Professional Documents
Culture Documents
DES110:
The Wood Connection Session
A F & P A
Copyright 2001, 2007 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association, Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved.
Copyright 2001, 2007 American Forest & Paper Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association,
Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood Council, Inc. All rights reserved. For permission
to reprint contact AF&PA at 1-800 AWC-AFPA.
Copyright of Materials
This presentation is protected by US and International copyright
laws. Reproduction, distribution, display and use of the
presentation without written permission of the American Forest &
Paper Association / American Wood Council, is prohibited.
Copyright 2001, 2007 American Forest & Paper
Association Inc., APA - The Engineered Wood Association,
Inc., Wood Truss Council of America Inc., Canadian Wood
Council, Inc. All rights reserved.
Outline
Outline
Connecting Wood
wood likes compression parallel to grain
makes connecting wood very easy
The first fact is that wood likes load applied as compression parallel to the
grain. This is the strongest mode of wood. Structural designs that capitalize
on this idea are very economical, attractive, consistent with woods heritage the tree in the forest. Moreover, compression connections in wood are very
easy to design and detail.
Connecting Wood
wood and compression
perpendicular to grain
compare wood cells to a
bundle of straws
bundle crushes under
perpendicular load
Heres a simple illustration of this. Lets model the cellular nature of wood
with a group of straws. When compression is applied, the straw bundle is
strong and connecting the ends is very simple. Applying tension also
develops considerable tensile strength in the straw bundle, but hanging onto
the ends becomes more of a challenge in designing a suitable connection.
If load is applied perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the straws, the
straws crush because of the much weaker radial alignment orientation of the
cellular walls. This illustrates the anisotropic nature of wood - different
strength properties in three different directions: longitudinal (strong),
tangential (weaker), and radial (weakest).
Connecting Wood
the Hankinson Formula
used to resolve wood bearing strength at any
angle to grain
Z =
Z
Q
PQ
P sin 2 + Q cos 2
Many connections rely on the bearing resistance properties of the wood for
strength. As we have seen, wood has different strength properties parallel
and perpendicular to the grain. The shape of the shaded ellipse in the
sketch relates to the strength magnitude in the wood as a result of an
applied force. The wood resistance Z at any angle to the grain can be
computed using the Hankinson Formula shown here, where P is the wood
bearing strength in compression parallel to the grain, and Q is the
compliment strength perpendicular to the grain.
Connecting Wood
wood bearing strength
sawn wood
glulam
OSB
plywood
structural composite (SCL)
10
Connecting Wood
wood likes to take on load spread over its
surface
The second idea about wood connections is that wood likes to see load
spread out. Concentrated load should be avoided as it could easily exceed
the bearing capabilities of the wood. Spreading the load out also builds in a
degree of redundancy.
11
Connecting Wood
butwait a minute...
12
Connecting Wood
looks can be deceiving...
What may seem like a violation of the second idea, is actually resolved with
a clever combination of hidden steel plates and timber rivets which serve to
spread out the load transferred through the very large bolt. The plates and
rivets cannot be noticed by the observer below.
13
Connecting Wood
wood and tension perpendicular to grain
the evil of wood connections
initiators:
notches
large diameter fasteners
hanging loads
The third idea is woods weakest link: tension perpendicular to the grain.
Tension-perp often leads to sudden catastrophic failures and should be
avoided at all costs. Awareness of how the wood is being loaded is all that
is needed to avoid this issue. Large diameter connectors can also initiate
this weak strength mode.
14
DEPTH, MAX.
1/4 JOIST
1/3 JOIST
DEPTH, MAX.
1/6 JOIST
DEPTH, MAX.
15
Notching
Problem
Solution
16
17
Hanger to Beam
Lower half of beam
may cause splits
not recommended
Split
18
Hanger to Beam
Upper half of beam
Full wrap sling option
compression
19
Beam to Concrete
Notched Beam Bearing
may cause splitting
not recommended
Split
20
Beam to Concrete
Notched Bearing Wall
alternate to beam notch
21
Beam to Concrete
Sloped Beam
Split
22
Beam to Concrete
Sloped Beam
notched concrete wall
alternate to beam notch
23
Connecting Wood
wood, like other hygroscopic materials,
moves in varying environments
24
Connecting Wood
fastener selection is key to connection
ductility, strength, performance
25
Connecting Wood
mechanical fasteners
keep em small
use lots of them
issue is scale of fastener relative to wood member
size
A key point in connector choice is scale relative to the wood product being
connected. Remember that wood likes to see load spread out; so, lots of
fasteners is a good idea. Often, this will automatically impose that the
fastener be small. More on this, later...
26
Connecting Wood
Quick point summary
27
Next...
This topic can get incredibly complex and protracted because of the shear
variety of wood connectors and techniques in the market. Some of these
well cover later, but for now well just look at important basics.
28
Connection Behavior
strength
ductility
Load
desirable to have
good balance of
strength and
ductility for overall
connection
Displacement
Strength and ductilityall you need for good solid connections. Strength
behavior is understood for many connections, but ductility is more subtle and
sometimes difficult to assess. Good ductility assures warning and structural
resiliency to lateral loads such as seismic or wind.
29
Next...
30
Connection Serviceability
temperature
humidity and moisture
ambient conditions
contact with cementitious materials
31
Connection Serviceability
temperature
humidity and moisture
ambient conditions
contact with cementitious materials
32
Connection Serviceability
ambient conditions
and wood EMC
33
Connection Serviceability
wood EMC at installation is important
34
Connection Serviceability
moisture
effects
35
Connection Serviceability
Issue: direct water ingress
water is absorbed most quickly through
wood end grain
Great looking cantilevers? Wood takes up moisture fastest through the end
grain, and also dries out the quickest there. It doesnt take many cycles of
this to create the end splits that are evident in these glulams. And these are
located in Palm Springs, CA, a relatively dry environment. What could you
have done?
36
Connection Serviceability
Issue: direct water ingress
re-direct the water flow
around the connection
Protect the ends - through cap flashings, sill flashings, to direct water around
the connection, away from the ends of the wood members. And, be sure to
provide an air space between the flashing/end caps and the wood members.
37
Connection Serviceability
Issue: direct water ingress
or, let water out if it gets
in...
If water does get in - let it out - and let the end section breathe. Trapped
moisture quickly leads to fungal growth and decay under the right conditions.
Include weeps and vents in shoe-type connection hardware to facilitate the
venting. This example is in Tucson, AZ, another relatively dry environment.
