AIEEE Minor Test #1

Ques 1 -12 [1.5 marks] / Ques 13-25 [3 marks] / Ques 26-40 x 4.5 marks
-ve marks are one third
Test duration 2 hour
Q1. The triangle with vertices (1, 5); (3, 1) and (3, 5) is
(a) isosceles
(b) equilateral
(c) right angled

(d) None of these

Q2. If the points (4, 4), ( 4, 4) and (x, y) form an equilateral triangle then
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d) None of these
Q3. If (4, 6), (2, 3) and (2, 5) are vertices of a triangle, then its incentre is
(a) (1, 2)
(b) (2, 1)
(c) (1, 2)

(d) (2, 1)

Q4.Circumcentre of a triangle whose vertex are (0, 0), (4, 0) and (0, 6) is
(a)

(b) (0, 0)

(c) (2, 3)

(d) (4, 6)

Q5.Orthocentre of a triangle whose vertex are (8, 2), (2, 2) and (8, 6) is
(a) (8, 2)

(b) (8, 6)

(c)

Q6.The area of a triangle with vertices (3, 8); (4, 2) and (5, 1) is
(a) 40.5
(b) 36.5
(c) 3.75

(d) (0, 0)

(d) 37.5

Q7.If D, E, F are mid points of the sides AB, BC and CA of a triangle formed by the points A(5, -1) B(-7, 6) and C(1, 3
then area of DDEF is
(a) 2/5
(b) 5/2
(c) 5
(d) 10
Q8. The point (4, 1) undergoes two successive transformations
(i) Reflection about the line y = x
(ii) Translation through a distance 2 units along the positive direction of x axis
The final position of the point is given by the coordinates
(a) (4, 3)

(b) (3, 4)

(c) (7/2, 7/2)

(d) (1, 4)

Q9.If A(c, 0) and B( c, 0) are two points, then the locus of a point P which moves such that
PA2+ PB2 = AB2 is
(a) x2 y2 =c2
(b) y2 = 4cx
(c) x2 + y2 = c2
(d) None of these

Q10. Let A(2, 3) and B(4, 5) are two fixed points. A point P moves in such a way that DPAB = 12 sq. units, then its lo
(a) x2 + 6xy + 9y2 + 22 x + 66y 23 = 0

(b) x2 + 6xy + 9y2 + 22 x + 66y + 23 = 0

(c) x2 + 6xy + 9y2 22 x 66y 23 = 0

(d) None of these

Q11.If sum of square of distances of a point from axes is 4, then its locus is
(a) x + y = 2
(b) x2 + y2 = 16
(c) x + y = 4

(d) x2 + y2 = 4

Q12.The extremities of diagonal of a right-angled triangle are (2, 0) and (0, 2), then locus of its third vertex is
(a) x2 + y2 2x 2y = 0

(b) x2 + y2 + 2x 2y = 0

(c) x2 + y2 2x + 2y = 0

(d) x2 + y2 + 2x + 2y = 0

Q13.Keeping coordinate axes parallel, the origin is shifted to a point (1, 2), then transformed equation of
x2 + y2 = 2 is
(a) x2 + y2 + 2x 4y + 3 = 0

(b) x2 + y2 2x + 4y + 3 = 0

(c) x2 + y2 2x 4y + 3 = 0

(d) x2 + y2 2x + 4y + 3 = 0

Q14.To remove xy term from the second degree equation 5x2 + 8xy + 5y2 + 3x + 2y + 5 = 0, the coordinates axes are ro
through an angle q, then q equals
(a) p/2

(b) p/4

(c) 3p/8

Q15.The ratio in which the line y x + 2 = 0 divides the line joining (3, 1) and (8, 9) is
(a) 2 : 3
(b) 3 : 2
(c) 2 : 3

(d)

p/8

(d) 3 : 2

Q16.The area of the triangle, formed by the straight lines 7x 2y + 10 = 0, 7x + 2y 10 = 0 and 9x + y + 2 = 0, is

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) None of these

Q17.Two vertices of a triangle are (3, 1) and ( 2, 3) and its orthocenter is origin, the coordinates of the third vertex a
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Q18.The equation of the internal bisector of BAC of DABC with vertices A(5, 2), B(2, 3) and C(6, 5) is
(a) 2x + y + 12 = 0
(b) x + 2y 12 = 0
(c) 2x + y 12 = 0
(d) None of these
Q19.The equation of the straight line upon which the length of perpendicular from origin is
makes an angle of 75 with the positive direction of x axis, is
(a)
(b)
(c)

units and this perpend

(d) None of these

Q20.The image of the point ( 8, 12) with respect to the line mirror 4x + 7y + 13 = 0 is
(a) (16, 2)
(b) ( 16, 2)
(c) (16, 2)

(d) ( 16, 2)

Q21.The equation of the straight line passing through the point of intersection of lines 3x 4y 7 = 0 and 12x 5y 1
and perpendicular to the line 2x 3y + 5 = 0 is
(a) 33x + 22y + 13 = 0
(b) 33x + 22y 13 = 0
(c) 33x 22y + 13 = 0
(d) None of these
Q22.If the family of lines x(a + 2b) + y(a + 3b) = a + b passes through the point for all values of a and b, then the
coordinates of the points are
(a) (2, 1)
(b) (2, 1)
(c) ( 2, 1)
(d) None of these

Q23.The value of k so that the lines 2x 3y + k = 0, 3x 4y 13 = 0 and 8x 11y 33 = 0 are concurrent, is

(a) 7
(b) 7
(c) 5
(d) 5

Q24.Let P be the image of the point ( 3, 2) with respect to x-axis. Keeping the origin as same, the coordinate axes are
rotated through an angle 60 in the clockwise sense. The coordinates of point P with respect to the new axes are
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d) None of these

Q25.If for a variable line

, the condition a2 + b2 = c2 (c is a constant) is satisfied, then the locus of foot of th
perpendicular drawn from origin to this is
(a)

x +y =

(b) x2 + y2 = 2c2

Q26.If A and B are two sets, then A (A B) equals

(a) A
(b) B

(c) x2 + y2 = c2

(d) x2 y2 = c2

(c) f

(d) none of these

Q27.Which of the following is an empty set ?

(a)The set of prime numbers which are even
(b)The solution set of the equation
(c)(A x B) (B x A), where A and B are disjoint
(d)The set of real which satisfy x2 + ix + i 1 = 0

=0;xR

Q28.If sets A and B are defined as : A = {(x, y) : y = , x 0, x R} , B = {(x, y) : y =-x, x R}, then
(a) A B = A
(b) A B = B
(c) A B = f
(d) none of these
Q29.Let R be reflexive relation on a finite set A having n elements, and let there be m ordered pairs in R. Then
(a) m n
(b) m n
(c) m = n
(d) none of these
Q30.f(x) = | sin x | has an inverse if its domain is :
(a) [ 0, p ]

(b)

(c)

(d) none of these

(c) 2 and 3

(d) 1 and 2

Q31.Consider the following equations

(1) A B = A (A B)
(2) A = (A B) (A B)
(2) A (B C) = (A B) (A - C)
Which of these is / are correct
(a) 1 and 3
(b) 2 only

Q32.If a is the set of the divisors of the number 15, B is the set of prime numbers smaller than 10 and C is the set of ev
numbers smaller than 9, then (A C) B is the set
(a) {1, 3, 5}
(b) {1, 2, 3}
(c) {2, 3, 5}
(d) {2, 5}
Q33.x, y and z are rational numbers. Consider the following statements in this regard
(1) x + 3 = y + z x = y
(2) xz = yz x = y

Which of the above statement(s) is / are correct ?

(a) 1 alone
(b) 2 alone

(c) Both 1 and 2

(d) Neither 1 nor

Q34.If second term of an AP is 2 and 7th term is 22, then sum of 9 terms is
(a) 126
(b) 126
(c) 90

(d) 252

Q35.If Sn denotes the sum of the first n terms of an AP and S2n = 3Sn, then
(a) 7
(b) 6
(c) 8

(d) 10

, then the ratio of the 7th term and 5th term of the AP is

Q36.The sum of r terms of an AP is denoted by Sr and

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Q37.A square is drawn by joining the mid points of the given square a third square in the same way and this process
continues indefinitely. If a side of the first square is 16 cm, then the sum of the areas of all the squares
(a) 128 sq cm
(b) 256 sq cm
(c) 512 sq cm
(d) 1024 sq cm
Q38.If the pth term of an AP is
(a) 0

and qth term is

(b)

then the sum of the first pq terms is

(c)

(pq 1)

(d)

(pq + 1)

Q39.If the AM between pth and qth terms of an AP be equal to AM between rth and sth terms of the AP, then
(a) p + s = q + r
(b) p + q = r + s
(c) p + r = q + s
(d) p + q + r + s =
Q40.The value of 5 + 55 + 555 + to n terms is
(a) 10n + 1 10

(b)

(c)

(d)

[10n + 1 1 + 9n]

(10n + 1 10

Answers
Question 1

10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 2

Answer

Question 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
Answer

AIEEE Minor Test #2

Circle, Pairs of Straight Lines, Permutation and Combination

AIEEE Minor Test #3

Conic Section and Permutation combination

Q1.The focal distance of a point on a parabola y2 = 8x is 4, its coordinates are
(a)
(2, 4)
(b)
( 2, 4)
(c)

