Chapter 16 Solutions

Fourier Series
Assessment Problems
AP 16.1
av =
1
T
2
ak =
T
=
2
bk =
T
2T /3
Vm dt +

2T /3
4Vm
3k0 T
Vm cos k0 t dt +
4k
sin
3
4Vm
3k0 T
7
dt = Vm = 7 V
9
T
2T /3
Vm
cos k0 t dt
3
6
4k
=
sin
k
3
T
Vm sin k0 t dt +

2T /3
0
Vm
3
2T /3
0

1
T
4k
1 cos
3
2T /3

Vm
sin k0 t dt
3

6
=
k
4k
1 cos
3

AP 16.2 [a] av = 7 = 21.99 V

[b] a1 = 5.196
b1 = 9
a2 = 2.598
a3 = 0 a4 = 1.299
a5 = 1.039
b2 = 4.5
b3 = 0
b5 = 1.8
b4 = 2.25
2
= 50 rad/s
T
[d] f3 = 3f0 = 23.87 Hz
[c] w0 =
[e] v(t) = 21.99 5.2 cos 50t + 9 sin 50t + 2.6 sin 100t + 4.5 cos 100t
1.3 sin 200t + 2.25 cos 200t + 1.04 sin 250t + 1.8 cos 250t + V
AP 16.3 Odd function with both half- and quarter-wave symmetry.
6Vm
vg (t) =
t,
T
0 t T /6;
av = 0,
ak = 0 for all k
2010 Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved. This publication is protected by Copyright and written permission should be
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval
161 system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording, or likewise. For information regarding permission(s), write to: Rights and Permissions Department,
Pearson Education, Inc., Upper Saddle River, NJ 07458.
162
CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

bk = 0 for k even
bk =
8
T
8
=
T
vg (t) =
T /4
0
f(t) sin k0 t dt,
T /6 6V
m
8
t sin k0 t dt +
T
12Vm
k
sin
2
2
k
3
12Vm
2
k odd
T /4
T /6
Vm sin k0 t dt
n
1
sin
sin n0 t V
2
3
n=1,3,5,... n
AP 16.4 [a] A1 = 5.2 j9 = 10.4/ 120 ;
A2 = 2.6 j4.5 = 5.2/ 60
A4 = 1.3 j2.25 = 2.6/ 120
A3 = 0;
A5 = 1.04 j1.8 = 2.1/ 60

1 = 120 ;
2 = 60 ;
4 = 120 ;
5 = 60
3 not dened;
[b] v(t) = 21.99 + 10.4 cos(50t 120 ) + 5.2 cos(100t 60 )

+2.6 cos(200t 120 ) + 2.1 cos(250t 60 ) + V
AP 16.5 The Fourier series for the input voltage is
8A
n
1
sin
sin n0 (t + T /4)
vi = 2
2
n=1,3,5,... n
2
8A
1
n
= 2
sin2
cos n0 t
2
n=1,3,5,... n
2
8A
1
cos n0 t
2
n=1,3,5,... n2
8(281.25 2 )
8A
=
= 2250 mV
2
2
0 =
2
2
=
103 = 10
T
200
obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means, electronic,
Problems
..
vi = 2250
163
1
cos 10nt mV
2
n=1,3,5,... n
From the circuit we have

Vo =
Vi
1
Vi
=
R + (1/jC) jC
1 + jRC
Vo =
1/RC
100
Vi =
Vi
1/RC + j
100 + j
Vi1 = 2250/0 mV;
0 = 10 rad/s
Vi3 =
2250
/0 = 250/0 mV;
9
Vi5 =
2250
/0 = 90/0 mV;
25
Vo1 =
100
(2250/0 ) = 2238.83/ 5.71 mV
100 + j10
Vo3 =
100
(250/0 ) = 239.46/ 16.70 mV
100 + j30
Vo5 =
100
(90/0 ) = 80.50/ 26.57 mV
100 + j50
..
30 = 30 rad/s
50 = 50 rad/s
vo = 2238.33 cos(10t 5.71 ) + 239.46 cos(30t 16.70 )

+80.50 cos(50t 26.57 ) + . . . mV
AP 16.6 [a] o =
2
2
=
(103 ) = 104 rad/s
T
0.2
vg (t) = 840
1
n
sin
cos n10,000t V
2
n=1,3,5,... n
= 840 cos 10,000t 280 cos 30,000t + 168 cos 50,000t

120 cos 70,000t + V
Vg1 = 840/0 V;
Vg3 = 280/180 V
Vg5 = 168/0 V;
Vg7 = 120/180 V
164

