Professional Documents
Culture Documents
by
R. P. Deshpande
B. Tech. Hon. Elec. (I.I.T., Bom.)
Fellow, The Institution of Engineers (India)
Technical Consultant
Passive
Resistor
Capacitor
Inductor / choke
Transformer
Heater
Oven
Lamp
RLC network
Electro-mechanical
Fans / motor
Switch
contactor
Relay
Fuse
Circuit breaker
Connector
Cable
PASSIVE COMPONENTS
Resistor
Power loss
component
Resists all
currents AC / DC
Inductor
Capacitor
Associated with
magnetic field
Associated with
Electric field
Resists change in
current
Resists change in
voltage
Offer leading
power factor
Dampens surge
Represents work
current
being done / heat
produced
Short-circuit in DC
Dampens surge
voltage
Open-circuit in DC
ELECTRIC CURRENT
International Ampere
Unvarying current that would deposit 0.001118 000 grams
of silver per second from a solution of silver nitrate in water.
UNITS OF MEASUREMENT
Entity
Unit
Symbol
SI Derivation
Electric Charge
Coulomb
A .s
Resistance
Ohm
V/A
Capacitance
Farad
A.s / V
Inductance
Henry
V. s / A
Voltage
Volt
W/A
Energy
Joule
N. m
Power
Watt
J/s
Magnetic Flux
Weber
Wb
V.s
Tesla
Wb / m
Frequency
Hertz
Hz
Cycles /s
RESISTANCE
Resists all currents AC / DC.
Represents heat generation or rate of work done.
Can be fixed, variable, voltage or temperature dependent.
Inseparable part of most electronic circuits.
Ohm Symbol , is standard unit of electrical resistance in the
International System of Units (SI).
Ohm, multiplied by imaginary no. j= -1, represents reactance (X) of
capacitor or inductor, in AC circuits.
In SI Units, 1 Ohm is equivalent to 1 Kg. m2. S-3. A-2
RESISTORS IN
EVERYDAY LIFE
Types of resistors
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Other types:
Cermet composites of ceramics & metals as
Mo, Co, Ni
Water Resistor- Salt water tube / bath for resistance.
Temperature dependent resistors
CARBON FILM
RESISTORS
MFR & Metal Oxide resistor
construction is similar
Number
Colour
black
brown
red
orange
yellow
green
blue
violet
grey
white
Tol.
Colour
1%
brown
2%
red
5%
gold
10%
silver
(No. of
zeroes)
B. B. R O Y G B V Gr W
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
Bill Brown Realized Only Yesterday Good Boys Value Good Work
Black, Brown, Red, Orange,
Yellow,
Bill Brown Realized Only Yesterday Good Boys Value Good Work
Black, Brown, Red, Orange,
Yellow,
RTD SENSOR
Pt. resistor accuracy 0.0039 / /C
THERMISTER
Temp. accuracy 0.1C
CARBON POTENTIOMETERS
PRESETS
RHEOSTATS
INDUCTANCE
Resists change in current
Result of magnetic properties of materials and coils
Stores energy in the form of a magnetic field.
Offers lagging power factor
All transformers, chokes, motors use inductive
properties of coils and materials
Used in tuning circuits, oscillators, filters and ripple
smoothing circuits
Offers high impedance path to high frequency
currents, when used in a current path
SI Dimensions of Inductance
(omega)
Where XL
L
f
j
= BA
Weber is the magnetic flux which, linking a circuit of one turn would
produce in it an electromotive force of 1 volt if it were reduced to zero
at a uniform rate in 1 second.
Weber is commonly expressed in terms of other derived units as
Tesla-sq. m. (Tm2), volt-seconds (Vs), or joules per ampere (J/A)
In honour of Joseph Henry, the unit of inductance has been given the
name Henry (H):
1H = 1Wb/A.
di / dt = V / L
H = i/2r
[Amperes/meter, A/m]
B field is the sum of the H field and the magnetization M of the medium.
According to Faraday's Law, any change in this magnetic flux linkage
produces a self-induced voltage in a coil:
V=IR+ LI/t
(emf opposes applied voltage)
Electric Bell
Relay
Horseshoe electromagnet
mutual inductance
N1 is the number of turns in coil 1,
N2 is the number of turns in coil 2,
P21 is the permeance of the space occupied by the flux.