( 2, 4)

(d)

none of these

Q2.The equation of the parabola whose focus is (3, 4) and directrix is the line x + y 2 = 0, is
(a)
x2 + 2xy + y2 8x + 20y + 46 = 0
(b)
x2 2xy + y2 8x + 20y + 46 = 0
(c)
x2 2xy + y2 + 8x 20y + 46 = 0
(d)
None of these
Q3.The equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 6x at the point whose ordinate is 6, is
(a)
x + 2y + 6 = 0
(b)
2x y + 6 = 0
(c)
x 2y + 6 = 0

(d)

None of these

Q4.The normal to the parabola y2 = 8x at (2, 4) meets the parabola again at

(a)
(18, 12)
(b)
(18, 12)

(d)

None of these

(c)

( 18, 12)

Q5.The equation of the tangent to the parabola y2 = 16x inclined at an angle of 60 to x axis, is
(a)
(b)
(c)
Q6.The point of intersection of two perpendicular tangents to a parabola lies on the
(a)
axis
(b)
tangent at the vertex
(c)

(d)

directrix

None of these

(d)

None of these

Q7.The pole of the line 2x = y with respect to the parabola y2 = 2x is

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

None of these

Q8.The locus of the poles of tangents to the parabola y2 = 4ax w.r.t. the parabola y2 = 4bx is the parabola
(a)

(b)

(c)

Q9.The length of latus rectum of the parabola 4y2 + 2x 20y + 17 = 0 is

(a)
3
(b)
6

(d)

(c)

1/2

(d)

Q10.If the focal distance of a point on the parabola y2 = 4x is 6, then the coordinates of the point are
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)

None of these

Q11.The equation of the ellipse referred to its axes as the axes of coordinates with length of major axis 8 and eccentricity
, is
(a)
4x2 + 3y2 = 48
(b)
3x2 + 4y2 = 48
(c)
4x2 + 3y2 = 24
(d)
None of these
Q12.The equation of the ellipse with focus ( 1, 1), directrix x y + 3 = 0 and eccentricity
, is
(a)
7x2 + 2xy + 7y2 + 10x + 10y + 7 = 0
(b)
7x2 + 2xy + 7y2 + 10x 10y + 7 = 0
(c)
7x2 + 2xy + 7y2 + 10x 10y 7 = 0
(d)
None of these

Q13.The equation of the normal to the ellipse

at the end of the latus rectum in the first quadrant, is
(a)
x + ey ae3 = 0
(b)
x ey + ae3 = 0
(c)
x ey ae3 = 0
(d)

Q14.The condition that the line x cos a + y sin a = p may be a tangent to the ellipse
(a)
a2 cos2 a + b2 sin2 a = p2
(b)
(c)
a2 sin2 a + b2 cos2 a = p2
(d)

None of these

is
a2 cos2 a + b2 sin2 a = 2p2
None of these

Q15.If the normal at the end of a latus rectum of an ellipse passes through one extremity of the minor axis, then
(a)
e4 + e2 1 = 0
(b)
e4 e2 + 1 = 0
(c)
e4 e2 1 = 0
(d)

None of these

Q16.In how many ways can 5 beads out 7 different beads be strung into a string?
(a)
504
(b)
2520
(c)

252

(d)

none of these

Q17.A person has 12 friends, out of them 8 are his relatives. In how many ways can he invite his 7 friends so as to include his 5
relatives?
8
12
12
(a)
C3 x 4 C2
(b)
C7
(c)
C5 x 4 C3
(d)
none of these
Q18.It is essential for a student to pass in 5 different subjects of an examination then the no. of method so that he may failure
(a)
31
(b)
32
(c)
10
(d)
15
Q19.The number of ways of dividing 20 persons into 10 couples is
(a)

20

(b)

C10

(c)

(d)

none of these

Q20.The number of words by taking 4 letters out of the letters of the word COURTESY, when T and S are always included are
(a)
120
(b)
720
(c)
360
(d)
none of these
Q21.The number of ways to put five letters in five envelopes when one letter is kept in right envelope and four letters in wrong envelopes
are
(a)
40
(b)
45
(c)
30
(d)
70

Q22.
(a)

is equal to
51

C4

(b)

52

C4

(c)

53

C4

(d)

none of these

Q23.A candidate is required to answer 6 out of 10 questions which are divided into two groups each containing 5 questions and he is not
permitted to attempt more than 4 from each group. The number of ways in which he can make up his choice is
(a)
100
(b)
200
(c)
300
(d)
400
Q24.Out of 10 white, 9 black and 7 red balls, the number of ways in which selection of one or more balls can be made, is
(a)
881
(b)
891
(c)
879
(d)
Q25.The number of diagonals in an octagon are
(a)
28
(b)

48

(c)

20

(d)

892

none of these

Q26.Out of 10 given points 6 are in a straight line. The number of the triangles formed by joining any three of them is
(a)
100
(b)
150
(c)
120
(d)
none of these
Q27.In how many ways the letters AAAAA, BBB, CCC, D, EE, F can be arranged in a row when the letter C occur at different places?
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

none of these

Q28.A is a set containing n elements. A subset P of A is chosen. The set A is reconstructed by replacing the elements of P. A subset Q of
A is again chosen. The number of ways of chosen P and Q so that P Q = f is
(a)
22n 2nCn
(b)
2n
(c)
2n 1
(d)
3n
Q29.A parallelogram is cut by two sets of m lines parallel to the sides, the number of parallelograms thus formed is
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Q30.Along a railway line there are 20 stations. The number of different tickets required in order so that it may be possible to travel from
every station to every station is
(a)
380
(b)
225
(c)
196
(d)
105
Q31.The number of ordered triplets of positive integers which are solutions of the equation x + y + z = 100 is
(a)
5081
(b)
6005
(c)
4851
(d)

none of these

Q32.The number of numbers less than 1000 that can be formed out of the digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, no digit being repeated, is
(a)
130
(b)
131
(c)
156
(d)
none of these
Q33.A variable name in certain computer language must be either a alphabet or alphabet followed by a decimal digit. Total number of
different variable names that can exist in that language is equal to

(a)

280

(b)

290

(c)

286

(d)

296

Q34.The total number of ways of selecting 10 balls out of an unlimited number of identical white, red and blue balls is equal to
12
12
10
10
(a)
C2
(b)
C3
(c)
C2
(d)
C3
Q35.Total number of ways in which 15 identical blankets can be distributed among 4 persons so that each of them get atleast two
blankets equal to
10
9
11
(a)
C3
(b)
C3
(c)
C3
(d)
none of these
Q36.The number of ways in which three distinct numbers in AP can be selected from the set {1, 2, 3, , 24}, is equal to
(a)
66
(b)
132
(c)
198
(d)
none of these
Q37.The number of ways of distributing 8 identical balls in 3 distinct boxes so that none of the boxes is empty is:
(a)
5
(b)
21
(c)
38
(d)

C3

Q38.The number of ways in which 6 men and 5 women can dine at a round table if no two women are to sit together is given by:
(a)
6! x 5!
(b)
30
(c)
5! x 4!
(d)
7! x 5!
Q39.If nCr denotes the number of combinations of n things taken r at a time, then the expression nCr + 1 + nCr 1 + 2 x nCr equals:
n+2
n+2
n+1
n+1
(a)
Cr
(b)
Cr + 1
(c)
Cr
(d)
Cr + 1
Q40.If the letters of the word SACHIN are arranged in all possible ways and these are written out as in dictionary, then the word SACHIN
appears at serial number
(a)
600
(b)
601
(c)
602
(d)
603

Answers
Question

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

Answer

Question

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

Answer

Circles and System of Circles

Introduction
Most of the things that we see around us are circular. Sun, moon on full moon day bangle mery-go around, which you loved so much
when you where a child; all happened to circles. Ever wondered how a circle can be represented mathematically; well no!!, then we will
tell you in this chapter. Also we will take about tangent normulas, chords which we all have hear about. So let us prove deep in to
circles.
Definition: locus of a set of points equidistant from a fixed point Equation ofcircle (x - h)2+ (y - k)2 = r 2
x2h 2 - 2hx + y2 - 2ky + k2- r2 = 0
x2+ y2 + 2gx + 2fy + C = 0

Center
Genreal second degree equationax2+ by2 + 2hxy + 2yx +2fy +C = 0
this equation refresent circle when,

a = b,h = 0 , g2 + f2

Equation of circle in different forms (1) Centre(h1K) radius a :(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = a2
standard form (when center is origin):x2 + y2 = a2
(2).center (h,k)and pass through originx2 + y2 - 2hx - 2ky = 0
Why :here
(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = r2 = h2 + k2
x2+ y2 - 2hx - 22ky = 0
Center(h,k) and touches the axis of x-y
x2+y2- 2hx - 2ky + h2= 0
(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = k2
2
or, x + y2 - 2hx - l2ky + h2 = 0
(4)Center(h,k) and touches the axis of yx2 + y2-2hx -2ky + k2 = 0
Why :From fig it is clear that radius will be h .

(x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = h2
or, x2+ y2- 2hx - 2ky +k2 = 0
Circle which touches both the axis:Center will be(h, h)and radius will be h. But since center would be in any of the four quadrants its coordinates can be taken as
radius h.