H(s) =
=
Vo
s
= 2
Vg
s + s + c2
1
109
= 4
= 5000 rad/s
RC
10 (20)
(109 )(103 )
1
=
= 25 108
=
LC
400
5000s
H(s) = 2
s + 5000s + 25 108
j5000
H(j) =
8
25 10 2 + j5000
c2
H1 =
j5 107
= 0.02/88.81
24 108 + j5 107
j15 107
H3 =
= 0.09/84.64
8
7
16 10 + j15 10
H5 =
j25 107
= 1/0
25 107
j35 107
H7 =
= 0.14/ 81.70
8
7
24 10 + j35 10
Vo1 = Vg1 H1 = 17.50/88.81 V
Vo3 = Vg3 H3 = 26.14/ 95.36 V
Vo5 = Vg5 H5 = 168/0 V
Vo7 = Vg7 H7 = 17.32/98.30 V
vo = 17.50 cos(10,000t + 88.81 ) + 26.14 cos(30,000t 95.36 )
+ 168 cos(50,000t) + 17.32 cos(70,000t + 98.30 ) + V
[b] The 5th harmonic because the circuit is a passive bandpass lter with a Q
of 10 and a center frequency of 50 krad/s.
AP 16.7
2 103
= 3 rad/s
w0 =
2094.4
j0 k = j3k
Problems
VR =
165
2
2sVg
(Vg ) = 2
2 + s + 1/s
s + 2s + 1

VR
Vg
H(s) =
s2
2s
+ 2s + 1
j6k
(1 9k 2 ) + j6k
H(j0 k) = H(j3k) =
Vg1 = 25.98/0 V
vg1 = 25.98 sin 0 t V;

H(j3) =
j6
= 0.6/ 53.13 ;
8 + j6
VR1 = 15.588/ 53.13 V
(15.588/ 2)2
= 60.75 W
P1 =
2
vg3 = 0,
therefore P3 = 0 W
Vg5 = 1.04/180
vg5 = 1.04 sin 50 t V;
j30
= 0.1327/ 82.37
224 + j30
H(j15) =
VR5 = (1.04/180 )(0.1327/ 82.37 ) = 138/97.63 mV
(0.1396/ 2)2
= 4.76 mW;
P5 =
2
therefore P
= P1
= 60.75 W
AP 16.8 Odd function with half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore av = 0, ak = 0

for all k, bk = 0 for k even; for k odd we have
8
bk =
T
T /8
0
8
k
8
2 sin k0 t dt +
T

k
1 + 3 cos
4
Therefore Cn =

AP 16.9 [a] Irms =
j4
n
T /4
T /8
8 sin k0 t dt

k odd
1 + 3 cos
n
4
T
2
T
3T
(2)2
(2) + (8)2
T
8
8
8
n odd

34 = 5.7683 A
166

[b] C1 =
j12.5
;
C3 =
j1.5
;
j1.8
;
C9 =
j1.4
;
C7 =
Irms

2
= Idc
+2
C5 =
j0.9
;
C11 =

|Cn |2
=
n=1,3,5,...
j0.4
2
(12.52 + 1.52 + 1.82 + 1.42 + 0.42 )
2
= 5.777 A
5.777 5.831
100 = 1.08%
5.831
[d] Using just the terms C1 C9 ,
[c] % Error =
Irms

2
= Idc
+2
|Cn |2
=
n=1,3,5,...
2
(12.52 + 1.52 + 1.82 + 1.42 )
2
= 5.774 A
% Error =
5.774 5.831
100 = 0.98%
5.831
Thus, the % error is still less than 1%.

AP 16.10 T = 32 ms, therefore 8 ms requires shifting the function T /4 to the right.
i=
n=
n(odd)
4
=
n=
4
n jn0 (tT /4)
1 + 3 cos
e
n
4
n j(n+1)(/2) jn0 t
1
1 + 3 cos
e
e
n
4
n(odd)
Problems
167
Problems
P 16.1
[a] Odd function with half- and quarter-wave symmetry, av = 0, ak = 0 for all
k, bk = 0 for even k; for k odd we have
8 T /4
4Vm
,
Vm sin k0 t dt =
bk =
T 0
k
and
4Vm
v(t) =
k odd
1
sin n0 t V
n=1,3,5,... n
[b] Even function: bk = 0 for k

2
av =
T
ak =
=
and
Vm sin
4
T
2Vm
t dt =
T
T /2
T /2
Vm sin
4Vm /
1 4k 2
2Vm
t cos k0 t dt =
T
1
1
+
1 2k 1 + 2k

