Universality no separation of church and state, association between religion and

power, community and polity is part of the religion. It is concerned with the whole of
life, not limited but a total jurisdiction.
Central ultimate basis and focus for loyalty, religion is what united and
distinguished people from one group to another.
Why The Arab World Turned Away from Science
Islamic Art
Freud and The Middle East
Ch. 8 Retrun of Islam Islam and the West
Hassan al banna brother hood, educational, social, charitable and religious work.
1) Islamic Venice
2) Venice and the Islamic world
3)Venice and Islam: an allegiance of paradoxes
4. Hi Venice, it's Instanbul, can you send a painter?
5) Sultan Mehmet II invites Gentile Bellini to Istanbul
Understanding IslamicFundamentalism
164-187 Armstrong
Fundamentalism first established by jews and Christians, then Christians last, when
modernization occurs too quickly and religion and modern culture are not able to be
merged, resort to fundamentalism.
First began in US
Deep disappointment and with modern experiment, fear of religion being wiped out,
look to golden age for inspiration, radical and innovative in interpretation,
Highly critical of democracy and secularism, because emancipation of women is
hallmark of modern movement, they over emphasize agrarian gender roles.
Muslim fundamentalists are in tune with the rest of the worlds fundamentalists.
Mawdudi (founder of jamaat-I- Islam) saw power of west as gathering to crush
Islam, declared jihad central tenant of faith (an innovation, he believed justified by
the emergency of the situation)
Sayyid qutb influenced by mawdudi, at first a reformer like the rest but when he
was in concentration camp and saw brothers being tortured / killed decided that
religion and secularism cant get a long, declared contemporary muslim society as
jahili,
Separate from society (make hijrah( then engage in violent jihad
Taliban discriminate against women, selective vision of religion (reflective of
education in madrasas),ethnic patriotism,
141-156
Western Europe transformed itself from 1200-1500
Industrialization + need for markets -> colonization
Implant modernity superficially, something that had taken hundreds of years to
develop on colonized countries
Only richest could get a western education and appreciate modern practice
Divide, people not content, cities very apparently confused as old town became
museum pieces and replaced by modern cities by foreigners w/ laws and ideals they
didnt understand
European technology (modern army) was experienced as an assault to muslims

Napoleon occupied Egypt in 1798, wanted to cut british route to india, brought with
im corps of scholars, library, scientific lab, and printing press.
European colonization from late 18th century to 20th century
Lost Palestine in 1948 to Zionists, who set up jewish secular state with support of
UN and internation community, this is a symbol of humiliation of muslim world at
ahnds of western power
Sultan Mahmud II (ottoman) tried to modernize before colonization: abolished
janissaries, modernized army, introduced new tech.
Muhammad Ali (Egypt) made Egypt independent of istanbul, massacred political
opposition, 23k peasants killed, confiscated religiously endowed property,
marginalized ulama, taking away their power
Ulama became more insular and close minded against modernity
Grand son ismail pasha, even more succuesful paid for suez canal, build 900 miles
of railways, irrigated 1.3 mill acres of uncultivatble land, set up modern schools for
boys and girls, made Egypt bankrupt tho
Because british colony as a result (safeguard interests of European stake holders)
Western dominance posed many questions, Muslims blame their lack of spirituality
and connection with the religion to be the cause of their demise.
Jamal al din (al afghani) wanted to reform, go back to days of ijtihad and adapt
islam to modern world, his friend Muhammad Abdu believed education was the
answer (didnt believe western institutions could be transplanted into middle east,
modern legal and constitutions based on traditionals Islamic ideas that ppl could
understand, shurah democracy, madrasah reform.
Rashid Rida, abdus contemporary reformer, wanted to modernize fully Islamic
state based on reformed shariah, create college where studenets could study
modern sciences + fiqh.
Muhammad Iqbal (indian poet) islam is more rational than any western system,
led away from Sufism,
Hassan al banna (1906-49) muslim brotherhood, political and social reform,
western science and technology must go hand in hand with a spiritual reformation,
by 1948 millions of members, although some terrorism acts.
156-164
Secular ideologies and formation of nation states led to 2 wars, just as murderous
as religious bigotry.
In muslim world, secularism = brutal attack upon religion and the religious
(Muhammad ali, jamal abad al Nasser, Pahlavi monarchs)
Nationalism unity of ummah is treasured, arbritarily drawn kingdoms and republics
= muslims not used to thinking in terms of nations.
People previously identified with religious terms, now forced to establish common
nationalism, before religious groups were always autonomous. Cvil war in Lebanon
as a result
Some countries elite adopted nationalism, but not by masses.
Democracy in islam its Allah who gives a govt. legitimacy, not people. Islamic law
promoted shurah (consultation, ijmah, consensus, rashidun were elected by a
majority vote)
Democracy was tainted in practice, western countries proclaimed democracy for its
own ppl but expected muslims to submit to cruel dictatorships after elections were
rigged.
Wahaabi - > Saudi govt based on literal interpretation of the Quran women are
shrouded and secluded, traditional punishments,