Illustration -1-. Find the equation of circle passing through (-2, 3) and touching both the axes.
Solution- As the circle toucher both theaxed and lies in 2ndquadrant, lits centre is
from (- 2, 3) = radius .

Where r is the radius , Distance of center

the circle are :- (x + r)2 + (y - r)2 = r2

X2 + y2+ 2agx + 2fy +c = 0 ----equation of circle.
x intercept
Why :let it cut the axis x ie y = 0
in points (x2,0) and (x2, 0)
x1, x2 are the roots of x2 + 2yx + c = 0
x1, x2 = - 2y , x1 . x2 = c
Intercelt = x2 - x1

= [(x2 + x1)2- 4x 1x2] 1/2 =

similarily .y intercept =
(6) Circle whose diameter is the line joining two point A (s1, y1 ) and B (x2, y2)Diametric form:(xx- x1)(x - x2) + (y - y1(y - y2) = 0

Why :Angle in a semicircle is a right angle

m1 m2 = - 1

or (x - x1)(x - x2) + (y - y1)(y - y2) = 0

Circles and System of Circles

Introduction
(7) Parametric form-

general point of a circle if centre is (0,0)

isparameter (radius)

Illustration -2- Find the equation a circle which touches the .y axis at (0, 4) and cuts an intercept of length .6 units on x axis .
Solution- The equation of circle toching x = 0 at (0,4) can be taken as (x - 0)2 + (y - 42 ) + kx = 0
x2 + y2 + kx - 8y + 16 = 0
the circle cuts x -axis point (x1, 0) .8 (x2, 0 )given by, x2 + kx + 16 = 0
Xintercept difference of root of this quadratic equation 6 = | x2 - x1|
36 = (x2 + x1)2 - 4x1 .x2
36 = k2- 4 (16)
k = 10
Hence the required circle is ,
x2 + y2

10 x - 8y + 16 = 0

Some natations in a circle1) s = x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c

2) s1= x x12 + y12 + 2yx1 + 2fy1 + c
3) T = xx1 + yy1 + g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
Standrad form1)s = x2 + y2 - a 2
2)s =1x12 + y1 2 - a2
3) T = xx1 + yy1 - a2

* If s1> 0
* If s1< 0
* If s1 0

point lies out side the circle

point lies in side the circle
point lies upon the circle

Why :Let equation of circle be X2 + y2 + 2yx + 2fy + c = 0

having centre C ( -y, -f) and radius
Let P (x1, y1) be any point then :P lies outside the circle if :PC > r
=> x1 2 + y12 +2 yx 1 + 2fy1 + c > 0
P lies on the circle if :PC = r
=> x1 2 + y12 +2gx1 +2fy 1 + c = 0
P lies inside the circle if :PC < r
=> x12 + y12 +2gx1 2fy1 + c < 0
Dumb question :How does PC > r leads to x12+ y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c > 0

Ans-

and r =
Now PC > r
=> PC2 > r2
=> (x1 +y)2+(y1 +f)2 > y2 + f 2- c
=> x12 + y12 2gx, + 2fy1 + c > 0
(1) A line L and a circle intersed in two point A and B .

=> d < r
=> Perpendi cular distance of line L from the centre of circle is less than the radius, and the length of te chors AB is :(2) A line L and +a circle touch each other at a point P.
=> d = r
=> Perpendicular distance of L from the centre of circle = radius.
(3) A line L and a circle may not intersect at all
=> .d > r
=> Perpendicular distance of line from the centre of circle is greater than the radius .
(4) A line y = mx + c touches circle x2 + y2 = a2
If :- perpendicular distance of line from centre of the circle
= radius of the circle

Illustration- For what value of m, will line y = mx does not intersect the circle x2+y2 + 20 X +20y + 20 = 0
Solution- IF the line y = mx does not intersect the circle ; the perpendicular distance of the line from the centre of the circle must be
greater than its radius .
Centre of circle (-10, -10) ; radius
distance of line mx - y = 0 from (-10, -10)
=> |m(-10)-(-10)|

=>(2m + 1) (m + 2) < 0
=> -2 < m < - 1/2
Intersection of line with circleLet the line be y = mx + d and circle is x2+ y2 +2gx + 2fy + c

thes x. Coordinate of their point of intersection are given by, (1 + m2)x2+ (2g + 2fm +2dm) x + d2+ 2fd + = o
Why :When the two curves intersect, both the curves will be simultaneously satisfied.
So y = mx + d can be replaced in
x2y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0
2
=> x + (mx + d )2 + 2gx + 2f (mx + d) + c =0
=> (1 + m)2 + (2g + 2fm + 2dm) x + d2 + 2fd + c = 0
if. (i) B2 - 4AC = 0 then line touches the circle.
(ii) B2 - 4AC = > 0 then the line intersect circle at 2 different point.
(iii) B2 - 4AC = < 0 then no real intersecti takes place.
Illustration 4- Find the point on the circle x2 + y2
= 4 whose distance from the line 4x + 3y = 12 is 4/5 .
Soluction- Let A,B be the point on x2/u> + y2 = 4 luing ar a distance 4/5 from 4x + 3y = 12
=> AB will be parallel to 4x + 3y = 12

distance between the two line is

=> C = 16, 8
=> the equation of AB is :- 4x + 3y = 8 4x + 3y = 16
the point A,B can be formed by sliving for point of intersection of x2 y2 = 4 with AB.
AB (4x + 3y - 8 = 0)

=>
=> 25 x2 - 64x + 28 = 0
=> x = 2, 14/25
y = 0, 48/25
AB (4x + 3y - 16 = 0)

=> 25 x2 - 128 x + 220 = 0

=> D < 0 => no real roots
Hence these are two pointr on circle at distance 4/5 from liine
A (2,0) . & B (14/25, 48/25)
=>

Circles and System of Circles

Introduction
Alter native method let P

be the point on the circle x2 + y2= 4 distance . 4/5 from given line. the distsnce from line = 4/5

Solve for
to get the point .
Equation of tangent in general form is :xx1 + yy1+ g(x + x1) + f(y + y1) + c = 0
equation of tangent on standard form :xx1 + yy1 a2 = 0

Why :-

Slope of tangent = equation of tangent :-

y - y1 (x - x1)
(y - y1) (y1 + f) = - (x1 + y) (x - x1)
on solving we get,
xx1 + yy1 + g (x + x1) + f (y + y1) + = 0
Equation of tangen
T=0>

Dumb question- Why slope of tangent

Ans - The slope of line Joining the centre to point of contact is

Now tangent os perpendicular to this line -

slope of tangent is Note:- Golden rule to write equation of tangent is to replace. x2

2x

xx1, y2

1
x + x1, 2y = y + y1 in equation of circle where (x1, y1) is of contact.

Equation of tangent.
Lngth of tangent:-

length
Why :let equation of circle be
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
then center is c (-g, -f) and radius = f
length of tangent = PA

on solving we get ,
length of tangent

length
Condition of or line y = mx + c to be a ltangent to x2+ y2 = a2 Condition:-

yy

c2 = a2 (1 + m2)
Equation of tangent:y = mx

Why -?
putting y = mx + c in x2 + y2 = a2
x2 + (mx + c)2 = a2
(1 + m2) x2 + 2mxc + c2 - a2 = 0
4m 2 - c2 -4 (c2 - a2 ) (1 + m2) = 0
c2 = a2(1 + m2)
Similarily when circle equation is (x - h)2 + (y - k)2 = a2
equation of tangent with slope m
=> (y - k) = m (x - h)
Dumb question :- Why D is taken zero ?
Ans- Line is touching circle.
It means on ksolving line and circle We will get only are solution It means quadratic of x will lhave repeated roots if means D = 0
Illustration- Find the equation of two tangents drawn to the circle x2 + y2 - 2x + 4y = 0 from point (0, 1)
Solution- let m be the slope of the tangent .
For true lengths here will be two values of m which are requited.
As the regent pases through (0, 1) its equation will be .
(y - 1) = m(x - 0)
mx - y + 1 = 0
Now the centre of circle (x2 + y2 - 2x + 4y = 0) is (1,-2) and radius r =
So using the condition of tangencu distance of centre (1, - 2) from line = radius (r)

=> m = 2, -

1/2

equation of tangents are :2x - y = 1 = 0 and x = 2y - 2 = 0

Illustration:- Find the equation mcircle passing through (-4, 3)an touching the line x + y = 2 and x - y = 2.
Solution .- let (h, k) be the centre of the circle the ditance of the centre from th given line and the given point must be equation to
radius :-

<>br /> Consider

=> h + k - 2 = (h - k - 2)
Case(I)- h + k - 2 = h - k -2 => k = 0

=> (h - 2)2 = 2(h + 4)2 + 18

=> h2 + 20h + 46 = 0

=> k = 10

radius =
Circle is :

Case(II) - h + k - 2 = - (h - k - 2)
=> k2 = 72 + 2 (k - 3)2
=> k2 = 12 k + 90 = 0
The equation has no real roots. Hence no circle is possible for h = 2 .
Hence only two circle are possible (k = 0)

