Zumdahl Chapter 3: Stoichiometry

Chemical Stoichiometry: the quantities of materials consumed and produced in chemical

reactions.
3.1: Atomic Masses
1961 modern system of atomic masses instituted; 12C is assigned a mass of exactly 12 atomic mass units
(amu), and the masses of all other atoms are given relative to this standard.
Mass spectrometer: most accurate method available for comparing the masses (atomic weight) of atoms.
Atoms/molecules are passed into a beam of high-speed electrons, which knock electrons of the
atoms/molecules and change them to positive ions. An applied electric field then accelerates ions thru a
magnetic field, which deflects the paths of the ions causing the ions to separate. Also determines the
isotopic composition of a natural element (C12, C13, C14).
Amount of deflection depends on mass (largest mass deflected smallest amount)
Carbon has a mix of isotopes (12, 13, 14), therefore atomic mass is based on an average value (12.01)
Even though natural carbon doesnt contain a single atom with mass 12.01, for stoichiometric purposes
we consider carbon to be composed of only one type of atom with a mass of 12.01.
That way we can count atoms of natural carbon by weighing a sample of carbon
Example 3.1
For every 100 atoms of natural copper, on average, 69.09 are 63Cu and 30.91 are 65Cu. Calculate the
average mass of natural copper. The mass values for 63Cu and 65Cu are 62.93 and 64.93 amu.
(69.09 atoms)(62.93 amu/atom) + (30.91 atoms)(64.93 amu/atom) = 6355 amu
6355 amu/100 atoms = 63.55 amu/atom
3.2: The Mole
Mole: the number equal to the number of carbon atoms in exactly 12 grams of pure 12C. OR a sample of
a natural element with a mass equal to the elements atomic mass expressed in grams contains 1
mole of atoms.
Avogadros Number: one mole of something consists of 6.022x1023 units of that substance.
6.022x1023 = 1g
Example 3.2
Compute the mass in grams of a sample of americium containing six atoms; amu of 243
243 amu/atom x 6 atoms = 1.46x10^3 amu
1.46x10^3 amu x 1 g/ 6.022x1023 amu = 2.42x10^21 g
Relationship allows for conversion between amu and grams
Example 3.3
A silicon ship has a mass of 5.68mg. How many silicon (Si) atoms are present in this chip?
5.68mg/1000mg = .00568 g Si
.00568 g Si x 1 mol Si/28.09 g Si = 2.02 x 10^-4 mol Si
2.02 x 10^-4 mol Si x 6.022x1023 atoms/1 mol. Si = 1.22 x 10^20 atoms
Pay careful attention to units and make sure the answer is sensible!!
3.3: Molar Mass
A chemical compound is a collection of atoms
Ex: methane consists of molecules that ea. contain 1 C and 4 H (CH4) How can we calculate the
mass of 1 mole of methane; what is the mass of 6.022x1023 CH4 molecules?
Since ea. Ch4 molecule contains 1 C atom and 4 H atoms the mass of 1 mole of methane can
be found by summing the masses of carbon and hydrogen present.
Mass 1 mol C = 12.011g
Mass 4 mol H = 4x 1.008g
Mass 1 mol CH4 = 16.043

16.043 represents the mass of 1 mole of methane molecules, called molar mass
Molar mass/molecular weight: the mass in grams of 1 mole of a compound
The molar mass is obtained by summing the masses of the component atoms
Applied to both ionic and molecular substances
Example 3.4
Isopentyl acetate (C7H14O2) is responsible for the scent of bananas; bees release about 1x10^-6 g of
this compound when they sting. How many molecules of this are released in a typical bee sting? How many
atoms of carbon are present? How many atoms of carbon are present?
Given mass and we want number of molecules, we must first compute the molar mass.
7 mol C x 12.011g/mol = 84.077 g C
14 mol H x 1.008g/mol = 14.111 g H
2 mol O x 15.999g/mol = 31.998 O
Mass 1 mol C7H14O2 = 130.186 g
1x10^-6 g C7H14O2 x 1 mol C7H14O2 = 8x10^-9 mol C7H14O2
130.186 g C7H14O2
8x10^-9 mol C7H14O2 x 6.022x1023 molecules = 5x10^15 molecules
1 mol C7H14O2
5x10^15 molecules x 7 carbon atoms = 4x10^16 carbon atoms
molecule
3.4: Percent Composition of Compounds
Can obtain this from the formula of the compound by comparing the mass of each element present in 1
mole of that compound with the total mass of 1 mole of the compound.
Example: ethanol (C2H5OH)
Mass C = 2 mol x 12.011 g/mol = 24.022 g
Mass H = 6 mol x 1.008 g/mol = 6.048 g
Mass O = 1 mol x 15.999 g/mol = 15.999 g
Mass of 1 mol of C2H5OH = 46.069 g
Mass percent of carbon in ethanol can be computed by comparing the mass of carbon in 1 mole of
ethanol with the total mass of 1 mole of ethanol and multiplying the result by 100%.
Mass percent of C = mass of C in 1 mol C2H5OH x 100%
Mass of 1 mol C2H5OH
= 24.022g/46.069g x 100%
= 52.144%
Check that percentages add up to 100
Example 3.5
See page 59
3.5 Determining the Formula of a Compound
Formula for a compound is usually found by taking a weighed sample of the compound and wither
decomposing it into its component elements or reacting it with oxygen to produce substances such as
CO2, H20 and N2 which are then collected and weighed
Determination of the Empirical Formula
Since mass % gives the number of grams of a particular element per 100 g of compound, base
the calculation on 100g of compound. Each percent will then represent the mass in g of that
element present in the compound.
Determine the number of moles of each element present in 100 g of compound, using the atomic
weights (masses) of the elements present.