38
19% MC
fabrication MC
in-service MC
bolts
drift pins
drift bolts
lag screws
wood screws
Dry
CM
1.0
1.0
0.7
0.7
Connection strength also varies with wood EMC, and the NDS has
provisions to this effect, the Wet Service Factor CM that affects connection Z
values. Two conditions of EMC at fabrication and in-service are important:
<19% and >19%. The latter condition includes both continuous or
occasional exposure at moisture levels greater than 19%. The designer
must assess the environmental situation to see which occurs when.
At MC levels above 19%, wood is more elastic, and wood strength properties
reduce somewhat. When wood connections are fabricated using wood with
high MCs over 19%, and MC levels are expected to drop to final values
below 19% in service, considerable shrinkage takes place around the
fasteners, and grouped fasteners are especially vulnerable in initiating
tension perp failures; hence the low value of CM = 0.4. A design penalty?
Perhaps. But there is a workaround...
39
Saturated
1 fastener
19% MC
fabrication MC
in-service MC
2+ fasteners
Dry
CM
!!?
split splice
plates
The NDS has a detailing provision for the 0.4 value on bolt and lag screw
connections that can provide full fastener capacity (CM = 1.0).
Use:
- one fastener only, or
- two or more fasteners placed in a single row parallel to grain, or
- use fasteners placed in two or more rows parallel to grain with
separate splice plates for each row.
Minimum distances between fasteners, and fasteners and edges still need to
be maintained. This detailing allows the wood to change shape across the
grain on drying without being hung up on the fasteners - the fasteners can
move with the wood.
40
Beam to Column
Full-depth side plates
may cause splitting
wood shrinkage
41
Beam to Column
Smaller side plates
transmit force
allow wood movement
As an alternative, smaller plates will transmit forces, but they do not restrain
the wood from its natural movements.
42
Beam to Column
Problem
shrinkage
tension perp
43
Beam to Wall
Solution
bolts near bottom
minimizes effect of
shrinkage
Slotted hardware
44
Beam to Beam
Split
Beam hangers
fasteners in top of
supported beam
wood shrinkage
may split
not recommended
Gap
under
beam
45
Beam to Beam
Beam hangers
fasteners in bottom of
supported beam
wood shrinkage allowed
prevents lateral movement
with a solution. Note that the compression edge of the beam is still
laterally supported but no bolt has been used at the top.
46
Beam to Beam
Face mounted
fastener penetration
avoid interference
nails or rivets
47
Beam to Beam
Weld bracket
bucket -style
dapped support beam
48
Beam to Beam
Deep members
through bolted
shear plates
clip angles resist rotation
allow shrink / swell
movement
49
Beam to Beam
Concealed
kerf must accommodate
steel and weld
dowel hole plugged
50
Connection Serviceability
temperature
humidity and moisture
ambient conditions
contact with cementitious materials
51
Beam to Concrete
Beam on Shelf
prevent contact with
concrete
provide lateral resistance
and uplift
52
Beam to Concrete
Beam on Wall
bearing plate under beam
only
prevent contact with
concrete
provide lateral and uplift
resistance
Similar to previous detail with steel bearing plate only under the beam.
53
Beam to Concrete
Beam on Wall
prevent contact with
concrete
provide lateral resistance
and uplift
slotted to allow
longitudinal movement
typical for sloped beam
54
Beam to Masonry
Application
55
Beam to Masonry
Application
bearing plate under beam
prevent contact with
masonry by maintaining
1/2 space at end of beam
56
Column to Base
Problem
no weep holes in closed
shoe
moisture entrapped
decay can result
57
Column to Base
Embedded bracket
bearing plate
Bracket carries uplift and gravity load while separating the wood from
moisture or cementitious materials.
58
Column to Base
Bearing plate
anchor bolts in bearing
plate
slotted column end
59
Column to Base
Angle brackets
anchor bolts in brackets
60
Column to Base
Simple steel dowel
bearing plate
shear transfer
Simple steel dowel for shear transfer, with a bearing plate (separator) added.
61
Column to Base
nuf said. And, by the way, the designer detailed a loose steel plate but
the contractor felt a grout would work just as well. Unfortunately, not here.
62
63
Column to Base
Floor slab poured below
connection
Heres an alternate that helps keep the wood safe from moisture intrusion.
64
For very long spans or other cases such as arches where large rotations
must be accommodated, a true hinge connection may be required. And be
sure the base connection can drain. These have a closed shoe. Decay
occurred as shown in next slides. This project is located in Tuscon, AZ a
very dry climate. No locale is immune.
65
If bucket, or shoe -type solutions are proposed, the hardware must permit
free breathing and drainage of the wood, ...
66
67
One might think that this solution works, however allowing the wood to
contact standing water is not encouraging to its welfare.
68
69
and use connecting hardware that breaths / drains. Notice the cap
flashing on the beam top edge to discourage rain water from being absorbed
into the top of the wood section, and direct water away from the wood. The
connection base is totally open, the hinge bolts holes close together. This
connection was designed by Tom Williamson.
70
Next...
What can we use to connect wood members together? Lets look first at
mechanical approaches.
71
Mechanical Connectors
72
Traditional Connectors
the all-wood solution
time tested
practical
extreme efficiencies
available with CNC
machining
www.tfguild.org
www.timberframe.org
73
Traditional Connectors
Wood dowel connection
design technology now
available
Schmidt, R.J. (2006): Timber Pegs Considerations for Mortise and Tenon
Joint Design, Structure Magazine, March 2006, NCSEA, 13(3):44-47.
74
Mechanical Connections
Friction or bearing -based
dowel-type fasteners
specialized fasteners
new concealed connectors
hardware
mechanical systems
75
Mechanical Connections
Nails and nomenclature
short
box nail
ring nail
common nail
sinker
power-driven
roofing
The simplest of the dowel-connectors is the nail. Unfortunately, there are
many variations of a nail as shown here, with a variety of names, even
variations in the way they are installed. Nail capacities are tabulated for only
some of them, such as box and common nails since these are standardized
to some degree based on shank diameter - the driver of the capacity tables.
Other nail types are not standardized so unless covered by an NER,
capacities are difficult to establish or do not exist.
76
Same-designation box, common, and sinker nails are NOT necessarily the
same: a 6D common is similar to an 8D box, for example. Shank diameters
differ among same-designation nail types. This table is an excerpt from the
new 2001 NDS nail capacity tables that shows side by side designation
comparisons of common, box and sinker nails based on shank diameter.