Circles and System of Circles

Introduction
Pair of tangents T 2 = ss1

Equation of normalThe normal to a curve at any P of a curve is the straight line which passes through P and is perpendicular to the tangent at P .
The equation of normal to the circle x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0 at any point l(x1,y1) is :y(x1 + g) - x (y1 + f) +fx1 + gy1 = 0
Why :normal will be OP

slope OP =

equation of normal -

on sloving we get,
y(x1 + y) - x(y1 + f) + fx1 - gy1 = 0
With respect to circle S = 0
Equation of chord of contact:-

T=0
Why :Equation of circle S = 0
Whose, S = x2 + y2 - a2
Equation of AP => xx2 + yy2 - a2 = 0
Equation of BP => xx3 + yy3 - a2 = 0
Both passes through P .
x1x2+ y1y2 - a2 = 0 ..............(1)
x1x3+ y1y3 - a2 = 0 ..............(2)
Now consider
xx1+ yy1 - a2 = 0 ..............(3)
from (1), (2) and (3) it is lvery that clear that A and B
lies on (3)
equation of AB is
xx1+ yy1 - a2 = 0
=> T = 0
Equation of chord lhaving mid point (x1, y1)
Only one such chord is possible
Equation of chord

T - s1 = 0
xx1+ yy1 +g(x + x1) + f (y + y1) + c
= x12 + y12 + 2gx1 + 2fy1 + c

Slop of CP = Equation of CP =>

(y - y1) = (x - x1)
on solving we get,
T = S1
T - S1 = 0
Illustration- Find the co-ordinates of the point from which tangen are drawn to the circle x2 + y2 - 6x - 4y + 3= 0 such that mid point of its
chord of contact is (1, 1).
Ans- S = x2 + y2 - 6x - 4y + 3

TAB = xx1 + yy1 - 3(x + x1) - 2(y1 + y1) + 3

(x1 - 3) x + (y1 - 2) y - 3x1 - 2y1 + 3= 0........(1)
Equation of AB
T - S1 = 0
on solving
2x + y = 3 ............(2)
Comparing (1) and (2)

on solving, .
x1 = - 1, y1 = 0
In previous illastration why .

Why not x1 - 3 =2
y x1 - 3 =2 ?
Solution - On comparing two equation a1 x + b1y + c1 = 0
a2 x + b2y + c2 = 0
If both the above equation are of some line, then we get :-

Two circle touching each other (a) External tiuchc1 c2 = r1 r2

Point P divides the line Joining c1 & c2 internally in th ratio

r1 ; r 2

( b) Internal touch:c1 c2 = | r1 - r2|

point P divider the line Joining c1 & c2 externally in the ratio r1 : r2.

Conclition :|(r1 - r2)| < c1 c2 < r1 - r2

(a)One is completely inside otherConclition :c1c2 < r1 - r2

Illustration- Examine if the two circle x2 + y2 - 8y - 4 = 0 & x2 + y2 - 2x -4y = 0 touch each other find the point contact if they touch.
Solution- For x2 + y2 -2x - 4y = 0 centre c1 (1, 2)
& x2 + y2 -8x - 4 = 0 centre c2 (0, 4)

using

Now c1c2 =
=> r2 - r1=

Parabola
Introduction
Parabola is a curve of infinite extent and is not often obsened in real life as circles or shaight line are . However, the parabplaic curres
are very important and have some vert good propertvies like the light raus reflected from parabolic surface passes through one foxed
point. This property of parabola is luidely used in making lenses and in optics.
The brridges also take parabolic shape have been centuries lod. So, now let us start studying this interesting curre in more detail.
Parabola is locus of point which moves such that its distance from fixed point (focus) is always equat to its distance from fixed line
(directrix) i.e. eccentricity, e = 1 .
Note: The distance from fixed point to the distance from fixed line is calle
General second degree equation: eccentncity.
The equation ax2 by + 2hxy + 2gx + 2fy + c = 0
(1) Second degrel thrms make a perfict square. or n 2 = ab.
Why ?
Let the fixed point be
. and fixed line ax + by + 1 = 0 Let variable point be (h,k).
Now,according to the definition of parabola.
the distance of (h,K) from (

) is same as distance from line ax + by + 1 = 0.

So locus of
On simplification, we get
(a2 + b2)
=(ax + by + 1)2
The expression reduces to
b2 x 2 + a2 y2 - 2abxy + .....linear terms .... + conjtant=(bx - ay) 2 + ......linear terms + constant = 0.
So, second deqree terms make perfect squarc.
Dumb Question: Why is h2= ab same as second term making a perfect squarc ?
Ans The second degree terms in equation are
ax2 + by2+ 2hxy .
Now if h2 = ab
then

So, the two thing are same .

(2)
Illustration 1
Ide ntify the locus of point which move such that its distance from given point and line is equal ?
(i) (-3,7) is the point and x + 2y - 8 = 0 is given line .
Ans Now according to the question, let the point whose locus is to be determined be (x,y).

or,
=>. 5 (x2 + 9 + bx + y2 + 49 -14y)
= x24y2 + 64 -16 x - 32y +4xy
= 4x2 + y2 - 4xy + 46x - 38y + 226 = 0
Considening 20 term, 4x2 y2 - 4xy = (2x - y)2 which is a perfect square.
Now consider

So, the locus is a parabola

(ii) (-6,7) is point and x + 2y - 8 = 0 is given line .
Ans. Note taht (- 6,7) satisfies the given line .
So, the locus is stratight line itself .
Standared Equation of parabola.

Important properties
(i) Vertex 0 (0,0)
(ii) Focus s(9,0)
(iii) Foot of directrix (-9,0)
(iv) Directrix x + a = 0
(v) Equation of catus rectum x = a
and length of Latus retum = 4a .
(vi) Axis y= 0.
(vii) Extremiofies of latus retum (91 2a) & (91-2a)
Note : Two parabolas are said to be equal if their length of latus rectii are equal .

Parabola
Introduction
Types of parabola

x + a = 0 y2 = 4ax, a > 0
s

Y2 = - 4ax, a > 0

Transformation of parabola.
(a) (y - R)2 = 4a (x - h) , a > 0
The vcetex will be (h , k), openitng of parabola will be on = ve side of axis, axis will be || to x axis and dire ctrox well be || to y axis.

(b) (y - R2) = 4a (x-h), a < 0

Same as above except, the opening of parabolanwill be on -ve side of x - axis .

s
(c) (x -h 2) = 4a (y - yR), a > 0
The vertex will be at (h,K) opening of parabola will be on +ve side of yaxis , axis will be || t y - axid and directrix || to x - axis

(d) (x -h 2) = 4a (y-K), a < 0

Same ad above except, lthe opening of parabola will be on -ve side of y-axis .

Illustration 2.
Find the vertex, axis, focus, and latus rectum of parabola
4y2+ 12x -x - 20y + 67 = 0
Ans The equation can be written as
y2- 5y = - 3x - 67/4 .
i.e. (y-5/22) = - 3x - 64/2 + 25/4 .
= - 3(x + 7/2)
So, this a transformed parabola whose vertex is (-7/2, 5/2), the axis is y = 5/2.
The length of latus rectum = |4a| = 3
and a = -3/4 .
So, focis is (-7/2 - 3/4 1 5/52)
= (-17/4 1 5/2).
Natations :
For standard parabola (y2 = 4ax)
1) S y2- 4ax
2) S1 y 12- 4ax1
3) T yy1-2a(x + x1)
4) F (at ,2 2at)
Position of a point (x1,y1) w. r. t y2 = 4ax
If S1 > 0 => Outside parabola.
S1 < 0 => Inside parabola.
S1 0 => On parabola.
Why ?
Suppose a point is outside parabola .

s So, PL > PM.

=> PL 2 PM2
or y12 > y22
or y12 > 4ax1( M lics oh parabola).
So, S1 > 0 => Point is outside parabola .
Similarily when point is inside the parabola .
S1 < 0 .
Dumb Question:- What dose inside and outside the parabola mean in a curre like parabola which is not closed ?

Ans :- the wird "outside" refers to the region from where tangent can be drawn . On other hand, the region from where tangent cannot
be drawn is fefference as "in side" the parabola.
Par ame tric form.
x = at2, y = 2at where t is a parameter represents the parametric form.
(at2, 2at) is general point on parabola y2 = 4ax .
Illustration 2.
Find the equations of the parabola if the extremeties of its latus ractum are (3,5) and (3,7).
Ans.
Now the length of latus ractuin is
So, 4a = 2 or a = 1/2 .
Now middle point of catus ractum is
(3+3/2, 5+7/2) = (3,6) which is focus of parabola.
So the two cases as shown in figure below are possible.

