FDP on

EE2036 Flexible AC Transmission System

Organized by
Dr. R.P. Kumudini Devi & Dr. P. Somasundaram
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
College of Engineering, Guindy, Anna University, Chennai

Sponsored by Anna University

Chennai
1/15/2015

Coordination of FACTS
controllers
By
Dr. S. Arunachalam
Associate Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering
St. Josephs College of Engineering, Chennai

1/15/2015

INTRODUCTION

Schematic Diagram of SVC Control

System

Basic Modes of SVC Control

Voltage control
mode
Reactive power
control mode
Electrical
Damping
Enhancement

Signals
Transmission Line Current
Transmission line active/reactive power
Bus angle and Frequency
Angular velocity of synchronous generator

Need for Damping by FACTS Controllers

Due to complexity of the present day system the number of

modes of oscillation experienced by the generators has
become large and the frequency of these modes has begun to
vary over a wide range.
Design of effective PSS has become extremely complex and
difficult.

Role of a FACTS Controller

In addition to doing its own function it is
designed to enhance the secure operation by
providing sufficient damaging over a wide
range of power system operating conditions.
FACTS controllers do provide these system
improvements but the problem is they may
interact adversely with one another.

Working of FACTS Controllers

FACTS damping control is superimposed on FACTS normal
control functions.
Sometimes the effectiveness can be hampered by the
interaction between FACTS normal control and the
damping control functions.

Changing the parameters of one FACTS controller affects

the parameters of other FACTS controllers

Co-ordination
Simultaneous tuning of the controllers to
attain an effective, positive improvement of
the overall control scheme

CONTROLLER INTERACTIONS

Controller
Interactions

Multiple FACTS
controllers of same
kind

Multiple FACTS
controllers of
different kind

Multiple FACTS
controllers and HVDC
converter controllers.

Classification
based on
Frequency
Ranges

Steady State Interactions

Electromechanical oscillations
Small signal or control oscillations
Sub synchronous resonance
Electromagnetic transients

Steady State Interactions

Frequency

0 Hz

Example

Steady State voltage control of FACTS and HVDC supplementary

control for voltage regulation

Program

Load Flow and Stability Programs

Index
Mitigate

Voltage Stability Factors

Centralized control of participating controllers

Combination of local and Centralized control of participating
controllers

Electro Mechanical-Oscillation
Interactions

Frequency

Local Mode 0.8 - 2 Hz

Inter Area Mode 0.2-0.8 Hz

Example

Interactions between Facts controllers which also involves generators

and associated PSS controls

Program

Eigen Value Analysis Programs

Index
Mitigate

Damping of sensitive modes

Co-ordinated operation of different FACTS controllers

Damping of different modes of oscillations assigned to separate
controllers

Control or Small Signal Oscillations

Frequency

2-15 Hz

Example

Interactions between Facts controllers and transmission network

Resonance between series capacitors and shunt reactors

Program

Frequency Scanning Programs

EMTP
Physical simulators
Eigen Value analysis

Index
Mitigate

Network Strength
FACTS control Parameters

Tuning of Controller gains

Sub synchronous Resonance

Interactions

Frequency

10-50/60 Hz

Example

Generators Torsional System and Series compensated transmission

line, HVDC converter controls or even SVCs

Program

Frequency Scanning Programs

EMTP
Eigen Value analysis

Index
Mitigate

Damage caused to generator shaft

Coordinated control of FACTS devices

High Frequency Interactions

Frequency

>15 Hz

Example

Large nonlinear disturbance

Program

Frequency Scanning Programs

EMTP
Eigen Value analysis

Index
Mitigate

THD

Coordinated control of FACTS devices located within 3 major buses

Stability of control system during coordination of FACTS devices

FREQUENCY RESPONSES OF FACTS

CONTROLLERS

Frequency Response of SVC

Reactive Power absorption of 22.5 Mvar to maintain bus voltage magnitude at

1.02 p.u.
Reactive Power injection of 50 Mvar to maintain bus voltage magnitude at 1.1
p.u.

Magnitude
Plot

Phase Angle
Plot

Frequency Response of TCSC

Magnitude
Plot

Phase Angle
Plot

Uncoupled SVC Buses (Transfer reactance high)

Coupled SVC Buses (Transfer reactance is low and depends on short
circuit capacity)

SVC-SVC INTERACTION

Test System

SVC-SVC
SVC-TCSC

HIGH FREQUENCY INTERACTIONS

Study System for Analysis of High

Frequency Interaction between SVCs

For a 2% Step change

in voltage
Eigen Value=-19+19.7
Eigen Value=-19-19.7

For a 2% Step change

in voltage
Eigen Value=-19.7+119
Eigen Value=-19.7-119

Response of individually Designed SVC

to step change in voltage of SVC 2

Response of coordinated control of

SVCs

Study System for SVC-TCSC

interactions

Response of TCSC

Response of SVC

Combined Response
of SVC and TCSC

Response after
Coordinated design
of SVC and TCSC

COORDINATION OF MULTIPLE
CONTROLLERS USING LINEAR CONTROL
TECHNIQUES

Basic Procedure for controller design

Derivation of the system model
Enumeration of the system performance specification
Selection of measurement and control signals
Controller design and coordination
Validation of design and performance evaluation

Derivation of System Model

Reduced Order Non Linear model of the power system

Linearized around an operating point

Further reduced depending upon the modes to be

damped but should retain same modal characteristics
over narrow range of frequencies

If these are not possible we can use identification

techniques

Enumeration of system performance

specifications
It should help the system survive the first few oscillations
of a severe disturbance
A minimum level of damping is ensured during the steady
state
Should avoid interactions with other controllers
Robust

Selection of Measurement and Control

Signal
Selected signals should be
Observable and controllable of the
relevant modes to be damped.

Controller Design and Coordination

Validation of design and performance

evaluation
Non linear time domain simulation

COORDINATION USING
CONSTRAINED OPTIMIZATION

Global Coordination using non linear

constrained optimization

PLACEMENT OF FACTS DEVICES

Placement of FACTS Devices

Large Scale
non linear
optimization
problem
with the
objective of
finding new
location and
size to cover
normal and
contingency
condition

Conventional
methods
Heuristic
Methods

Sensitivity
Based Methods

Generalized Reduced Gradient

Newton's Approach
SQP
Simulated Annealing
GA
Tabu Search
ACO
Firefly Algorithm
PSO
Analysis based on Index

Eigen value Analysis

Reference
Thyristor-Based Facts Controllers for Electrical
Transmission Systems by R. Mohan Mathur,
Rajiv K. Varma