What is important in nail capacity determination is nail shank diameter as
seen in the capacity formulae on which the table is based. APA has similar
tables 8.11A and 8.11B in the APA Engineered Wood Handbook. These are
really handy tables for a lot of good reasons.
77
Fastener Values
Included in U.S. design literature
Fastener Type
Reference
Bolts
NDS
Lag Screws
NDS
Wood Screws
NDS
NDS or NER
NDS
NDS
NDS
NER
NER
Staples
NER
Design values for connections loaded in single and double shear tabulated in
the NDS Chapters 8, 9, 11 and 12 are based on the fastener bending yield
strengths, Fyb, given in the footnotes of the respective tables. Other fastener
bending yield strengths may be used with the yield mode equations in these
Chapters to calculate design values for the connections involved. However,
bolts, lag screws and wood screws must conform to the applicable
ANSI/ASME Standard referenced for these fasteners in 8.1.1, 9.1.1 and
11.1.1; and nails and spikes must meet the requirements specified in 12.1.2.
Bending yield strength of nails and spikes may be determined in accordance
with ASTM F1575-95 (see Appendix I of the NDS).
78
79
Fastener Type
Equation
Bolts
0.5(Fy +Fu)
130,400 - 213,900 D
that results in the following relationships for bolts and common wire nails.
80
Reduction
term Rd
Equations have been developed (now part of the 2001 NDS) for four
possible yield modes that dowel fasteners can take on.
81
I
II
III
IV
Parallel Perpendicular
Bolts
Mode I
4.0
5.0
Mode II
3.6
4.5
Mode IV
3.2
4.0
Mode I
4.0
5.0
Mode II
2.8
3.5
Mode III
3.0
3.75
Lag Screws
The NDS considers six yield limit equations for dowel connectors. Reduction
terms, appearing in the denominator of the NDS yield equations, vary by
dowel type. To facilitate a general format for the six yield limit equations,
reduction terms have been separated from the yield equations and are
shown here for bolts and lag screws loaded parallel and perpendicular to the
grain....
82
Factors
2.2
10D + 0.5
3
83
Fastener Penetration
Lag Screws, Wood Screws, and Nails
Fastener Type
Full
Reduced
Lag Screws
8D
4D
Wood Screws
7D
4D
12D
6D
84
Mechanical Connections
Nail installation
correct toe nailing
85
Mechanical Connections
Nail installation
overdriving reduces performance
86
Mechanical Connections
Overdriven Nails
APA Recommendations Prescriptive
If < 20% fasteners overdriven by <1/8,
then they may be ignored.
If > 20% fasteners overdriven by >1/8,
then add 1 additional fastener for every 2 overdriven.
87
Mechanical Connections
Overdriven Nails
APA Recommendations - Mechanics Based (engineered)
If < 20% fasteners overdriven by <1/8,
then they may be ignored.
Otherwise,
re-analyze capacity based on average thickness of panel measured from
the bottom of the nail head.
(5/8 panel with fasteners overdriven by 1/8 = capacity of panel.)
Adjust nailing schedule accordingly.
88
Mechanical Connections
Nail installation
if ya miss em, well.
and if the studs are missed entirely, then Cd is zero (no capacity!) In the
trade, these are commonly referred to as shiners.
89
Power driving fasteners is not new and has its own unique concerns.
90
On nails:
There is no standard - name, size, metal, or otherwise. Systems
manufacturers have their own tables, etc. which vary among manufacturers.
91
92
93
Proper gun adjustment is CRITICAL. Calibrating for driving into D.Fir., then
using the same gun to fasten sheathing to SPF will result in overdriving the
entire assembly. Gun must be properly calibrated for the wood species
being nailed, and size of fasteners driven.
94
Mechanical Connections
Fastener corrosion resistance
galvanized
stainless steel
epoxy-coated
...
what should be used?
95
Mechanical Connections
see American Forest & Paper Association
Policy on Naturally Durable and Preservative-treated Wood (Revised 8/00)
96
Mechanical Connections
...sacrificial coatings applied to fasteners
a minimum coating thickness capable of protecting the fastener for
the expected service life of the structure
fasteners of:
97
Mechanical Connections
Larger fasteners
group action factor
NDS tables
equation calculation
accounts for load distribution within the connection
tabulated values still exist in the NDS
can calculate your own group factor if outside the tabulated table range
The Group Action Factor provided in the NDS for connections involving large
diameter fasteners often causes a lot of confusion.
Nominal lateral design values for split ring connectors, shear plate
connectors, bolts with D less than or equal to 1, or lag screws in a row are
multiplied by Cg.
There are two ways to determine Cg: tables and calculation.
98
Mechanical Connections
Cg definitions:
row of fasteners:
2 or more split ring or shear plate connector units
aligned in the direction of load
2 or more bolts of same diameter loaded in direction of
load
2 or more lag screws of same type and size loaded in
direction of load
99
Mechanical Connections
What is a row?
100
m(1 m2n )
Cg =
2n
n
n (1+ REAm )(1+ m) 1+ m
where:
1+ REA
1 m
E s As
E A
or m m
E m Am
E s As
m = u u2 1
u =1+
s 1
1
+
2 E m Am E s As
101
(270,000)(D1.5)
(180,000)(D1.5)
400,000
500,000
102
Em := 1400000psi
Es := 1400000psi
A m := 1.5in 11.25in
A s := 2 1.5in 11.25in
Am
As
= 0.5
A m = 16.875in
Fastener Data
s := 4in
n := 10
D := 1in
Load / Slip
:= 180000
lbf
2.5
in
1.5
= 1.8 10
lbf
in
Here is an example of a calculation run for Cg. The problem set-up and
material data are featured here.
103
1
1
s
+
u := 1 +
Em A m
2 Es A s
2
m = 0.808
m := u u 1
u = 1.023
REA = 0.5
Em A m
Es A s
2 n
1 + REA
m ( 1 m )
Cg :=
Cg = 0.669
n 1 + REA mn ( 1 + m) 1 + m2 n 1 m
REA := min Em
Am
, Es
As
104
We can use the table method for the same problem since criteria fits the
bounds of the tables in the NDS. If the bounds are exceeded, then
calculation is the only approach.
105
Cg = 0.665
(A
12in
(20in
12in
TableCg = 0.665
The steps here are explained in the slide. The table provides a Cg result of
0.665, consistent with what we calculated.
106
The Group Action Factor does not apply to sill plates because such loads
are not necessarily axial with the plate.
107
Mechanical Connections
Larger fasteners
bolts
108
Mechanical Connections
Larger fasteners
bolts in wood bearing must be no larger than 1 inch diameter!!!