Since the vertex is at a distance a away from the parabola the vertices are (7/2, 6) and (5/2,6).
Now lBy transformation of parabolas the two parabolas possible are
(y-6)2 = 4(1/2) (x-5/2)
& (y-6)2 = 4(1/2) (x-7/2).
So, equation of parabolas are
(y-6)2 = 2 (x-5/2)
& (y-6)2 =2 (x-7/2)

HYPERBOLA
Introduction
Hyperbola is a very important lonic section. It has a wide use in further engineering courses. Hyperbola is a very special curve which is
very rarely seen in day to day life. The new concepts such as touching the curve at infinity fills us with a great excitement to read this
chapter, so enjoy the curve named hyperbola by getting into the chapter and feel the touch of the line to the line to the curve at infinity.
DEFINATION:
The locus of point which moves in a plane such that its distance from a fixed point called focus is e times (e > 1) its distance from a
fixed line called directrix.
EQUATION OF HYPERBOLA

The standard equation of hyperbola is:

where b2 = a2(e2-1)
Why ?
Let s be the focus & ZM the directix of the hyperbola. Draw SZ
ZM & Divided SZ internally & externally in the ratio e:1 (e>1) & let A &
A' be their internal & external points of division, then
SA = eAZ & ...................(1)
SA'= eA'Z ........................(2)
Points A & A' will lie on the hyperbola. Let AA' = ZA & take C, the mid point of AA' of AA' as origin.
i.e. CA = CA' = a
Let P be any point on the hyperbola.
Then adding (1)& (2) we get
SA + SA' = e( AZ + A'Z)
(CS - CA) + (CS + CA') = eAA'
2cs + CA' - CA = e(za)
But CA' = CA, Hence
2CS = 2ae
CS = ae
Thus focus S is ( ae, 0)
Now subtrating (1) from (2) use get
SA'- SA = C(A'Z - AZ)
AA' = e[( CA' + CZ) - (CA - CZ)]
AA' = e[2CZ + CA' - CA]
But CA'= CA, then
2a = e(2cz)
CZ = a/e
Thus directrix is x = a/e
Now draw PM
MZ
We know by the definaton of hyperbola, that
= SP = ePM
= (sp)2 = e2(pm)2

=
= (x - ae)2 + y2 = (ex - a)2
= x2 + a2e2 - 2aex + y2 = e2x2 + a2 - 2aex
= x2(e2 - 1) - y 2 = a2(e2 - 1)

=
where b2 = a2(e2 - 1)

ILLUSTRATION : 1 .
Find the equation of hyperbola whose foci are (2, 4) & (10, 4) & eccentricity is 2.
Ans: We know that the center of hyperbola is the mid point of two foci i.e. coordinates of centers are (6, 4). We also know that the
distance between two foci is 2ae.
i.e (10 - 2)2 + (4 - 4)2 = (zae)2
2ac = 8
4a = 8
a=2
b2 = a 2(e2 -1),

Hence

a=2
b2 = 4(4 - 1) = 12
The required equation of hyperbola is

SOME TERM RELATED TO HYPERBOLA

(i) CENTER : This is the mid point of line joining the two foci. In standard form C is (0,0).
(ii) ECCENTRICITY : This is the ratio of the distances of any point on hyperbola from focus to the directrix. Here we have
& b2 = a2(e2 - 1)

e=
(iii) FOCI: Foci consists of two points on the transvers axis of hyperbola whose mid point is the center of hyperbola. Coordinates: (Iae,
0)
(iv) DIRECTRICES : There are the two lines perpendicula to the transverse axis on oppsite sieds of centre. In standard form directrices
are

(v) AXES : In standard form points A(a,0) & A'(-a, 0) are called the vertices of hyperbola line AA' is called transverse axis &
perpendicular to this is called conjugate axis.
(vi) DOUBLE ORDINATES : This is the length of the chord of hyperbola with end points as a, a', which is perpendicular to the
transverse axis.
If the abscissa of Q is h then

Hence coordinates of Q & Q' are

&

(vii) LATUS RECTUM: The double coordinates which pass through foci are called Latus rectums. The abscissa of Latus rectums are

Iae. Hence the coordinates are

, & the length of Lotus

rectum is

(viii) FOCAL CHORD : A chord of hyperbola that passes through focus is called the focal chord of hyperbola.

(ix) PARAMETRIC EQUATION OF HYPERBOLA: The parametric equations of given hyperbola

are
x = a sec
y = b tan
why ?

Let

be the hyperbola with centre C & transverse axis AA', Then the circle drawm with centre C & segment AA' as
diameter is called auxiliary circle. Equation is:
x2 + y 2 = a2
Let P be any point on hyperbola & Q on circle Draw PN perpendicular to axis & NQ be the tangent ot circle, then join CQ.
Let

eccentric angle of P
since Q = (a cos

, a sin

x = CN = a sec
But P(x, y) lies on hyperbola, then

y = b tan

Hence the parametric equations of hyperbola

are x= sec

, y = tan

ILLUSTRATION : 2. Find the centre, foci, vertices, eccentricity, length, of axes, Latus Rectum & directrices of the hyperbola 3x2 - 2y2 +
12x + 4y + 4 =0
Ans: 3x2 - 2y2 + 12x + 4y + 4
= 3(x2 + 4x + 4 - 4) - 2 (y 2 - 2y + 1 - 1) + 4
3(x+2)2 - 12 - 2(y - 1)2 + 2 + 4 = 0
3(x + 2)2 - 2 (y - 1)2 = 6

Centre = (- 2, 1)
Here a2 = 2
b2 = 3

Hence

foci = ( ae, 0) =
vertics = ( ae,0) =

eceentricity =
length of axex = 2a & 2b
=

Latus Rectum =

Directrices =

HYPERBOLA
FOCAL DISTANCES OF A POINT:
Another Defination of hyperbola is that the difference of focal distances of any point on hyperbola is constant & equal to the length of
transverse axis of the hyperbola.
Why ?

Let the hyperbola be

We know that
Distance from focus = (Distance from Directrix)
Hence Distance of point P(x1, y2) from S,(ae,0) is

SP = ePM = e

= ex1 - a

Similarly S'P = e(PM') = e

= ex1 + a
Hence S'P - SP = 2a
= Transverse axis
Hence Hyperbola is the Locus of a point which moves in a plane such that the difference of its distances from two fixed points i.e. foci is
constant.

POINT AND HYPERBOLA

The point (x1, y2) lies outside, on ,or inside the hyperbola

accordingly as

< , = or > 0

Why ?
Let P = (x1, y2) & Q = (x1 y1)
Draw QL perpendicular to x axis then
QL > PL
y1 > y2

Adding

on both sides

But

Hence

When point lies outside. Similarly we can prove that when point lies on of inside the hyperbola Then
LINE AND A HYPERBOLA

The line y = mx + c will cut the hyperbola

in two points, one point or will not cut accordingly as c2 >, = or < a2m2 - b2

Why ?
Let the line be y = mx + c ............................................. (1)

& the hyperbola

.......................................... (2)
Eliminating y form (1) & (2) we get

x2(a2m2 - b2) + 2mca2x + a2(b2 + c2) = 0

This is a quadratic is x, hence
Discriminant = b2 - 4ac
= 4m2c2a4 - 4(a2m2 - b2)(a2)(b2 + c2)
= c 2 + b 2 - a 2 m2
Line will cut in two points if D > 0

c2 + b2 - a2m2 > 0
c2 >a2m2 - b2
Line will touch the parabola if D = 0
i.e. c2 + b2 - a2m2 = 0

c2 = a2m2 - b2

Line will not be touch or be touch a chord of parabola

if D < 0 i.e. c2 + b2 - a2m2 < 0
c2 < a2m2 - b2
ILLUSTRATION : 3.

For what values of K will the line y = 3x + K be a chord to the hyperbola

Ans: For this hyperbola we have
a2 = 9 & b2 = 45
From the equation of given line
m=3 & c=k
Hence we know that for a line to be a chord to hyperbola c2 > a2m2 - b2
i.e. K2 > 9 x 9 - 45
K2 > 36
K2 - 36 > 0
(K - 6)(K + 6) > 0
Hence
EQUATIONS OF TANGENT
(a) POINT FORM:

The equation of tangent to the hyperbola

at (x 1y1) is

i.e. T = 0 where T =
Why ?
The equation of hyperbola is:

Differentiating w.r.t.x. we get

Equation of tangent when it passes through (x1y1) is

(y - y1) =
a2y1y - a2y12 = b2x1x - b2x12
Dividing whole equation by a2b2 we get

But

as (x1, y1) lies on hyperbola

is the requurired equation

(b) PARAMETRIC FORM:

The equation of tangent to hyperbola

(a sec

, b tan

at

) is

Why ?
We have to paranetric equations of hyperbola as
x = a sec

& y = b tan

Differentiating both equations we get dx = a sec tan d & dy = b sec2

Hence dividing these equations we get,

Hence the equations of tangent is (y - b tan

ay sin
say sin

cos
cos

- ab sin

)=
= cos

bx - ab

= - ab cos2

- bx cos

is required equation.
SLOPE FORM:

The equations of tangent to the hyperbola

of slope m is y = mx

Why ?
Let the line with slope m be
y = mx + c, tangent to

& coordinates of points of contact are

Eliminating y from these two equations we get

(a2m2 - b2)x2 + 2 mca2x + a2(c2 + b2) = 0
This is a quadratic equations in x hence for only one solution D should be zero.
D = b2 - 4ac = 4m2c2a4 - 4(a2m2 - b2(a2b2 + c2) = 0
c2 = a2m2 - b2
c=
Hence the equation of tangent is:
y = mx
.................................. (1)
Now, we also know that the equation of tangent at (x1, y1) is

......................................... (2)
Comparing (1) & (2) as they are the same equation we get