1)Muslims in Europe #2
Increasing number of muslims coming to Europe now
Policies focus on security and counter terrorism, combating radicalization
Muslims viewed as the other , deep prejudice against Islam
Christianity vs Islam
Lots of European countries taking anti muslim moves , anti-minaret (Switzerland),
ban burqa (france), Netherlands far right politicians call islam facist, politicians link
islam to terrorism.
Racism assume Muslims dont share European values
At the end of the day, Muslims in Europe are a very small minority (3%)
Need to be inclusive and cohesive, making muslims feel at home. Atm prefer to
refer to them as immigrants and foreigners.
2) Muslims convert churches into mosques
3) Europe sees no problem and that's the problem
Try to ignore the fact that muslims are increasing, until something big happens
Treated similar to way jews were treated in Germany
Ali Baba and 40 thieves
Man rises to poor by means of lucky break
Poorest man can come across good fortune (not because of anyone elses action,
right place at right time to discover the thieves secret), but one must capitalize on
that good fortune through vigilance and cleverness
Open sesame phrase from it
Morgiana hero, clever, loyal, strong, calm in face of danger, earns respect through
natural abilities
Happy ending
1) Arabic influences on European Literature (BB)
Arabic language is very rich in terms of its clarity, precision, and eloquence
Quran was used as standard, lots of great literature followed
Qasidah long point, recounted incidences from the poets own life or of his tribe
Scholars during Umayyad period make effort to record the poetry
Golden age of Islamic culture/commerce under harun al rashid, secular + religious
literature,
Ghazal traditions,
Maqamat assemblies of amusing anecdotes
Belles-lettres, polite literature
Arab history is based on isnad quoting all available authorities and establishing
their reliability
Ibn khaldun father of mother historiography and sociology. Wrote muqaddimah,
which took into account variety of social, economic, cultural factors into history
writing
Shakespeare was obsessed with Arabism. Othello / prince of morocco.
Arab elements often confused with Persian and indian - > persisted through 19 th
century.
Dantes divine comedy takes a lot of details from isra + miraj and work of other arab
(ibn arabi)
Yearning for exotic imagery and language among Europeans
Literature is lasting legacy of arabs in the west
Thousand and One Knights (Arabian Knights) collection of stories, exciting,
romantic, amusing, entertaining. Highly popular among Europeans

Romance of adventure
Provided new set of themes for literature inspiried robinson crusoe, gullivers
travels
2) Immigration and Islam in Western Europe (BB)
Nearly all muslims in Europe are either immigrants themselves or children of
immigrants. Discussion is necessarily tied to immigration
Most muslim immigrants are low-skilled laborers
9/11 national security and immigration issues have increased
France (4.5), Germany (3), UK (1.5), Italy and Netherlands (.5). Overall minority in
terms of percentage (less than 10% in every country)
Common immigrant origin in each country (France Morocco, UK south asia,
Germany Turkey)
Immigrated to fill low skilled labor positions higher unemployment rates / poorer
educational outcomes (?)
Forced expulsion or political turmoil
Multiculturalism failure because it just leads to pockets of separated
communities/institutionalization of difference. Also supposedly will allow for
unmonitored growth of ultra-conservative strains of Islam.
UK and Netherlands Netherlands has integration of newcomers act, shows them
vids of gay ppl / naked women . No violence / female circumcision / honor killing
Turks in Germany,
France
Security issues increase police power in dealing with terrorism, greater access to
records, eavesdropping / wiretapping
1)Muslim populations under Non-Muslim rule ( chapter 2, pages 43-57,
Islam and the West)
Law is integral part of islam,
Divinely revealed, therefore legislative power of humans is limited in theory. But
rulers and jurists over past 1400 years have had to come up with laws, whether
from govt, from jurists, or below
Issue of interpretation analogy, reasoning, independent judgement
-need consensus (ijma), helped by necessity (darura)
4 schools of thought developed
Non muslims under muslim rule dhimmis enjoyed autonomy but limited in some
regards to protect order of state / primacy of islam
Debate over muslims in non muslim land. Do they have to migrate to muslim land?
Whose laws do they obey, etc.
Modern issue of muslims immigrating to nonmuslim lands. Unprecendented
problem, and most people are not well versed in classical views on this, but those
views are representative of the views of their homeland.
2) The Wahhabi Movement in Saudi Arabia (BB):
Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab scholar of fiqh
-concerned with jahiliya practices of people
-protection from local chieftain muhmmad ibn saud, formed an alliance
Central Arabia mid 18th century
Tawhid
Destroyed tombs of husayn in karbala and of holy men in medina
Very literal interpretation of quran and Sunnah
Leader excercised political will to enforce conformity
External appearance and behavior expression of inward faith

-treats women as third class citizens, imposes veil, denies them basic human rights
(freedom of travelling without permission or mahram, driving cars), separation of
sexes, until a few decades ago denied them public education and banned them from
radio and tv
-does not work well with progressive ideologies, sects like shiism and Sufism, or
other religions, outlaws celebration of prophet muhammads birthday, opposes
political freedom/expression, bans movie theaters, abhors smoking, singing,
dancing, denies Saudi citizenship to non muslims
-inspired Isis, spread in Afghanistan in 1979, afghans got support from Wahhabis
again soviet union