109
110
111
112
By increasing the spacing between the fasteners, much higher capacity and
ductility is achieved, even with fewer fasteners!
The 2001 Edition of the National Design Specification (NDS ) for Wood
Construction contains editorially clarified provisions for checking stresses in
members at connections. The following requirements, included in the 2001
NDS, are also applicable to all prior editions of the NDS:
Stresses in Members at Connections - Structural members shall be checked for
load carrying capacity at connections in accordance with all applicable provisions of
the NDS. Local stresses in connections using multiple fasteners shall be checked in
accordance with principles of engineering mechanics.
113
Row tear-out:
'
Z RT
= ni Fv'tsmin
i
nrow
'
'
Z RT
= Z RT
i =1
114
'
Z RT
top
'
Z RT
bottom
+ Ft' Agroup net
2
group tear-out.
Modification of fastener placement within a fastener group can be used to
increase row tear-out and group tear-out capacity limited by local stresses
around the fastener group. Increased spacing between fasteners in a row is
one way to increase row tear-out capacity. Increased spacing between rows
of fasteners is one way to increase group tear-out capacity.
Footnote 2 to Table 11.5.1D(2001 NDS) limits the spacing between outer
rows of fasteners paralleling the member on a single splice plate to 5 inches.
This requirement is imposed to limit local stresses resulting from shrinkage
of wood members. When special detailing is used to address
shrinkage,such as the use of slotted holes, the 5 inch limit can be adjusted.
These provisions apply to the 2001 NDS and ALL PRIOR EDITIONS. The
example calculations provided in Appendix E use design values from the
2001 NDS. Appendix E in its entirety is available as a free PDF download
from www.awc.org.
115
Timber rivet connections have been used in Canada for several decades.
The new NDS design criteria introduced in Chapter 13 of the NDS apply to
joints with steel side plates for either Southern Pine or Western Species
glued laminated timber. The term "timber rivet" was chosen to
accommodate future application to sawn lumber as well.
Provisions of the Specification are applicable only to timber rivets that are
hot-dipped galvanized. Rivets are made with fixed shank cross-section and
head dimensions (Appendix M) and vary only as to length.
Because of the species test results and property values used to develop the
rivet bending and wood capacity equations, use of design values based on
provisions of 13.2.2 should be limited to Douglas
g
fir-Larch and southern
the p
pine glued laminated timber. The NDS presently limits use of timber rivets to
attachment of steel side plates to glued laminated timber.
116
Provisions of the Specification are applicable only to timber rivets that are
hot-dipped galvanized. Rivets are made with fixed shank cross-section and
head dimensions (Appendix M) and vary only as to length.
118
Plates also have a fixed hole pattern geometry. Hole sizes are chosen
deliberately to firmly hold and lock the head of the rivet in position,
preventing the rivet from rotating next to the plate, to fully develop a
cantilever action for the rivet shank embedded in the wood.
119
b/2
p
b
Metal
side plates
120
sq
aq
es
ep
sp
ep
es
es
es
ep
sp
sq
ap
eq
Rivit
rows
Rivit
rows
Similar rules apply as before in properly and safely loading the wood.
121
sp
sq
e
q
Metal side
plates
Rivit
rows
122
123
Specialized Connectors
Shear plates
Shear plates have a long history and are still used, especially for large
section glulam applications. In glulams which can achieve depths up to 84
or more, the scale of shear plates resembles that of nails in a 2x12. Shear
plates sit flush with the wood surface in pre-cut grooves.
124
Specialized Connectors
Shear plates
Split rings require special tooling of the wood for fit which can be performed
off site for immediate erection on arrival. These were featured in the PSL
frame joints the the Forintek Canada Corp laboratory Library frame shown
here. Their discrete finish provides a very clean-looking connection. Bolt
heads could be countersunk to make the connectors completely disappear.
Shear plates are also suitable for joining wood to dissimilar materials such
as steel or concrete (separator must be used between wood and concrete)
since only 1 shell needs to be installed in the wood.
Examples:
FERIC Building, PSL column quads, glulam beams, Vancouver Canada
Forintec Canada Corp Building Library, 60 ft PSL columns, PSL beam pairs,
Vancouver Canada
Architect: The Hulbert Group (Rick Hulbert) Vancouver Canada
125
Specialized Connectors
Shear plates
More examples:
South Surrey Ice Arena erection, 4-hinged counterbalanced PSL truss
frame, near White Rock, BC Canada
Architect: Lubor Trubka
126
Specialized Connectors
Split rings
127
Specialized Connectors
which is which?
Split rings and shear plates are used with bolts or lag screws to improve
structural efficiency by enlarging the area of wood over which the load is
distributed. The connectors transfer shear either between the faces of two
timber members or between a timber and steel plate. Bolts or lag screws
need to be properly sized since they effectively clamp the connection
assembly together. Aesthetically, can you tell from the outside which was
used?
Design values and provisions for timber rivet, split ring, and shear plate
connections appear in the current NDS.
For more information: http://www.clevelandsteel.com 1-800-251-8351
128
Concealed Connectors
Proprietary Systems
New recent proprietary concealed connection systems, two from Europe and two
from North America, offer new options in structural efficiency and aesthetics, and
gradually designers are discovering these and newer ones as they come to market.
Many of them already carry ICC-ES and/or state/municipal building code approvals.
Designers value connection systems that produce predictable failure modes, and
that fail in the steel components where homogeneity and lower material variability
lead to more accurate strength calculations. When steel failure governs, ductility
can be included in the connection design a preferable quality for structures in
seismic regions.
The cost of these connector types vary and should be considered with the
understanding that they allow more options for using timber, often in situations
where steel may have been, heretofore, the best economic choice. In this sense,
the new connectors provide economy and high reliability at the joint.
To learn more see:
Moses, D.; Malczyk, R. (2004): New Concealed Connectors Bring More Options for
Timber Structures, Wood Design & Building, Winter 2004/2005, Janam
Publications, Inc., 30:40-41.
129
Concealed Connectors
SFS Intec
SFS intec manufactures two types of connectors for heavy timber construction a selftapping tight-fit dowel for steel-wood-steel connections and a long, threaded screw for woodwood connections.
The self-tapping dowel, or WS-T connector, has a built-in drill bit at the tip of the dowel can
cal drill through up to three 1/8-in. steel plates in addition to the timber member. The dowel
portion of the connector is smooth and is the same diameter as the drill bit, resulting in a
tight-fit connection. This means no slipping of the connection compared to standard bolts
which have oversized holes. As such, these qualify as tight-fit pins (friction pins), per
European standards. There is a limit on 4 pins per row, but you can have many rows.