&

Hence the coordinates of point of contact are

3-D GEOMETRY
Introduction
Three dimensional geometry developed accordance to Einsteins field equations. It is useful in several branches of science like it is
useful in Electromagnetism. It is used in computer alogorothms to construct 3D models that can be interactively experinced in virtual
reality fashion. These models are used for single view metrology. 3-D Geometry as carrier of information about time by Einstein. 3-D
Geometry is extensively used in quantum & black hole theory.
Section Formula:
(1) Integral division: If R(x, y, z) is point dividing join of P(x1, y1, z1) & Q(x2, y2, z3) in ratio of m : n.
Then, x =

,y=

,z=

(2) External division: Coordinates of point R which divides join of P(x1, y1, z1) & Q(x2, y2, z2) externally in ratio m : n are

Illustration: Show that plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides line joining (x1, y1, z1) & (x2, y2, z2) in ratio of
Ans: Let plane ax + by + cz + d = 0 divides line joining (x1, y1, z1) & (x2, y2, z2) in ratio K : 1
Coordinates of P

must satisfy eq. of plane.

ax + by + cz + d = 0
[Dumb Question: Why coordinates of P satisfy eq. of plane ?
Ans: Point P lies in the plane so, it satisfy eq. of plane.]

a(Kx2 + x1) + b(Ky2 + y1) + c(Kz2 + z1) + d(K + 1) = 0

K(ax2 + by2 + cz2 + d) + (ax1 + by1 + cz1 + d) = 0

K=Direction Cosines:

Let

is a vector

inclination with x, y & z-axis respectively. Then cos

denoted by
,

, cos

& cos

are direction cosines of

direction angles.

& lies 0

Note: (i) Direction cosines of x-axis are (1, 0, 0)

Direction cosines of y-axis are (0, 1, 0)
Direction cosines of z-axis are (0, 0, 1)
(ii) Suppose OP be any line through origin O which has direction l, m, n
(r cos

, r cos

, r cos

) where OP = r

coordinates of P are (r cos , r cos

or x = lr, y = mr, z = nr

, r cos

(iii) l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
Proof: |
|

|=|
2

|=
2

| = x + y + z = l 2|

|2 + m2|

|2 + n2| |2

. They

l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1

(iv)

Direction ratios: Suppose l, m, & n are direction cosines of vector & a, b, c are no.s such that a, b, c are proportional to l, m, n.
These a, b, c are c/d direction ratios.
=k
Suppose a, b, c are direction ratios of vector
=

a2

+ b2

l=

+ c2

having direction cosines l, m, n. Then,

l = a, m =
l2 + m 2 + n 2 = 1
2

=1

,m=

Note: (i) If

b, n =

,n=

having direction cosines l, m, n. Then, l =

,m=

,n=

(ii) Direction ratios of line joining two given points

(x1, y1, z1) & (x2, y2, z2) is (x2 - x1, y2 - y1, z2 - z1)
(iii) If direction ratio's of

are a, b, c

=
(iv) Projection of segment joining points P(x1, y1, z1) and Q(x2, y2, z2) on a line with direction cosines l, m, n, is:
(x2 - x1)l + (y2 - y1)m + (z2 - z1)n

Illustration: If a line makes angles

with coordinate axes, prove that sin2

&

Ans: Line is making

&

1 - sin

+ cos2

sin

+ 1 - sin
2

+ sin

+ cos2
2

+ sin2

with coordinate axes.

Then, direction cosines are l = cos , m = cos

But l2 + m2 + n2 = 1
cos2

+ sin2

+ sin

=1

+ 1 - cos2
2

& n = cos

=1

=2

Angle b/w two vectors in terms of direction cosines & direction ratios:
(i) Suppose

&

are two vectors having d.c's l1, m1, n1 & l2, m2, n2 respectively. Then,
&

Dumb Question: How

Ans:
But l12 + m12 + n12 = 1

=2

So,

cos

=
cos

= l1l2 + m1m2 + n1n2

(ii) IF a1, b1, c1 and a2, b2, c2 are d.r.s of

&

. Then

&

cos

cos

=
Note: (i) If two lines are
cos

then,

= 0 or l1l2 + m1m2 + c1c2 = 0

or a1a2 + b1b2 + c1c2 = 0

(ii) If two lines are || then

cos

= 1 or
or

Single Option Question

1.A source of emf E = 10 V and having negligible internal resistance is

connected to a variable resistance. The resistance varies as shown in Figure. The total charge
that has passed through the resistor R during the time interval t1 to t2 is

(A)

40 loge4

(B)

30 loge3

(C)

20 loge2

(D)

10 loge2

2. A cylindrical tube contains two ideal gases with equal masses. The molar masses of the
gas are M1M= 32 and M2 = 28 respectively. The gases are seperated by one movable
partition A and another fixed partition B as shown in Figure. The movable partition can move
freely without friction inside the cylinder. The ratio of the heights of the gases inside the
cylinder in equilibrium is

(A)

0.875

(B)

1.143

(C)

0.9

(D)

0.6

3. Two masses m1 and m2 initially infinite distance apart are at rest. Then velocities of approach when the seperation between them
becomes r, is given by v1 = km2 and v2 = km1 respectively. If k is a constant for a given distance r, then the value of k is
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

4. One end of a string of length L is tied to the ceiling of a lift accelerating upwards with an acceleration g/2. The linear mass density of
the string is (x) = 0 x1/2 where, x is measured from the bottom. The time taken by a pulse to reach from bottom to top is
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

5. The number of emission lines of atomic hydrogen spectrum between 400 nm to 700 nm according to Bohr' s theory is
(A)
1
(B)
4
(C)
3
(D)
6
6. A lake is lit by an under water isotropic lamp. The refractive index of water is 4/3. If the surface of the lake is covered by a layer of
refractive index
, the fraction of light totally internally reflected at water-oil surface is (Assume that the lake is absolutely calm and
that both the oil and water are 100% transparent).
(A)
0.25
(B)
0.5
(C)
0.75
(D)
1
Multiple Option Question

7. The Figure shows the displacement of a particle going along the x-axis as a function of
time. The force acting on the particle is zero in the region.

(A)

AB

(B)

BC

(C)

CD

(D)

DE

8. Seven identical rods of material of thermal conductivity k are connected as shown in

Figure. All the rods are of identical length l and cross section area A. If the one end B is kept
at 100oC and the other end is kept at 0oC, what would be the temperature of the junctions C,
D and E (

(A)

>

>

and

(B)

= 50 C and

(C)

= 50oC,

= 62.5oC and

(D)

= 50oC,

= 60oC and

C
D
D

= 37.5oC

= 40oC

) in the steady state?

9. In the circuit shown the potential difference across 3 F capacitor is V and the equivalent
capacitance between A and B is CAB?

(A)

CAB = 4

(C)

(B)

V = 20 V

CAB =
F
V = 40 V

(D)

10. A thin biconvex lens with their radius of curvature 20 cm and 30 cm is placed with its principal axis first along a beam of parallel red
light and then along a beam of parallel blue light. If the local length for the mean colour is 23.1 cm, B = 1.528 and B = 1.504, the
seperation of foci for red and blue light is f. The dispersive power of the material of the lens is . Then
(A)

(B)

f = 1.08 cm

(C)

f = 2.16 cm

= 0.47

(D)

= 0.047

Take
PASSAGE
The techniques of solving the motion of a body with respect to a non-inertial frame of reference is by introducing the concept of PSeudo
forces.
Suppose a frame of reference S' moves with constant acceleration

with respect to an inertial frame S. The acceleration of the

particle P measured with respect to S' is PS' and that with respect to S is
Since S' is translating with respect to S, we have
PS

=
or
m

=m

PS

-m

PS'
PS'

PS

PS.

The acceleration of S' with respect to S is

S'S

S'S
SS'

where m is the mass of the particle.

Since S is an inertial frame m

PS

is equal to the sum of all the forces acting on P. Writing this sum as

This equation relates the acceleration of the particle and forces acting on it. Comparing it with equation

, we get m

=m

-m

where acceleration is

measured in an inertial frame the acceleration of frame with respect to an inertial frame comes into the equation. Newton' s law
is not valid for such non-inertial frame. An extra term - m

has to be added to the sum of the forces acting on the particle before using

the equation. It can be noted that in this extra term m is the mass of particle under cosideration and is the acceleration of working
frame reference with respect to the inertial frame. We are so familiar with Newton' s laws that we would like to use the same equation
for this frame also. This can be done if we call (- m ) a force acting on the particle. Then while preparing the list of forces acting on the
particle. We include all real forces acting on P and include an imaginary force - m this is called pseudoforce. This force is to be
included because we are discussing the motion from a non-inertial frame and still want to use Newton' s law.
11. A body of mass m is placed over a smooth inclined plane of inclination
, which is placed over a lift which is moving up with an
acceleration a0. Base length of the inclined plane is L. Calculate the velocity of the block with respect to lift at the bottom. If it is allowed
to slide down from the top of the plane from rest.
(A)

(B)

(C)

(D)

Solution
Single Option Question
1. (D) From the graph, resistance varies uniformly at the rate of 1 ohm/sec.
......(1)

R2 = R 1 + t
Now
where t is the time

Integrating,

from (1)

E [loge (R1 + R2 - R1) - log R1]

= E loge

= 10 loge

= 10 loge 2

2. (A) For an ideal gas PV =

MV =
Here

P1 = P 2
T1 = T2
m1 = m 2
MV = constant

in equilibrium
and
(given)

Hence M1 V1 = M2 V2
i.e., 32 x

r2 h1 = 28 x
=

r2 h2

3. (D) v1 = km2; v2 = km1 (given)

By the law of conversation of energy,

Substituting for v1 and v2,

4. (B) Consider a small element dx from the bottom of string.

