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FLUID BEHAVIOR...................................... 1
Classification of reservoirs and reservoir
fluids ............................................................ 1
Pressure-temperature diagram.................... 2
Oil reservoirs ................................................ 4
Gas reservoirs ............................................. 10
Undefined petroleum fractions ..................... 24
Problems ..................................................... 27
References .................................................. 28
3 LABORATORY ANALYSIS OF
RESERVOIR FLUIDS................................. 130
Composition of the resevoir fluid ................. 131
Constant-composition expansion tests........ 131
Differential liberation (vaporization) test ...... 143
Separator tests ............................................ 146
Adjustment of differential liberation data
to separator conditions ................................ 151
Extrapolation of resevoir fluid data .............. 158
Correcting constant-composition
expansion data ............................................ 158
Correcting differential liberation data ........... 160
Correcting oil viscosity data ......................... 161
Correcting the separator tests data ............. 163
Laboratory analysis of gas condensate
systems ....................................................... 165
Recombination of separator samples .......... 165
Constant-composition test ........................... 168
Constant-volume depletion (CVD) test ........ 170
Problems ..................................................... 178
References .................................................. 182
4 FUNDAMENTALS OF ROCK
PROPERTIES ............................................. 183
Porosity ....................................................... 184
Absolute porosity ......................................... 184
Effective porosity ......................................... 185
Saturation .................................................... 189
Average saturation....................................... 191
Wettability .................................................... 193
Surface and interfacial tension .................... 194
Capillary pressure ....................................... 197
Capillary pressure of reservoir rocks ........... 200
Capillary hysteresis...................................... 203
Initial saturation distribution in a reservoir ... 206
Leverett J-function ....................................... 218
Converting laboratory capillary pressure
data .............................................................. 221
Permeability................................................. 221
The Klinkenberg effect ................................. 228
Averaging absolute permeabilities ............... 235
Weighted-average
permeability .............................. 236
Harmonic-average
permeability .............................. 239
Geometric-average
permeability .............................. 243
Absolute permeability correlations ............... 244
Rock compressibility.................................... 248
Net pay thickness ........................................ 254
Resevoir heterogeneity ............................... 255
Vertical Heterogeneity ................................. 256
Areal heterogeneity ..................................... 268
Problems ..................................................... 273
References .................................................. 278
5 RELATIVE PERMEABILITY
CONCEPTS ................................................ 280
Two-phase relative permeability.................. 281
Drainage process......................................... 285
Imbibition process ........................................ 286
Two-phase relatie permeability
correlations .................................................. 286
1 Wyllie and Gardner correlation ................. 288
2 Torcaso and Wyllie correlation ................. 289
3 Pirsons correlation ................................... 289
4 Coreys method......................................... 291
5 Relative permeability from capillary
pressure data ............................................... 292
6 Relative permeability from analytical
equations ..................................................... 294
Relative permeability ratio ........................... 298
Dynamic pseudo-relative permeabilities...... 301
Normalization and averaging realtive
permeability data ......................................... 304
Three-phase relative permeability ............... 310
Three-phase relative permeability
correlations .................................................. 312
Wyllies correlations ..................................... 313
Stones model I ............................................ 314
Stones model II ........................................... 316
The Hustad-Holt correlation ......................... 316
Problems ..................................................... 319
References .................................................. 320
6 FUNDAMENTALS OF RESERVOIR
FLUID FLOW.............................................. 321
Types of fluid ............................................... 322
Flow regimes ............................................... 324
Resevoir geometry ...................................... 326
Number of flowing fluids in the resevoir ...... 329
Fluid flow equations..................................... 330
Darcys Law ................................................. 331
Steady-state flow ......................................... 332
Linear flow of incompressible fluids ............. 333
15 VAPOR-LIQUID PHASE
EQUILIBRIA ............................................... 1026
Vapor pressure ............................................ 1026
Equilibrium ratios ......................................... 1029
Flash calculations ........................................ 1033
Equilibrium ratios for real solutions ............. 1037
Wilsons correlation...................................... 1038
Standings correlation .................................. 1038
Convergence pressure method ................... 1043
Whitson and Torp correlation....................... 1049
Equilibrium ratios for the plus fraction ......... 1050
Campbells method ...................................... 1051
Winns method ............................................. 1051
Katzs method .............................................. 1052
Applications of the equilibrium ratio in
reservoir engineering................................... 1052
Dew-point pressure...................................... 1053
Bubble-point pressure .................................. 1055
Separator calculations ................................. 1058
Density calculations ..................................... 1072
Equations of state........................................ 1084
The Van der Waals equation of state .......... 1084
Redlick-Kwong equation of state ................. 1092
Soave-Redlick-Kwong equation of state
and its modifications .................................... 1098
Modifications of the SRK EOS..................... 1108