Apparently, the pins are small enough that European designers generally neglect the wood
shrinkage problem. Canadian designers still design to limit the 8" (or so) maximum array
width across a member. Also, since friction pins are normally used in glulam connections, so
kiln-dried material from glulam factory to in-service minimizes the potential for cross-grain
movement due to changing moisture or humidity conditions.
The WS-T is approximately -in. diameter and available in lengths up to 9 in. long. When
massed in large groups, it produces high strength connections for hangers, trusses, and
other applications.
The screw connector, known as WT-T, has various diameters and lengths up to 12 in. It is
threaded over its full length except for about 1-in. in the middle that helps to pull the two
wooden members together as the screw is tightened. The result is a strong, easy to install
connection.
For more information: http://www.sfsintecusa.com SFS intec, Inc.
Wyomissing, PA tel: 800-234-4533 (head office)
Waterdown, ON Canada tel: 905-847-5400
130
Concealed Connectors
BVD Connector
The BVD connector consists of a shaped steel shaft that is inserted into the
end of the timber member leaving a flush-mounted threaded connection
exposed. The shaft is criss-crossed by tight-fit steel pins or dowels that form
an interlock between the shaft and the timber. A non-shrink group fills the
voids between the steel and the timber.
The very solid connection forces the failure mode into the steel components
so that the full tensile capacity of the timber can be reached unlike other
conventional systems. BVD connectors can be designed for the allowable
tensile strengths as high as 65 kips. Such tensile resistance means that true
moment connections can be developed.
For more information: email: kmwright1@msn.com 1-541-683-5878
131
Concealed Connectors
Stavebolt
132
Concealed Connectors
Timberlinx
133
Next...
Glues can be a sticky subjectbut they are used all the time to bond wood
together either into manufactured components, or between components of
an assembly. Glues and adhesives are sometimes broadly classed as bond
-based connectors.
134
Glued Connections
Bond -based connectors
mobilizes shear resistance at the bond line
construct composite systems which economize
material usage
building components can be pre-assembled
increases rigidity of the joint and enables full
utilization of material strengths
Bond -based connectors mobilize shear resistance at the bond line, thus
allowing a number of productive things to happen...
135
Glued Connections
Bond -based connectors
some adhesives are sensitive to changing
environmental conditions (temperature and
moisture)
epoxies lose strength above 150 deg F
some adhesives are not moisture resistant
136
Glued Connections
Adhesives classed based on application:
manufactured components
field construction
repair
for complete discussion on adhesives and uses, see:
Wood Engineering and Construction Handbook, McGrawHill, Chapter 12.
137
Glued Connections
gluing is not
recommended for
bonding siding or
roof sheathing to
framing
APA glued floor
system
138
Next...
139
Connection Techniques
must evaluate:
forces present
environmental effects
material effects
aesthetics
140
Connection Techniques
small linear members
nails, screws
truss plates
Weve already seen nails. The truss plate is a device that can also be used
very effectively for connecting small dimension linear members. ANSI/TPI 1
is the reference design standard for truss plate connections.
141
Connection Techniques
large linear members (heavy timber)
dowels
lag screws
bolts
specialty connectors
142
Connection Techniques
wood bolts in all-wood structure
Here is a modern wood trestle bridge connected completely with only wood
bolts. The wood bolts were actually a laminated beech product. This was
constructed by the US Air Force for a test stand in Albuquerque NM.
143
Connection Techniques
steel bolts in columns
144
Connection Techniques
wood bolts in beam to column (hidden)
145
Connection Techniques
wood bolts in heavy trusses
On the other hand, heavy truss joints are expressed through these bolted
plate steel connections.
146
Connection Techniques
large linear members (heavy timber)
hardware
proprietary solutions: well-suited to many
standard solid sawn and EWP applications
consult manufacturers literature
Heavy timber design often brings on the use of proprietary and customfabricated hardware in the connection.
147
Pre-engineered Connectors
Post to Beam
Beam to Beam
148
Pre-engineered Connectors
Joist to Beam (Hanger)
Joist hangers are very useful products and save considerable connection
construction time.
149
Pre-engineered Connectors
I-joist web stiffeners
web stiffeners
none here
With I-joists especially, many hanger products require web stiffener blocks to
prevent web buckling and joint rotation in the hanger (lateral torsional
stability).
150
Pre-engineered Connectors
Panelized roof connectors
151
Pre-engineered Connectors
Truss hardware
Here are some well thought-out and design solutions using combinations of
pre-engineered connectors, truss plates, and bolt patterns to secure trusses.
152
Pre-engineered Connectors
Field creativity
153
Pre-engineered Connectors
Watch for those loose or popped-off plates!
154
Connection Techniques
large linear members (heavy timber)
hardware
proprietary solutions: well suited to many
standard solid sawn and EWP applications
consult manufacturers literature
155
Custom Hardware
Multiple beam connector with slotted holes
The hardware here is as much art as it is function. Slotted holes allow for
wood movement. Design of the hardware would need to conform to the
latest applicable steel standard.
156
Custom Hardware
Difficult situations made easy
157
Custom Hardware
A blend of
art and
technology
158
more rigid
little arch rotation
transfers thrust
weep slot
159
Here, the welded shoe transmits thrust from arch to support. Note that
inside edge of shoe is left open to prevent collection of moisture.
160
161
Beam to Column
Concealed
steel plate in kerf
bolted or pinned
162
Beam to Column
Simple steel dowel
shear transfer
163
Beam to Column
Custom welded column caps
transfer shear, uplift, and
splice forces
allows different widths and
bearing areas
External options include this custom welded column cap which can be
designed to transfer shear, uplift, and splice forces. Note design variations
to provide sufficient bearing area for each of the beams and differing plate
widths to accommodate differences between the column and the beam
widths.
164
Beam to Column
Beam seat on steel column
very common
transfer shear, uplift, and
lateral loads
Here is a very common connection: beam seat welded to the top of a steel
column.
165
Beam to Column
Combination steel angle and
straps
bolts and lag screws
transfer shear, uplift, and
splice forces
166
Beam to Column
Continuous column
recess bolt heads, or
slot beam ends
When both beams and columns are continuous and the connection must
remain in-plane, either the beam or the column must be spliced at the
connection. In this detail the column continuity is maintained. Optional
shear plates may be used to transfer higher loads. Note that, unless the bolt
heads are completely recessed into the back of the bracket, the beam end
will likely require slotting. In a building with many bays, it may be difficult to
maintain dimensions in the beam direction when using this connection.