2Vm
1
v(t) =
1+2
cos n0 t V
2
n=1 1 4n
1
[c] av =
T
2
ak =
T
T /2
Vm
2
Vm sin
t dt =
T
T /2
2
Vm
Vm sin t cos k0 t dt =
T
Note: ak = 0 for k-odd,

2
bk =
T

0
T /2
Vm sin
v(t) =
ak =
1 + cos k
1 k2
2Vm
(1 k 2)
for k even,
2
t sin k0 t dt = 0 for k = 2, 3, 4, . . .
T
For k = 1, we have b1 =
P 16.2
Vm
;
2
Vm Vm
2Vm
+
sin 0 t +
therefore
1
cos n0 t V
2
n=2,4,6,... 1 n
In studying the periodic function in Fig. P16.2 note that it can be visualized
as the combination of two half-wave rectied sine waves, as shown in the gure
below. Hence we can use the Fourier series for a half-wave rectied sine wave
which is given as the answer to Problem 16.1(c).
168
v1(t) =
100
200
cos no t
+ 50 sin o t +
V
n=2,4,6,... (n2 1)
v2(t) =
60
120
cos no (t T /2)
+ 30 sin o (t T /2) +
V
n=2,4,6,...
(n2 1)
Observe the following:

2 T
sin o (t T /2) = sin o t
T 2
= sin(o t ) = sin o t
2n T
cos no (t T /2) = cos no t
T 2
= cos(no t n) = cos no t
Using the observations above and that fact that n is even,

v2(t) =
60
120
cos(no t)
30 sin o t
V
n=2,4,6,... (n2 1)
Thus,
v(t) = v1 (t) + v2 (t) =
160
320
cos(no t)
+ 20 sin o t
V
n=2,4,6,... (n2 1)
Problems
P 16.3
[a] oa =
169
2
= 31, 415.93 rad/s
200 106
ob =
2
= 157.08 krad/s
40 106
1
1
1
=
= 5000 Hz;
fob =
= 25,000 Hz
6
T
200 10
40 106
100(10 106 )
avb =
[c] ava = 0;
= 25 V
40 106
[d] The periodic function in Fig. P16.1(a) has half-wave symmetry. Therefore,
[b] foa =
av = 0;
aka = 0 for k even;
For k odd,
aka
4
=
T
T /4
0
2kt
4
40 cos
dt +
T
T
bka = 0 for k even

T /2
80 cos
T /4
160 T
2kt T /4 320 T
2kt T /2
+
sin
sin
T 2k
T 0
T 2k
T T /4

k 160
80
k
sin
+
=
sin k sin
k
2
k
2
=
bka
2kt
dt
T
4
=
T
k
80
sin
,
k
2
T /4
k odd
2kt
4
40 sin
dt +
T
T
T /2
80 sin
T /4
2kt
dt
T

160 T
2kt T /4 320 T
2kt T /2
cos
cos
T 2k
T 0
T 2k
T T /4
160
80
(0 1) +
(1 0)
k
k
240
k
The periodic function in Fig. P16.1(b) is even; therefore, bk = 0 for all k.

Also,
avb = 25 V
akb =
4
T
T /8
100 cos
0
2kt
dt
T

400 T
2k T /8
=
sin
t
T 2k
T 0
=
200
k
sin
k
4
1610

[e] For the periodic function in Fig. P16.1(a),
80
n
1
3
cos no t + sin no t V
v(t) =
sin
n=1,3,5
n
2
n
For the periodic function in Fig. P16.1(b),

v(t) = 25 +
P 16.4
av =
1
T
2
ak =
T
=
2
bk =
T
200
1
n
sin
cos no t V
n=1 n
4
T /4
Vm dt +

T /4
1
T
Vm
5
dt = Vm = 37.5 V
8
T /4 2
T
Vm
cos k0 t dt
Vm cos k0 t dt +
T /4 2
T
Vm
k
30
k
sin
=
sin
k0 T
2
k
2