Q - FACTOR
An ideal inductor will be lossless irrespective of the amount of
current flowing through the winding.
Inductors have winding resistance from the metal wire forming the
coils. This resistance and core loss appear as a resistance in series
with the inductor, called the series resistance.
The quality factor (or Q) of an inductor is the ratio of its
inductive reactance to its resistance at a given frequency, and is
a measure of its efficiency.
Higher the Q factor of the inductor, the closer it approaches the
behavior of an ideal, lossless, inductor.
The Q factor of an inductor can be found through the following
formula, where R is its internal electrical resistance:
Q=L /R
Tube light
choke
INDUCTORS
Induction heating
Electromagnets
Solenoids / Relay coils
Yellow,
AC Waveforms
Series parallel
combinations
of R, L, & C
Ls = L1 + L2 + + Ln
C = C1 + C2 + C3
CAPACITORS
Resist change in voltage.
Uses electric field for working.
Offers leading power factor.
surge voltage dampening.
Resistance path to high frequency voltages.
Filter applications.
Power factor improvement on electrical installations.
CAPACITOR
d
C= 0 k A / d
Charge Q = C V
Energy stored:
E= C V2 = Q V
Polar Capacitors
General
Symbol
Variable
Capacitor
Gravitational Field
Objects with mass
Electric Field
Objects with charge
G
Same for all materials
Nkg-1 or ms-2
Field strength in a radial field
Vector
NC--1 or Vm-1
Vector
Always attractive,
Vector
Attractive or repulsive,
Vector
Jkg-1
Scalar
Always less than zero.
JC-1
Scalar
Sign depends on charges
Definition of Potential
Potential Energy
Ep = Fm
W=VQ
Parameter
CAPACITOR
INDUCTOR
Working medium
Electric field
Magnetic field
V/I property
V-I relationship
I = C dv/dt
V = - L di/dt
Energy stored
E = CV2
E = L I2
SI Dimension
C = A.s/V =F
L= V.s/A = s2/F
Time constant
CR
L/R
Xc = -1 / jC
I2Xc leading
XL = jL
I2XL lagging
AC Reactance
Reactive power
I-V phase relation
Power factor
Watt loss component
Leading
Lagging
D= RC = 1/Q
Q = L/R
C = 1/ (0 0)
Device
No. of capacitors
per unit
Mobile phone
260
Digital camera
310
Game console
315
Computer
700
Car
1700
ELECTRODE MATERIALS
ALUMINIUM
ZINC
Coatings
Metallization of Zinc or Zn/Al alloy
SILVER
Coating
TITANIUM
Powder form
ELECTROLYTE
This works as conductor, while also serving for replenishment of
oxide layer of dielectric
Time
Voltage
0
0
1 RC
63%
2 RC
86%
3 RC
95%
4 RC
98%
5 RC
99%
Dielectric Constant
1.0059
Vacuum
1.000
5.9 6.0
Ceramic (CO6)
Glass (Silicon)
Poly propylene
Polyester
Water (for comparison)
45
42
2.25 2.3
3.2
78.5
AC current in capacitors
The current through a capacitor due to an AC source reverses
direction every half cycle. Except for the instant that the
current changes direction, the capacitor current is non-zero at
all times during a cycle. For this reason, it is commonly said
that capacitors "pass" AC.
The voltage across a capacitor is proportional to the integral
of the current, with sine waves in AC or signal circuits. This
results in a phase difference of 90 degrees, the current
leading the voltage phase angle.
The amplitude of the voltage depends on the amplitude of the
current divided by the product of the frequency of the current
with the capacitance, C.
Impedance of Capacitor
The ratio of the phasor voltage across a circuit element to
the phasor current through that element is called the
impedance Z. For a capacitor, the impedance is given by
Zc = Vc / Ic = -j / 2 fC = - j Xc
( Xc = 1 / C)
=2f
Simple
Equivalent
Circuit
DC / AC CAPACITORS
Capacitors:
SMD ceramic at top left;
SMD tantalum at bottom left;
through-hole tantalum at top right;
through-hole electrolytic at bottom
right. Major scale divisions are cm.
