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Differentiation
2.1
2.1.1
Derivative
Derivative
f 0(a) = lim
()
dy
dy
0
=
(a)
=
f
(a).
dx x=a dx
2.1.2
Differentiable functions
Geometrical Meaning
2.1.4
Example
2.1.5
Rules of Differentiation
Remark
dy
dy
du
=
,
()
dx du u=u(x) dx
where
dy
d
0
= f (x) = f (u(x)),
dx
dx
d
dy
dy
0
0
= f (u) =
f (u),
=
f
(u)|u=u(x) .
du
du
du u=u(x)
2.2
2.2.1
dy
dt
.
dx
dt
y = u(t),
x = v(t).
Then
dy
=
dx
2.2.2
dy
dt
dx
dt
u0(t)
= 0 .
v (t)
Example
Implicit Differentiation
equation
F (x, y) = 0.
In other words, the function y = y(x) is determined
by the above equation. To compute
dy
we may differdx
dy
.
dx
Example
10
dy
, we differentiate the equation with
dx
To compute
respect to x:
dy
= 0,
dx
dy
x
from which we get
= .
dx
y
2x + 2y
Example
dy
Find
if 2y = x2 + sin y.
dx
Solution. Differentiate both sides with respect to x,
2
dy
dy
= 2x + cos y .
dx
dx
So
dy
dy
2x
(2 cos y) = 2x
=
.
dx
dx 2 cos y
10
11
2.2.6
Example
dy
.
dx
Higher order derivatives are obtained when we differentiate repeatedly. Let y = f (x), then the following
notation is used:
d dy
d2y
= 2 = f 00(x),
dx dx
dx
11
d
dx
dy
dx2
d3y
= 3 = f 000(x).
dx
12
Example
Let f (x) =
x. Compute f 000(x).
Solution
1
f 0(x) = x1/2,
2
2.3
2.3.1
1
f 00(x) = x3/2,
4
3
f 000(x) = x5/2.
8
13
domain.
Similarly a function f has a local (relative) minimum value at a point c of its domain if f (x) f (c)
for all x in a neighborhood of c. The function has an
absolute minimum value at c if f (x) f (c) for all
x in the domain.
Local (respectively, absolute) minimum and maximum values are called local (respectively, absolute)
extremes.
2.3.2
14
Critical points
Example
Let
f (x) =
(x 1)2 if x 0,
(x + 1)2 if x < 0.
14
15
2.4
2.4.1
15
16
2.4.2
Example
1
3
f 0(x) = 2x2+2x+2 = 2 (x + )2 +
> 0 for all x.
2
4
16
17
2.4.4
Concavity
Definition
17
18
2.5.2
Concavity Test
The graph of y = f (x) is concave down on any interval where y 00 < 0, and concave up on any interval
where y 00 > 0.
2.5.3
Example
18
19
2.5.4
Points of Inflection
Examples.
19
20
2.5.6
Example
21
Optimization Problems
To optimize something means to maximize or minimize some aspect of it. In the mathematical models
in which functions are used to describe the things
(variables) involved, we are usually required to find
the absolute maximum or minimum value of a continuous function over a closed interval.
21
22
2.6.1
Example.
23
We have volume
V = r2h = 1000,
and so h =
1000
.
r2
2000
,
r
r > 0.
2000
.
r2
Setting A0 = 0, we get r =
23
24
3
( 500
) .
4000
A = 4 + 3 > 0,
r
00
for r > 0.
3
Thus r = ( 500
) leads to minimum of A. This value
of r gives h = 2r.
Thus the dimensions of the can are r = 5.42cm and
h = 10.84cm.
2.7
Indeterminate Forms
25
LHospitals Rule
Suppose that
(1) f and g are differentiable in a neighborhood of
x0;
(2) f (x0) = g(x0) = 0;
(3) g 0(x) 6= 0 except possibly at x0.
Then
f (x)
f 0(x)
lim
= lim 0 .
xx0 g(x)
xx0 g (x)
In particular,
Suppose f (a) = g(a) = 0, f 0(a) and g 0(a) exist, and
25
26
g 0(a) 6= 0. Then
f (x) f 0(a)
lim
= 0 .
xa g(x)
g (a)
2.7.2
(i)
(ii)
Example.
3x sin x 3 cos x
lim
=
= 2.
x0
x
1
x=0
1
1
1
1 + x 1 2 (1 + x) 2
= .
=
lim
x0
x
1
2
x=0
(iii)
x sin x
1 cos x
sin x cos x
1
lim
= lim
= lim
=
= .
x0
x0
x0 6x
x3
3x2
6 x=0 6
(iv)
1 cos x
sin x
lim
= lim
= 0.
x0 x + x2
x0 1 + 2x
26
27
2.7.3
Remark.
or
27
28
2.7.5
(i)
Example.
(of form
tan x
sec2 x
lim
= lim
= 1.
1 + tan x
sec2 x
x 2
x 2
(ii)
(of form
1 4x
4
2
x 2x2
= lim
= lim
= .
lim
x
x 6
x 3x2 + 5
6x
3
(iii)
(of form 0 )
1
x
lim x cot x = lim
= lim
= 1.
x0+
x0+ sec2 x
x0+ tan x
28
0
0
form before we