Weight of this element = [ (x) dx] (g + g/2)

= 0.875

- Test duration is 2 hours.

Question Type A : Single Answer is Correct

1. Which of the following statement is incorrect?
(a) C D bond vibrates more slowly than a C H bond.
(b) C D bond has lower zero point energy than a C H bond.
(c) In aromatic electrophilic sulphonation primary isotopic effect occurs.
(d) C D bond has higher vibrational energy than C H bond.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Here product A is

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

4. Among the given gem diols, which is/are stable with respect to their corresponding carbonyls?

(i)

CCl3CH(OH)2

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Correct options are

(a)

i, ii, iii

(b)

i, ii

(c)

i, iii, iv

(d)

iii, iv

Answ er Sheet

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

(d)
(b)
(d)
(a)
(d)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(d)
(a)

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.

(b)
(a)
(a)
(c)
(a)
(b)
(d)
(b)
(b)
(a)

21.
22.
23.
24.
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.

(a, b, c, d)
(a, b, d)
(b, d)
(a, b, c, d)
(a, b)
(b, c)
(a, d)
(b, c)
(a, b)
(b, d)

31.
32.
33.
34.
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.

(b)
(c)
(c)
(b)
(d)
(c)
(a)
(a, b, c, d)
(a, b, c, d)
(a)

41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.

(b)
(b)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(c)
(b)
(a) P,R (b) Q,R (c) Q (d) S
(a) Q,R (b) S (c) P,Q,R (d) P,R
(a) P,Q (b) Q (c) P,R (d) R,S

Solution

2.

3.

5.

6. Answer is (b), because middle -OH undergoes protonation to form stable intermediate tropolium cation.
7. (d) accept

easily because lower 'N' atom lone pair is not delocalised in the ring and -NH2 group exerts +M effect.

9. Diel' s Alder reaction never given by traniod form so (c) and (d) cannot give.
10. Basic strength of nitrogen containing compound given by donation of electron so +I and +R effect increases basic nature while -I
and -R effect decreases basic strength. So order is (a).
11. 2KI + HgI2
K2HgI4
.4
.2
Total Initial moles = .8
after addition of HgI2 total number of ions

.2
= .6[2K+[HgI4]-2]

after complex formation number of ions decreases

So depression in freezing point will be less.
T2 > T1
12.(Cu+2) It is IInd group radical so its get precipitated first due to lower solubility product (Ksp of CuS = 10-44).
13.Formula of Borax is Na2B4O7 . 10H2O

14. Mixture contains C2H4 + H2

x

y(Excess)
x + y = 52 mm

- (1)

y - x + x = 32 mm

- (2)

By equation (1) and (2)

x = 18 mm
So fraction of C2H4 =

y = 34 mm

= .35

15. Given in the Question that

number of oxide ions = x
number of octahedral voids = x
number of tetrahedral voids = 2x
no. of cation A =
no. of cation B
oxide :
A!
x
x/3
3
1

= x/3
= x/3
B
x/3
1

So formula ABO3

17. Trans complex is optically inactive due to molecular symatry.

18. In steam distillation where both are immisible liquids we apply formula

= 2.27
So In a total weight of 3.37 gm, weight of chlorobenzene = 2.27

There is an equilibrium.
NaHCO3 reacts with , produced as a product and so causes the equilibrium to move completely to the forward and thus ensure
complete reaction of AS2O3.
44. 1 mole H2S = 1 mole I2
In titration requires 1.9 ml of .049 m I2 solution
number of moles of I2 used = .049 x .0014 = 9.46 x 10-5 mol I2
= 9.46 x 10-5 mol H2S
Mass of sulphur in 5 gm sample of 5HCl = 9.46 x 10-5 x 32 = .003gm
% of sulphur in 5 gm sample

Superposition of waves
Introduction

1. Wave Motion:

a) The sound waves can also be called as elastic waves and medium is needed for their propagation.
Their velocity is different for different media.
b) The velocity of sound waves depends on the property of inertia and coefficient of elasticity of that
medium.
c) In this type of motion the energy is transferred from one point to other by the propagation of
disturbance in the medium. The motion of disturbance is called the wave motion.
d) In simple harmonic wave the particles of the medium executes simple harmonic motion. Each particle
of the medium executes simple harmonic motion at all the times, though the phase of its vibration
depends on its position and time.
On the basis of vibration of the particle waves are classified in two types:
(a) Transverse waves.
(b) Longitudinal waves.
(a) Transverse waves:

The particles of medium vibrate in a direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of wave.
Their polarization is possible. Example: Vibration of string, the surface waves produced on the surface
of solid and liquid.

Fig (1)
(b) Longitudinal waves:

Vibrations of the particles of the medium are in the direction of wave propagation wave proceeds in
form of compression and rarefaction. At places of compression the pressure and density are maximum,
while at places of rarefaction those are minimum.
Example: Sound waves, waves is gases, waves is solids.

Fig (2)

Introduction

2) Some important points related to Wave Motion:

1) Amplitude: The maximum displacement of a vibrating particle of the medium from the mean position.

2) Time period (T): The time taken by the particle to complete one vibration.
3) Frequency: The number of vibration in one second by the particle n = 1/T.
Angular Frequency
4) Wavelength

: The distance between two consecutive particles vibrating in the same phase.

Or
The distance between two consecutive crests or trough.
Or
The distance between two consecutive compressions or rarefaction.

Here v is the velocity of wave.

is the wave propagation vector which is written as:

being the unit vector along the direction of wave propagation then,

Fig (3)

3) Equations for the progressive Simple Harmonic Waves:

1) The equation of a wave moving along the direction of positive X-axis is

Where a is the amplitude, is the phase difference and y is the displacement of a particle.
2) The equation of a progressive wave moving along the direction of negative X-axis is

3) The general equation of wave moving along X-axis is:

4) Other equation for a progressive wave moving along the direction of positive X-axis is:

Is propagation constant or wave vector

Points to remember: Wave equation can be shown by any of the following relations:

All these waves are also called as sinusoidal waves.

4) Necessary Condition for two particles to be in same phase or in opposite phase:

5) Intensity of waves, Energy Density:

1) Intensity (I): Amount of energy flowing per second from unit area of the medium in a direction perpendicular
to the propagation of wave.

2) For a given medium (

and v are constants)

3) Unit of Intensity: Joule/m2 second or watt/m2.

4) Energy density (E): Energy per unit volume of the medium
5) For second waves the intensity obeys the inverse square law. If the distance between the source and the point
of observation is x then

6) Superposition of Waves:

1) If two or more waves propagate in a medium simultaneously, then the resultant displacement of the particle
of the medium is given by the vector sum of displacements produced by the individual wave.
2) If the displacement produced by different waves are respectively
Then the resultant displacement of particle is given by,

3) Resultant displacement depends on

a) Amplitude
b) Phase difference
c) Frequencies
d) Direction of propagation of waves
4) Different phenomena occurring as a result of superposition of waves are
a) Interference
b) Beats
c) Stationary waves
d) Lissajous figures.
7) Interference:

1) As a result of superposition of two waves of same frequency traveling in the same direction simultaneously,
the phenomenon of intensity of resultant wave becoming maximum and minimum is called as interference.
2) Equation of resultant wave formed by superposition of two waves:

Amplitude of the resultant wave

3) Intensity of the resultant wave

I1 and I2 are separate intensities of the superposing waves.
4) Law of conservation of energy is obeyed in interference also, only the energy of the medium is redistributed.

8) Constructive and Destructive Interference:

1) When superposing waves are in the same phase then

The amplitude of the resultant wave
In this condition the interference is called constructive interference
2) For
if
difference of waves.

is zero or even multiple of

, where n = 0, 1, 2, ---------------- or path

3) Then in above condition, the intensity of resultant wave is maximum.

4) If the interfering waves are in opposite phase then

, and path difference

In this condition the amplitude of the resultant wave

Interference of this kind is called the destructive interference. In this condition the resultant intensity is also
minimum.

5) Ratio of maximum intensity and minimum intensity of a wave is

6) To observe clear interference:

a) Phase difference of the waves must be fixed.
b) Amplitude of the waves must be equal.
9) Beats:

1) When two progressive sound waves of nearly equal frequencies superpose while traveling in the same
direction, then the intensity of the resultant sound increases and decreases with time.
2) The increase and decrease (waxing and waning) of intensity of sound occurs with a regular interval. This
regular waxing and waning of sound is called Beats. One decrease and one increase together make one BEAT.
3) Number of beats produced in one second is called to be beat frequency.
4) If the frequencies of the waves are m and n (m>n), then beat frequency = m n. This difference must not be
greater than 10Hz, otherwise beats are not heard.

5) Beat period = 1/ N = 1/ (m-n).

6) If the waves producing beats are

Then the equation of the resultant wave is

And the amplitude of the wave is;

10) APPLICATION OF BEATS:

1) In the tuning of radio receiver.