167
Arch Peak
Steep arch
rod and shear plate
168
Arch Peak
Steep arch
rod and 2 shear plates
169
Arch Peak
Low-slope arch
shear plate
bolted side plates
Similar to the first one, but for low slope arches. Side plates replace the
threaded rod.
170
Beam to Beam
Welded Bracket
bucket -style
lower capacity
171
Beam to Beam
Clip angle
bolts & lag screws
connects cross beam
Layered beam crossings are a little easier to handle. Here clip angles are
used to connect a crossing beam.
172
Beam to Beam
Clip angle
bolts & lag screws
connect ridge purlin to
sloped member
connect purlin to peak of
arch members
173
Beam to Beam
Welded Brackets
through bolts
connect ridge purlin to
sloped member
purlins flush with other
framing
174
Beam to Beam
Welded Brackets
nails or rivets
connect ridge purlin to
sloped member
purlins flush with other
framing
175
Beam to Beam
cantilever hinge connector
176
Beam to Beam
cantilever hinge connector with tension tie
Hinge connectors transfer load without the need to slope-cut member ends.
Beams are often dapped top and bottom for a flush fit.
177
Moment Splice
Steel plates
top / bottom transfer axial
force
pressure plates transfer
thrust
shear plates transfer shear
178
Moment Splice
Steel plates
side plates transfer axial
easier installation
pressure plates transfer
thrust
shear plates transfer shear
This version is similar to the previous detail. Connectors on side faces may
be easier to install, but forces are higher because moment arm between
steel straps is less than in the previous details.
179
Connection Techniques
multi-ply linear members and inter-ply
shear/load transfer
Multi-ply sections usually need some type of connection if the plies are to act
in composite. This is particularly important for beams. Side loaded beams
should typically be specified with a solid wood section, which will overcome
the typical issue of overloading the outer ply of a multi-ply edge loaded
beam.
180
Connection Techniques
multi-ply beams
prescriptive provisions found in AF&PA WCD 1
181
Connection Techniques
multi-ply columns
guidance provided in NDS for:
spaced columns
nailed or bolted laminated columns
NDS section 15.3 contains provisions for designing nailed or bolted built-up
columns with 2 to 5 laminations. These provisions allow the column to be
treated as a solid section, with column stability coefficients, Kf, which reduce
the capacity 25% and 40% for bolted and nailed columns, respectively.
182
Connection Techniques
nailed
solutions
183
Connection Techniques
bolted solutions
spaced solutions
15.3.4.1 The provisions in 15.3.1 and 15.3.2 apply to bolted built-up columns in which:
(a) a metal plate or washer is provided between the wood and the bolt head, and between
the wood and the nut
(b) nuts are tightened to ensure that faces of adjacent laminations are in contact
(c) for softwoods: 7D end distance 8.4D for hardwoods: 5D end distance 6D
(d) 4D spacing between adjacent bolts in a row 6tmin
(e) 1.5D spacing between rows of bolts 10D
(f) 1.5D edge distance 10D
(g) 2 or more longitudinal rows of bolts are provided when d > 3tmin
where
D = bolt diameter
d = depth (face width) of individual lamination
t min = thickness of thinnest lamination
15.3.4.2 Figure 15D provides an example of a bolting schedule which meets the preceding
connection requirements.
184
Connection Techniques
panel to linear members
gap panel edges 1/8
to allow for expansion
185
Connection Techniques
panel to linear members
nailing schedules in codes
The codes contain fastener tables which are similar to what you see here,
which is a reproduction of the first few lines of the CABO fastener table.
Note that the table talks about the connection to be made -- that is, what
pieces are being joined together and how (face nail, toe nail, etc). It then
talks about what type of fastener is to be use -- nail or staple. And then it
stipulates how the fastener is to be applied.
186
Connection Techniques
wall panel systems
make sure assemblies are properly connected to
each other
You might ask, what's so important about the CABO table? Everyone
fastens the pieces together or else nothing would stand up.
Hurricane Andrew showed us some very good examples of what happens
when the wrong number of fasteners are used or when they're not applied
correctly.
We found no situations in which individual members of the framing failed.
Failure was always caused when fasteners weren't correct.
Here you see two examples of common damage in buildings that
experienced Andrew. Notice how individual members such as wall studs
and elements of truss are still intact, but how assemblies such as walls and
trusses have been damaged.
As you see here it wasn't uncommon for large portions of the building to
separate from other portions. And trusses collapsed when the roof
sheathing that held them in place was blown away.
187
Connection Techniques
roof panel systems
exterior
interior
If you're not located in a high-wind area you may wonder why this discussion
should be of importance to you. Generally speaking, it's important to keep in
mind that the purpose fasteners serve is to transfer loads from one member
of an assembly to another. If those loads exceed the capacity of the
connection because the connection isn't correct, failure can occur,
regardless of what the load may be.
And staying with the wind discussion a moment longer, remember that many
areas of the country that aren't in high-wind areas are subjected to strong
straight-line winds in thunderstorms. Those winds often destroy
outbuildings, patio covers, fences,and similar structures. They also strip roof
coverings from buildings and can even remove panels of roof sheathing.
Even though the roof framing stays in place because of the presence of the
remaining sheathing, missing panels leave an opening into the attic during
high winds and driving rains which can result in tremendous damage to the
interior of the building. The example shown here is from Hurricane Andrew
again, and while it may be more extreme than what you might see in
thunderstorms, the damage that may result could be similar to what you see
here.
188
Uplift Recommendations
New construction WFCM 2001
Here are new tables that will appear in the 2001 edition of AF&PAs Wood
Frame Construction Manual that provide the roof suction loads for various 3sec gust wind speeds at a variety of locations on a structure. APA has as
similar publication that was developed in response to Hurricane Andrew.
189
Uplift Recommendations
WFCM 2001
Using the appropriate wind speed and panel location on the structure
(structure zone), the correct nailing can be obtained.
190
Uplift Recommendations
WFCM 2001
Nailing detail for overhangs and rakes are also tabulated based on 3-sec
gust wind speed.
191
Uplift Recommendations
WFCM 2001
Nailing tables for wall sheathing and cladding attachment as a function of 3sec gust wind speed are also provided.
