. The C-C bond distance is 354pm. It is difficult to break the structure hence it is hardest.
ii) Graphite
iii) Fullerence