2) In manufacturing the electronic oscillators of less and stable frequencies.
3) In detecting poisonous gases produced in mines.
4) In the tuning of musical instruments.
5) In determining unknown frequency of tuning fork: Let the known frequency of the tuning fork be m,
unknown frequency be n and the number of beats produced be N while playing these two together.
(a) If by putting some wax on the arm of unknown frequency tuning fork:
If the beat frequency decreases then n = m+N.
If the beat frequency increases then n = m-N.
(b) If by putting wax on the arm of known frequency tuning fork:
If the beat frequency decreases, then n = mN.

If the beat frequency increases, then n = m+N.

(c) If the arms of unknown frequency tuning fork are filled then:
If the beat frequency increase n = m+N.
If the beat frequency decrease n = mN.
11) Reflection of sound waves when wave posses from one medium to the other:

(a) Reflection from a rigid wall or a denser medium:

1) Phase change of
2) Change of

in the path difference

3) No change in the nature of wave.

4) Compression is reflected as compression and rarefaction as a rarefaction.
5) Node is always formed at rigid surface
6) Direction of wave is changed.
(b) Reflection from rare medium:
1) No change in the phase.
2) No change in the path difference
3) No change in the nature of wave.
4) Compression is reflected as rarefaction while rarefaction as compression.
5) Antinode is formed at the surface of a rare medium.
6) Direction of the wave is changed.
12) stationary waves:

1) This is the wave produced by the superposition of two identical waves traveling along the same straight line
but in opposite direction.
2) Energy is not transferred by these waves in the medium. It is only redistributed.
3) If
be the propagation wave along +ve x-axis and
along ve x-axis, then for the resultant stationary wave.

be the progressive wave

Introduction

4) Its amplitude is

this depends on position x.

5) Antinodes: At these points the amplitude of the vibrating particles is maximum

and the change in pressure and the density is minimum.

6) For the positions of antinodes:

7) Nodes: At these points the amplitude of particles is minimum and the change in pressure and density is
maximum.

13) for stationary waves:

1) Waves produce nodes and antinodes at regular points in limited medium.

2) The distance between to consecutive nodes/ antinodes is
3) Distance between a node and an adjacent antinode is

.
.

4) Particles situated between two nodes execute simple harmonic motion whose amplitude is different but
frequencies are same.
5) Amplitude depends on the position of the particle; maximum amplitude is obtained at antinodes and zero
amplitude at the nodes.

6) The particles situated between two consecutive nodes vibrate in the phase with different amplitudes while the
particles situated on either side of a node vibrate in the opposite phase.
14) vibration in a stretched string:

1) Transverse progressive wave is produced in a stretched string.

2) Node is always formed at fixed end of string.
3) Velocity of the waves produced in a stretched string is

Where T = tension and m = mass per unit length of string.

Given density of material of string is d; radius is r, then;

4) For a string fixed at both the ends, nodes are formed at the ends.
5) If the length of a string is L and p loops are formed in it, then the frequency of string

(a) When p=1, then

. In this condition string vibrates in one loop.

is

called the fundamental frequency. This is also called first harmonic.

(b) If p =2, then

. In this condition

is called the second harmonic or the first

overtone.

(c) If p=3, then

is called third harmonic or the second overtone.

(d) In strings all harmonics are produced and their ratio is ;

(e) Some harmonics are shown in the figure

Fig (4)
15) laws of vibration of a stretched string:

1) Law of length:

where T and m are constants.

2) Law of tension:

where L and m are constants.

3) Law of mass:

4) Law of radius:

where L and T are constants.

where d, L and T are constants.

5) Law of density:

where r, T and L are constants.

On the basis of above Laws the formulae of frequency of vibration of string are:

M being the mass hanged on string.

16) meldes experiment:

1) In a vibrating string of fixed length, the product of number of loops of loops in a vibrating string and square
root of tension is a constant or

2)
3) In longitudinal vibration system the frequency of tuning fork is given by;
= 2 (vibration frequency of string)

4) In this experiment vibrations of string are always transverse, but in longitudinal vibration system; the
vibrations of arms of the tuning fork are along the direction of string. This experiment is also based on the
stationary (transverse) waves.
17) vibration of air columns in pipes:

The pipe which contains air and in which sound vibrations are produced is called organ pipe.
1) CLOSED PIPE:
(a) One end of the pipe of this kind is closed and the other end is open.
(b) Node is formed at closed end and antinodes at the open end. In this pipe, number of antinodes and nodes are
the same.
(c) Closed end of pipe reflects the compression as compression and rarefaction as rarefaction open end of the
pipe reflects compression as rarefaction while rarefaction as compression.
(d) For a pipe of length L, the frequency of fundamental node of stationary waves produced. Fundamental
frequency , is same as first harmonic while other are multiples of this frequency

wavelength

. Frequency of third harmonic or the first overtone

wavelength
Frequency of the second overtone or the fifth harmonic

, wavelength
Introduction

These are shown in the following figure:

Fig (5)
(a) Fundamental node or first harmonic
(b) First overtone or third harmonic

.
.

(c) Second overtone or fifth harmonic

Therefore the ratio of overtone is 3:5:7.

(e) It is clear that the only odd harmonics are produced in this pipe:

2) Vibration of an open pipe:

(a) These pipes are open at both ends where antinodes are formed. At these ends compression is reflected as
rarefaction while rarefaction as compression. Here the number of antinodes is more than that of nodes.

(b) For a pipe of length L, the frequency of fundamental node

and wavelength

First overtone or second harmonic frequency

, wavelength

Second overtone or third harmonic frequency

wavelength

These are shown in the following figure:

Fig (6)
(a) Fundamental node or first harmonic
(b) First overtone or second harmonic
(c) Second overtone or third harmonic

Clearly in open pipe all the harmonics are produced. The ratio of the frequencies is:

In this condition the ratio of overtone is 2:3:4:5:

End correction: e = 0.6r, where r is the radius of pipe. Therefore for a closed pipe the effective length of the air
column = L+e = L + 0.6r.
For open pipe the effective length of the air column is L+2e = L+1.2r.
For a closed pipe with end correction

By comparison:
(For fundamental only)
2) In open pipe all the harmonic are obtained while in closed pipe only odd harmonics are obtained.
3) The sound produced in open organ tube is pleasing and that of the closed organ tube is less pleasing.
18) resonance tube:

Resonance: If the frequency of a tuning fork used is same as the frequency of vibration of air column in the
tube, then the intensity of sound becomes maximum. This is said to be the condition of resonance.
It is an example of a closed pipe in which the length of the air column can be changed by adjusting the level of
water.
Application:
To determine the velocity of sound and the frequency of tuning fork
Formula:
If the first and second resonance lengths are L1 and L2 then

19)

(a) Velocity of sound (Longitudinal wave) in elastic medium:

Where E = Coefficient of elasticity of medium, d = density

For a solid medium:

, where E=Y = Youngs coefficient of elasticity

In a liquid medium:

, where E=K= Coefficient of volume elasticity.

In gaseous medium:

M = molecular, P = pressure, T = temperature.

(b) In stretched vibrating wire or a string, the velocity of a transverse wave:

20) factors affecting the velocity of sound in the gas:

5) At 00C velocity of sound in dry air = 332 m/sec, while the velocity sound in water is 1440 m/sec. At t 0 C the
velocity of sound will be (for low values of t, t/273<<1).
Vt = 330+0.61 m/sec.
6) In atomic weights of two gases are M1 and M2 respectively then

21) features of musical sound:

1) Loudness:
The quality of sound on the basis of which sound is said to be high or low. It depends on the.
a) shape of the source
b) intensity of sound

unit of L is phone when I is measured in decibel.

The amplitude of a roaring lion is more than sound produced by a mosquito.
2) Pitch:
On the basis of this characteristic sound is said to be sharp or dull. Pitch increases with the frequency of sound.
For example pitch of roaring lion is less than that of sound of mosquito.
3) Quality:
On the basis of this property the sound of same loudness and pitch can be differentiated. The basis of this
differentiation is number of harmonics present in the sound, relative intensity etc. On increasing the number of
overtones, sweetness of sound increases. Example: Whistles sound (closed pipe) is less sweet than that of flute
(open pipe)
22) some important information:

1) Shock waves: A body moving with a supersonic velocity leaves behind itself a conical disturbance region.
Disturbance of this kind is called a short wave. These have a large amount of energy which can damage the
buildings.
2) Frequency of infrasonic waves is less than 20 Hz.
3) Frequency of ultrasonic waves is more than 20000 Hz.
4) Mach number = speed of any vehicle or body/ speed of sound.
5) Vibration of tuning fork: when tuning fork is sounded by striking its one end on rubber pad, then
(a) The ends of prongs vibrate in and out while the stem vibrates up and down or

vibrations of the

prongs are transverse and that of the stem is longitudinal. Generally tuning fork produces fundamental
node.
(b) At the free end of a fork antinodes are formed. At the place where stem is fixed antinodes is formed. In

between these antinodes, nodes are formed.

Fig (7)
(c) Frequency of tuning fork :

t = thickness of tuning fork.

l = length of arm of fork.
E = Coefficient of elasticity for the material of fork.
d = density of the material of a fork.
(d) Frequency of tuning fork decrease with increase in temperature.
(e) Increasing the weight, the frequency of a tuning fork decreases while on filing the prongs near stem, the
frequency decreases.