192
Connection Techniques
floor systems
193
Connection Techniques
glued floor
construction
194
Connection Techniques
lateral force resisting systems
195
196
Hold-downs are required to prevent the wall panel from overturning. Holddowns may also be used elsewhere to prevent uplift, and to tie the structure
load path together to the foundation. Typical calculations are provided for
hold-down connections in AF&PAs LRFD Manual, Example 7.7-1.2.
197
diaphragm
panel
diaphragm
Diaphragms are usually horizontal surfaces that resist in-plane shear forces.
Nailing is more dense where the shears are highest.
198
199
Additional diaphragm
perimeter nailing
8d toenails at 6" o.c. max.
B1
B2
Shear transfer
around floors
B3
B4
200
Nail into
wood
framing
or
or
Panel
joint
Panel
joint
Stapled
sheet metal
blocking
or
Shear transfer
around floors
Nail into
wood
blocking
Panel joint
or
Shear
transfe
r
plate
Verify
fastening
limitations with
I-joist
manufacturer
prior to use
with LVL
flanges.
201
Wood
truss
purlin @
8' o.c.
On bigger buildings and tilt-up structures, the same detailing attention for
shear force transfer applies - for trusses....
202
wood structural
panel sheathing
Inserts
to provide
approx.
10K
Top-mount
hanger
Glulam
purlin
Elevation
and for beams.
203
Subpurlin
Plan
Ties are often applied over top of framing members for load path continuity.
204
Purlin (Typ.)
.and when the forces get large, the connecting hardware gets more
interesting.
205
Hanger
Tension ties on both sides of girder
206
Connection Techniques
connecting other frame materials : Steel
Wood can easily frame into other materials using standard fasteners.
207
Connection Techniques
connecting other frame materials : Concrete
208
Connection Techniques
connecting other frame materials : Masonry
209
Connection Techniques
connecting other frame materials : Dead Trees
210
Next...
Designing wood connections day-to-day can be very tedious and timeconsuming. Thankfully automated tools have come along to alleviate the
designer of this task. Here is a brief introduction to one such product
dedicated to the wood connection designer.
211
WoodWorks Design Office is a suite of products for the wood designer from
structural members, shearwalls, to connections. See www.awc.org for more
info.
212
Analyze a series of design alternatives. Leave all of the parameters set to 'unknown' and
Connections will fill in the blanks producing a fully dimensioned diagram that shows the
finished connection in addition to a complete report with full materials list.
Permits full graphic input in entering geometry through an intuitive and easy-to-use
Windows interface
The current version does not accept imported CAD drawings (only Shearwalls does in
the current version).
213
Next...
214
Web sites...
www.awc.org
www.apawood.org
www.woodtruss.com
www.cwc.ca
www.structuralcomponentdistributors.com
www.aitc-glulam.org
www.southernpine.com
www.beconstructive.com
www.tfguild.org
www.timberframe.org
Go online to any of these web sites for connection information.
215
216
217
Info Resources
218
framing members
floor decks
roof decks
walls
AF&PAs WCD #5 has been a popular resource for traditional heavy timber
designers and builders for many years.
219
220
LRFD Manual
Chapter 7
40+ details
applicable beyond LRFD
221
These are the key points to take home from this presentation. They will
guide you to achieving the right connection solution for wood structures.
222
Murphys Law
No matter how well
it is designed...
223
Copyright 2001 American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
224
To aid the designer, a Worked Problems Manual for LRFD has been
produced by AF&PA to guide the designer through 40 typical design
problems. The manual is formatted for ease of use, filled with graphics,
explanatory notes, and arranged in an easy-to-follow approach to process.
225
226
The examples presented are varied, and most contain both ASD and LRFD
worked solutions.
227
Copyright 2001 American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
228
229
Dt m Fem
Z=
4 K
LRFD:
0.83Dt m Fem
Z=
K
Before we get into this example, lets review some of the Yield Mode
equations for ASD and LRFD. These are the forms for Mode Im (wood
crushing in main member) for bolts.
230
Z=
k3 Dt s Fem
. ( 2 + Re ) K
16
LRFD:
Z=
. k3 Dt s Fem
208
( 2 + Re ) K
231
2Fem Fyb
D2
Z=
. K 3(1 + Re )
16
. D 2 2Fem Fyb
208
LRFD: Z =
3(1 + Re )
K
232
LRFD
Fem
5600 psi
5.6 ksi
Fes
58,000 psi
58 ksi
45,000 psi
45 ksi
Fyb
233
LRFD
= 1.0
= 0.65
From the problem specifications, we assemble the basic data, including the
load duration and LRFD factors applicable.
234
LRFD
Mode Im
3281 lbs.
10.89 k
Mode IIIs
3078 lbs.
10.24 k
Mode IV
4352 lbs.
14.48 k
Running this through the three Yield Mode equations provides the following
results. The lowest unit capacity governs, which is Mode IIIs (in white).
235
Inputting the NDS unit capacity requires 3 bolts (3/4) to satisfy the
connection (marginally over 2).
236
237
Copyright 2001 American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
238
1 bolts
35/8
P
35/8
62"
P
239
Here are the wood adjustment factors for this situation, which are the same
for both ASD and LRFD.
240
35/8
P
Placement
Edge distance = 3 5/8 OK
Pitch = 4
OK
Gage = 1.5
OK
End dist. = 4 << 7 min NG
need end distance reduction
1 bolts
C = 0.57
P
35/8
Using the proximity rules, the placement checks out except for end distance.
An end distance reduction will be required to deal with the lower amount
below minimum which calculates out to 0.57.
241
Running the bolt through the yield mode equations shows that Mode Im
controls the unit capacity of the fastener.
242
243
Reduce to 10 bolts
t Ft Anet = 13.4 kips
net section still controls
244
Copyright 2001 American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
245
Beam
Portion
A
Beam
Portion
B
Column A
Size and specify all Glulam beams, column and connection.
Consider this frame situation not unlike one you could find in a residential
basement (discontinuous 2-span beam supported by foundation walls and
an interior column). The loading is prescribed as shown. Size the beams,
column, and all connections.
246
Glulam Beam A
P
8 ft P
8 ft P
8 ft P
8 ft P
P = 7.60 kips
19.0 kips
19.0 kips
11.4 kips
3.80 kips
V
-3.80 kips
1,459 in-kips
-11.4 kips
1,094 in-kips
Lets size the members first beginning with Beam A. Here is the shear and
moment diagram based on the prescribed loading for this portion.
247
Glulam Beam A
P = 1.2 D + 1.6 S
= 7.6 kips
1,094
in-kips
1,459
in-kips
Using LRFD process, we arrive at the factored moment demand. Trying the
first section shown doesnt work on the basis of bending strength.