Divide each value of the number of moles by the smallest of the values. If each resulting number
is a whole number (after appropriate rounding), these numbers represent the subscripts of the
elements in the empirical formula.
If the numbers obtained in the previous step are not whole numbers, multiply each number by an
integer so that the results are all whole numbers.
Example: See page 60
Determination of the Molecular Formula
Method One (example on page 62)
Obtain the empirical formula.
Compute the empirical formula mass.
Calculate the ratio of molar mass/empirical formula mass
The integer from the previous step represents the number of empirical formula units in one
molecule. When the empirical formula subscripts are multiplied by this integer, we obtain the
molecular formula.
Method Two
Using the mass percents and the molar mass, determine the mass of each element present in 1
mole of compound.
Determine the number of moles of each element present in 1 mole of compound.
The integers from the previous step represent the subscripts in the molecular formula.
Example: see page 63
3.6: Chemical Equations
Chemical Reactions
Involves reorganization of atoms in one + substances
Chemical Equation: representation of reorganization
Reactants: left side of arrow
Products: right side of arrow
CH4 + O2 CO2 + H2O
Bonds have been broken and new ones formed. In a chemical reaction atoms are neither created
nor destroyed. All atoms present in the reactant must be accounted for among the products.
Balancing a chemical equation: makes sure rule above is followed.
CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
The Meaning of a Chemical Equation
Nature of reactants and products
Relative numbers of each
Equation also includes the physical states of reactants/products
Relative numbers of reactants/products in a reaction are shown by coefficients in a balanced equation
See table 3.2 to see all info. Conveyed by a balanced equation
3.7: Balancing Chemical Equations
Atoms are conserved in a chemical reaction
The formulas of the compounds must never be changed when balancing a chemical equation
Subscripts cant be changed; cant add/subtract from a formula
Writing and Balancing the Equation for a Chemical Reaction
Determine what reaction is occurring. What are the reactants, the products, and the states
involved?
Write the unbalanced equation that summarizes the above information.

Balance the equation by inspection, starting with the most complicated molecules. Determine
what coefficients are necessary to ensure that the same number of each type of atom appears on
both reactant and product sides. Do not change the identities of any of reactants/products.
3.8 Stoichiometric Calculations: Amounts of Reactants and Products
Coefficients in chemical equations represent numbers of molecules, not mass of molecules
Chemical equations can be used to deal with masses of reacting chemicals
Calculation of Masses of Reactants and Products in Chemical Reactions
Balance the equation for the reaction.
Convert the known masses of the substances to moles.
Use the balanced equation to set up the appropriate mole ratios.
Use the appropriate mole ratios to calculate the number of moles of the desired reactant or
product.
Convert from moles back to grams if required by the problem.
3.9: Calculations Involving a Limiting Reactant
Stoichiometric quantities: chemicals are mixed together in exactly the correct amounts so that all
reactants run out at the same time.
Limiting reactant/reagent: a reactant runs out leaving the other in excess; products cant form
Must use this to calculate a product
Theoretic Yield: the amount of a given product formed when the limiting reactant is completely
consumed.
Actual Yield is given as a percent of the theoretical yield.
Percent Yield: Actual yield/Theoretical yield x 100% = percent yield
Solving a Stoichiometry Problem Involving Masses of Reactants and Products
Write and balance the equation for the reaction.
Convert the known masses of substances to moles.
By comparing the mole ratio of reactants required by the balanced equation with the mole ratio
of reactants actually present, determine which reactant is limiting.
Using the amount of the limiting reactant and the appropriate mole ratios, compute the number of
moles of the desired product.
Convert from moles to grams using the molar mass.
Mole ratio = moles desired substance/moles limiting reactant
See page 77 for example 3.11