Professional Documents
Culture Documents
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RANDOMIZATION.....................................................................8
CONTROL VARIABLE................................................................9
TRUE EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN.............................9
PRETEST-POSTTEST CONTROL GROUP DESIGN.9
POST-ONLY CONTROL DESIGN...................................10
THE SOLOMON FOUR-GROUP DESIGN.......................11
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EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL VALIDITY......12
EXTERNAL VALIDITY............................................................12
INTERNAL VALIDITY.............................................................14
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STRENGTHS...................................................................................18
WEAKNESSES................................................................................18
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experimentation
Bruno,
1990
classical experimentation
F. Stuart Chapin
natural
experiment
Phillips, 1974
Riecken Boruch
Riecken & Boruch, 1974
1.
Hypothesis Testing
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
1974
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
Riecken Boruch
1.
1987
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
TIME 1
TIME 2
TIME 3
randomization
1. random sampling
2. random assignment
control variable
MAX-MIN-CON
1.
2.
1.
2.
3.
4.
R.L. Solomon
10
22
84
11
validity
generalizability
causal relationships between independent variables and dependent
variables
External Validity
2000:276
Hawthorne Effect
Williamson1982:223
WilliamsonKarpDalphinGray1982:223-224
1. Modelling Effect
12
representativeness
Williamson1982:225
Internal Validity
2000:275-276 Mill
123
Blum Foos 1986113116 Williamson et al. 1982:220-221 Singleton et al. 1988:202204 Kidder Judd1986:75-78
13
1. History
2. Maturation
3. Testing
4. Regression
random assignment
neutralized
14
Singleton et al.1988:185
Demand Characteristics
cues
Orne Evans1965
demand
Singleton et
al.1988:186-187
2. Evaluation Apprehension
15
Evaluation Apprehension
Argyris1968
Singleton et al.1988:188
4. Experimenter Effects
Robert
Rosenthal1966
Singleton etc.1988:189
expectations
5.
6.
16
feedback
1968
Strengths
1
causal
relationships
2 descriptive studies
Weaknesses
1
nonlinear model
17
nonexperimental design
3
5
maternal carepersonality
18
2000
1968
1999
Blalock, H. M.19701983 An
introduction to social research
Blum, Milton L, Foos, Paul W.1986 Data gathering: Experimental methods
plus. New York: Harper Row.
Borg, Walter R. Gall, Meredith D.1989Educational research5th ed.. New
York: Longman.
Brown, Steven R. Melamed, Lawrence E. 1990 Experimental design and
analysis. London: Sage.
Hardyck, Cutris, Petrinovich, Lewis F. 1975 Understanding research in the
social sciences. Philadelphia: W. B. Saunders.
Kidder, Louise H., Judd, Charles M. 1986 Research methods in social
relations5th ed.. New York: CBS College Publishing.
Phillips, Bernard S.1976 Social research3rd ed.. New York: Macmillan.
Riecken, Henry W. 1974 Social Experimentation. New York: Academic Press
Inc.
Shipman, Marten 1997The limitation of social research 4th ed. . New York:
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