248
Glulam Beam A
Try 5 x 22 ; adjustment factors:
CV = 0.95 CL = 0.976
Bending
Mu b Mx OK
Shear
Vu v V
OK
Bearing
Pu c Pperp OK
249
Glulam Beam B
250
Glulam Beam B
Use 20F-E2 Western
Species
Demand: 1.2D + 1.6 L
Sreqd = 47.19 in3
Areqd = 14.04 in2
Factoring the moment and shear up allows us to pick a section that meets
the factored demands.
251
Glulam Beam B
Try 5 x 9 ; adjustment factors:
CV = 1.0 CL = 0.995
Bending
Mu b Mx OK
Shear
Vu v V
OK
Bearing
Pu c Pperp OK
252
Glulam Column
Beam
Portion
A
Beam
Portion
B
Column A
We now have sections chosen for both beam portions. We go now for the
column.
253
Glulam Column
Beam A (factored) = 19 kips
Load Combinations:
1.4 D
1.2 D + 1.6 L + 0.5 S
1.2 D + 1.6 S + 0.5 L controls
= 21.5 kips
Eccentric Loads
At the same time, were thinking about how to join all these member together
at one point that is consistent with our pinned-end reaction design
assumptions. We choose this connector with bolts - more later.
We need to worry about unequal moment at the top of the column since the
reactions from Beam A and Beam B may not be the same. These beam
reactions would applied to the bolt locations in the connector where the
beams connect. The reactions (column top factored moments) must be
calculated that correspond to the load combinations listed here. If the
eccentric distances between the column centerline and the beam reaction
bolts are small, then the eccentric moments will be small, and their
difference even smaller. Axial capacity will likely drive this design.
Back to the column: we figure the factored load combinations to determine
the controlling case.
254
Glulam Column
Try 5 x 6 7/8
255
Glulam Column
Try 5 x 6 7/8
Adjustment Factors:
CV = 1.0
CP = 0.27
CL = 0.994
256
Glulam Column
Combine Bending-Axial:
0.928 < 1.0 OK
Pu
cP'
Mmx
bM x'
Mmy
b M y'
< 1.0
257
Glulam Column
End Grain Bearing:
PU 0.75 ( C Pg) OK
258
259
Factoring up the load gives us 11.2 kips. Trying 1 diameter bolts (the
largest available) we find that Mode Im controls in the requirement for 4 bolts.
260
Capacity:
Z = 12.6 kips
> 11.2 kips demand OK
Use: Two rows of 2 bolts
Here is the LRFD calculation for four 7/8 diameter bolts that satisfies the
factored demand.
261
262
How about the column pairs and clearances? Applying the clearance
detailing rules for the column section width reveals to us that we have run
out of wood for this bolt size.
So.change bolt size to...
263
5/8 which requires us to use 6 bolts and meets the width clearance rules.
How about end distance?
264
The end distance clearance rules are OK, so the adjusted factored capacity
is 11.2 kips with six 5/8 diameter bolts OK!
265
Copyright 2001 American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
266
267
LRFD:
Dt s Fes
Z=
KD
Z=
3.3Dt s Fes
KD
Recall the ASD and LRFD yield capacity equations for nails in Mode Is.
268
Z=
k1DpFem
(1+ 2Re ) KD
LRFD:
Z=
3.3k1DpFem
(1+ 2Re ) KD
269
Z=
k2 Dt s Fem
( 2 + Re ) KD
LRFD:
Z=
3.3k2 Dt s Fem
( 2 + Re ) KD
270
LRFD:
D 2 2Fem Fyb
Z=
KD 3(1 + Re )
3.3D 2 2Fem Fyb
Z=
KD 3(1 + Re )
and those for Mode IV. One these is going to govern. Find out right after
this next commercial...
271
LRFD
Fem
5550 psi
5.55 ksi
Fes
3350 psi
3.35 ksi
90,000 psi
90 ksi
Fyb
272
LRFD
= 0.8
= 0.65
Here is the relevant data from the problem statement for the connection
including design process factors for ASD and LRFD, which we enter into the
previous Yield Mode equations to get...
273
LRFD
Mode Is
370 lbs.
1.221 k
Mode IIIm
260 lbs.
0.857 k
Mode IIIs
153 lbs.
0.506 k
Mode IV
134 lbs.
0.441 k
.these results, showing that Mode IV (in white) governs. It is the lowest
number.
274
The ASD version of the capacity equation requires the use of 11 nails...
275
.and so does the LRFD capacity equation: 11 (16d) nails installed with
clearances sufficient to prevent splitting of the wood (NDS 12.4.1).
276
Copyright 2001 American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
277
278
Pu
279
Running the numbers through the Mode equations reveals that Mode IIIs is
critical (lowest number governs)...
280
281
Checking the material capacities in tension shows higher values than the
nails (the OSB next critical at 3.6 kips) and this is good. We could optimize
further to raise the entire connection capacity to the level of the OSB by
adding nails until we approach about 3.5 kips; but the rating on this
specified connection is 2.4 kips.
282
Pu
283
Copyright 2001 American Forest & Paper Association, Inc. All rights reserved.
284
285
Ts
D
Ip
Fyb
Fem
Fes
= 0.06
= 0.148
= 3.0
= 90 ksi
= 4.65 ksi
= 45 ksi
Re
= Fem / Fes
= 4.65 / 45
= 0.103
Material design parameters are listed here. Since the strap is so thin, the
penetration adjustment factor produces a value of 1.0.
286
= 1 +
k 2 = 12.66
2(1 + Re ) 2Fby (2 + Re )D
+
2
Re
3Fem t s
2(1.103) 2(90)(2.103)(0.148) 2
+
0.103
3(4.65)(0.06) 2
Z=
=
3.3k 2 Dt s Fem
K D ( 2 + Re )
3.3(12.66)(0.148)(0.06)(4.65)
2.2(2.103)
Z = 0.373 kips
First, calculate the Unfactored unit capacity Z of the nail from Mode IIIs
(AF&PA / ASCE 16-95 equation 7.4-3)...
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Number of nails:
n=
3.6
= 14.9 15 nails
0.242
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More examples?
These examples and more can be found in these
AF&PA publications
289
Connections
and you thought
connecting wood
was complicated!
290
Questions?
www.awc.org
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FAQs
HelpDesk
AWCinfo@afandpa.org
(202) 463-4713 or (800) 292-2372
Comments
AWC_education@afandpa.org
This concludes this approved
continuing education program.
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