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Examples:
-- Since childhood, painting has been her thing (here its the subject of the verb, has been)
-- Marys first love is cooking (here it is the subject complement of the verb, is)
-- My brother enjoys riding his horse more than riding his bicycle (direct object of the verb, enjoy)
-- David gives all of his energy and time to biology, or David gives biology all his time and energy (here it is the
indirect object of the verb, gives)
--> Heres the gerund usage: David gives running all his time and energy (here it is the indirect object of the verb,
gives)
-- Being the boss made her uncomfortable. --> "Being" is the gerund.
-- Cooking helps some people relax
-- Shouting is not the answer
-- Dancing went on all night long
VOA Learning English To + V expresses a movement, whether concrete or abstract, from one point toward the other:
Examples:
-- "I'm going to work"
-- "The class is going from 2pm to 5pm"
-- "She gave the book to John"
When you use the structure Verb + TO + Verb, this movement can express a cause/effect relationship or an idea of
will:
Examples:
-- "He works at the store to make some money" (cause/effect)
-- "He wants to come with me" (will)
In some other cases, V + TO + V can express something else than cause/effect or an idea of will. When you use
verbs such as "BELIEVE / APPEAR / SEEM / etc." the speaker can use TO + V to express an objective judgment
(saying something is true, probable, possible, etc.):
Examples:
-- "She seems to be nice"
-- "I believe it to be the truth"
VOA Learning English Verb + ING expresses an outlook on the action expressed by the verb, a personal judgment
of that action:
-- "I like fishing" > the speaker remembers the times that he/she fished, and feels as if they relived those moments
(the ING form makes the action expressed by the verb very real by showing it as 'happening')
-- "I like to fish" > more general statement, no judgment.
VOA Learning English Fill in the gaps with TO+Verb or Verb+ING, depending on the context:
1) He decided ____ (go) to the beach tomorrow.
2) (John and Paul are in the middle of a video game). John says "I like _____ (play) against you, you're a good player
Paul!"
3) _____ (drive) in Washington D.C. during rush hour can be daunting!
4) I expect them ____ (arrive) on time for the meeting.
VOA Learning English > When you wish for something, there is a movement: you want to reach a goal, you
project yourself toward something. Therefore, it is often the case that when people express a wish, a desire, a goal,
they use 'to+verb'.
-- "I dream to be a go many places."
> Other verbs are always followed by -ING! These verbs are (and that's not an exhaustive list):
- appreciate
- avoid
- consider
- feel like
- enjoy
- imagine
- miss
- practice
- regret
- suggest
- can('t) help + ING (to be forced or drawn to something)
- can('t) resist + ING
- can('t) stand + ING (to accept or deal with)
=> "I'm very happy" (general statement) / "I'm so happy" (subjective statement, meant to emphasize the degree of
happiness)
=> "She's very nice (general) / "She's so nice" (subjective, emphasizing the speaker's opinion of that person)
Prepositions
Grammar1
VOA Learning English 1. Short answer: We have two rules for short answers of yes/no questions.
Rule 1 - The answer is usually three words. ("Do you speak more than three languages?" -- Yes, I do. OR No, I don't.)
Rule 2 -- We use a form of the first word of the question in the an...swer.
Ex 1: DO you speak more than three languages? -- Yes, I DO./ No, I DON'T.
Ex 2: Are you tired? -- Yes, I am ( Wrong: Yes, i'm)
VOA Learning English >> NOTHING, NO ONE, SOMETHING, SOMEONE, ANYTHING, ANYONE <<
Positive sentences:
nothing
no one
...something
someone
Example: Teresa bought something at the shop.
Negative sentences:
anything
anyone
Example: Teresa didn't buy anything at the market.
Note: The majority of American English is informal. However, there are times when formality is preferred. Asking for
food is one of those times. Talking on the telephone is another.
Example:
...May I have a cookie?
May I speak to Jon, please?
30 Maret 2011 pukul 11:10 Suka 3
Is everybody on the same page? (on the same page -- understanding it the same way)
19 April 2011 pukul 10:21 Suka 3
Prefixes: a or an
Meaning: not, without
Examples: anarchy, anonymous, aphasia, atypical, amoral
--Prefix: ab
Meaning: away, from , down, off.
Example: abnormal, abstract, absorb
--Prefix: acro
Meaning: high, tip
Ex: Acrobat, acrophobia, acronym, acromegaly, acropolis
--Prefix: anti
Meaning: against
Ex: anticlimax, antiwar
--Prefix: bi
meaning: two
Ex: binary, bilingual, bicameralism
--Prefix: cent
Meaning: 100/100th
Ex: centenary, centimeter, centipede
--21 April 2011 pukul 23:45 Suka 2
- To get someone TO do something = to persuade while showing satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the result
_____________________________________________________
1. MAKE:
remember that after 'make' the infinitive does not take 'to'.
Example:
-- I made him WORK harder (and not 'I made him to work')
-- She made him BUY her a new cellphone (and not 'to buy')
-- She made him write down the date 1,000 times. (and not 'to write')
2. HAVE:
'to have someone do something.' It is slightly different than 'make'. 'Make' expresses a certain mental/physical force
imposed on the person. 'Have' expresses that you want something to be done => you give an order, directions:
-- "I had my parents arrive early for dinner because I did not want to eat too late."
-- "She had her sister organize her bridal shower."
'Have someone do something' is synonym with 'persuade' and not 'force'.
Example:
-- "I had my parents buy me a new car" (I persuaded them to buy me a new car)
-- "I made my parents buy me a new car" (I forced them to buy me a new car)
Because it is close to the meaning of 'persuade', the causative 'have' is often used in a passive way:
Example:
-- " I had my hair cut"
In this case, you cannot persuade an inanimate object (hair) so the structure is passive.
3. GET
'get someone to do something'. It is very similar to 'have someone do something' in its meaning, but unlike 'have' it
uses TO + INFINITIVE.
Example:
-- "I got him to study harder for the test"
'Get someone TO DO something' means that you persuade, convince someone (just like 'have'). The slight difference
is that you focus on the result, on the end action:
-- She had him drive her to work today (Focus: the fact that she persuades him)
-- She got him to drive her to work today (Focus: she was successful at persuading him, and she is happy about being
successful)
2 Mei 2011 pukul 23:44 Suka 2