A 12 pF 20 kV fixed
vacuum capacitor
Colour
Digit
A
Digit
B
Multiplie
r
D
Tolerance
T > 10pf
Tolerance
T < 10pf
Black
x1
20%
2.0pF
Brown
x10
1%
0.1pF
-33x10-6
Red
x100
2%
0.25pF
-75x10-6
Orange
x1000
3%
-150x10-6
Yellow
x10k
+100%,-0%
-220x10-6
400v
Green
x100k
5%
-330x10-6
100v
Blue
x1m
-470x10-6
630v
Violet
Grey
x0.01
+80%,-20%
White
x0.1
10%
0.5pF
Temp.
Coeff.
TC
Working
voltage
V
-750x10-6
250v
Capacitor
Colour Code
Markings
Tolerance
Letter
C <10pF pF
0.1
0.25
0.5
0.5
C >10pF %
10
20
+80-20
CAPACITOR APPLICATIONS
Energy Storage
Resonant Circuits
Oscillators, Tuning
Smoothing
Power Supplies
H.F. Filters
Phase Shifting
Measurement & sensors
Capacitive Switching
Motors, Fans
Vacuum, Electrical &
mechanical parameters
Touch Control
Transient Suppression
Power Supplies
Auto Industry
Rotor
12 F
440V
120 F
230V
CAPACITORS IN
SINGLE PHASE MOTORS
12 F
440V
120 F
230V
STRAY CAPACITANCE
Unwanted capacitance arises on account of following:
Capacitor types:
Electrostatic: Use insulating material between electrodes
to act as dielectric. These are non-polar in nature.
DC Electrolytic Capacitors
Power Capacitors
&
Capacitor Banks
Electronic Capacitors
a)
b)
Construction
Electrostatic Capacitors
Electrolytic
Capacitors
Ceramic capacitors
The type of chip
capacitor that
predominates
because of its useful
range is the multilayer
ceramic chip (MLC).
The basis of this
structure is shown
Thick film capacitor electrodes are screen printed onto sheets of doped Barium
Titanate ceramic using interleaved pattern. These sheets are stacked under
pressure, dried, cut to size and sintered at a temperature around 1300C.
Electrodes are of a metal with a melting point higher than the sintering
temperature, and platinum (1774C) or palladium (1552C) are normally used.
Variable Capacitor
Trimmer Capacitor
Applications of Electrolytic
Capacitors:
Blocking & DC Bypass
DC Filters
Energy Discharge Application
Photoflash, Strobe, Military(Laser Radar)
Audio Systems
A.C.Motor Start
Power Supply filters/ Ripple control
Advantages:
High volumetric efficiency
Easily mounted on PCB
Superior freq. Characteristics
Highly reliable- Do not lose capacitance with time.
Do not wear out
Wide temp. range 55 to +125 deg C, with no capacitance change
Tantalum Capacitors
So far we knew
ELECTROCHEMICAL CAPACITORS
(EC CAPACITORS)
ULTRACAPACITORS, SUPERCAPACITORS,
Gold Capacitors, etc.
FARAD IS NO LONGER TOO LARGE A UNIT
ULTRACAPACITORS ARE RATED IN FARADS OR KILOFARADS.
Energy stored :
E= C V2
= [ 0 k A /d ] V2
2. Larger Area A
3. Thinner Dielectric (d)
RAGONE CHART
(Per Litre)
Source:
www.cap-xx.com
Ultracapacitor
Sizes & Shapes
Stackable 2200 F
3.8-2.2v 14 Wh
5.5 x 4 x 3.3
CAPACITOR
1500 F 2.7 VOLT
EC Capacitors:
RACING CARS
Toyota TS030 Hybrid (2012)
in 24 Hr. endurance test, Japan
IC Engine (Petrol) + U-cap (No battery)
Rear Motor: 225 KW (300HP)
Front motors used for regen. braking &
recharging of U-caps
Total Power 830 BHP
Majority of 31 racing cars used U-caps
Formula Zero Karts
Fuel Cell Power 8.2 kW
Ultracapacitor power (8 sec) 40 kW
Total electric power 46 kW (66 HP)
Emissions 6 min. of racing: 0.3 ml of water
1 MW DISCHARGE
Max. 15 seconds
~ 2000 Nos. x 2000F
Ucap vs PbA Battery
1/3 vol 1/5 wt
Life: 15 years
Low/No maintenance
Siemens, Redox Engineering, LLC, Supercapacitor seminar, 2009
THANK YOU