T /4
Vm
sin k0 t dt
Vm sin k0 t dt +
T /4 2
Vm
k
30
k
=
1 cos
=
1 cos
k0 T
2
k
2
P 16.5
[a] I6 =
to +T
to
to +T
1
sin m0 t dt =
cos m0 t
m0
to
1
[cos m0 (to + T ) cos m0to ]
m0
1
[cos m0 to cos m0T sin m0 to sin m0 T cos m0 to ]
m0
1
[cos m0 to 0 cos m0 to ] = 0 for all m,
m0
I7 =
to +T
to
cos m0 to dt =
to +T
1
[sin m0 t]
m0
to
1
[sin m0 (to + T ) sin m0 to ]
m0
1
[sin m0 to sin m0 to] = 0 for all m
m0
1 to +T
[b] I8 =
cos m0 t sin n0 t dt =
[sin(m + n)0 t sin(m n)0 t] dt
2 to
to
But (m + n) and (m n) are integers, therefore from I6 above, I8 = 0 for
all m, n.
to +T
Problems
1611
1 to +T
[c] I9 =
[cos(m n)0 t cos(m + n)0 t] dt
sin m0 t sin n0 t dt =
2 to
to
If m = n, both integrals are zero (I7 above). If m = n, we get
I9 =
to +T
1
2
[d] I10 =
=
to +T
to
to +T
to
1
2
dt
1
2
to +T
cos 2m0 t dt =
to
T
T
0 =
2
2
cos m0t cos n0 t dt
to +T
to
[cos(m n)0 t + cos(m + n)0 t] dt
If m = n, both integrals are zero (I7 above). If m = n, we have

I10
P 16.6
1
=
2
to +T
to
1
dt +
2
to +T
cos 2m0 t dt =
to
f(t) sin k0 t = av sin k0 t +
T
T
+0 =
2
2
an cos n0 t sin k0 t +
n=1
bn sin n0 t sin k0 t
n=1
Now integrate both sides from to to to + T. All the integrals on the right-hand
side reduce to zero except in the last summation when n = k, therefore we
have
to +T
to
P 16.7
f(t) sin k0 t dt = 0 + 0 + bk
T
2
2
or bk =
T
to +T
to
f(t) sin k0 t dt

T /2
1 to +T
1 0
av =
f(t) dt =
f(t) dt +
f(t) dt
T to
T
T /2
0
Let t = x,
dt = dx,
T
2
x=
when t =
T
2
and x = 0 when t = 0
1
T
Therefore
T /2
f(t) dt =
1
T
T /2
f(x)(dx) =
1
T

0
T /2
f(x) dx
1 T /2
1 T /2
f(t) dt +
f(t) dt = 0
Therefore av =
T 0
T 0
ak =
2
T
T /2
f(t) cos k0 t dt +
2
T

0
T /2
f(t) cos k0 t dt
Again, let t = x in the rst integral and we get

2
T
2
f(t) cos k0 t dt =
T
T /2
0

0
T /2
f(x) cos k0 x dx
1612
Therefore ak = 0
2
bk =
T
for all k.
2
f(t) sin k0 t dt +
T
T /2
0
T /2
f(t) sin k0 t dt
Using the substitution t = x, the rst integral becomes

2
T
T /2
f(x) sin k0 x dx
4
Therefore we have bk =
T
T /2
f(t) sin k0 t dt
P 16.8
2 0
2 T /2
f(t) sin k0 t dt +
f(t) sin k0 t dt
T T /2
T 0
Now let t = x T /2 in the rst integral, then dt = dx, x = 0 when t = T /2
and x = T /2 when t = 0, also
sin k0 (x T /2) = sin(k0 x k) = sin k0 x cos k. Therefore
bk =
2
T
2
f(t) sin k0 t dt =
T
T /2
0
2
(1 cos k)
T
bk =

0
T /2
f(x) sin k0 x cos k dx and
T /2
f(x) sin k0 t dt
Now note that 1 cos k = 0 when k is even, and 1 cos k = 2 when k is

odd. Therefore bk = 0 when k is even, and
4
T
bk =
P 16.9
T /2
f(t) sin k0 t dt when k is odd
Because the function is even and has half-wave symmetry, we have av = 0,

ak = 0 for k even, bk = 0 for all k and
ak =
4
T
T /2
f(t) cos k0 t dt,
k odd
The function also has quarter-wave symmetry;

therefore f(t) = f(T /2 t) in the interval T /4 t T /2;
thus we write
4
ak =
T

0
T /4
4
f(t) cos k0 t dt +
T
T /2
T /4
f(t) cos k0 t dt
Now let t = (T /2 x) in the second integral, then dt = dx, x = T /4 when

t = T /4 and x = 0 when t = T /2. Therefore we get
4
T
T /2
T /4
4
f(t) cos k0 t dt =
T

0
T /4
f(x) cos k cos k0 x dx
Problems
1613
Therefore we have
4
ak = (1 cos k)
T
T /4
f(t) cos k0 t dt
But k is odd, hence

8
ak =
T
T /4
f(t) cos k0 t dt,
k odd
P 16.10 Because the function is odd and has half-wave symmetry, av = 0, ak = 0 for all
k, and bk = 0 for k even. For k odd we have
bk =
4 T /2
f(t) sin k0 t dt
T 0
The function also has quarter-wave symmetry, therefore f(t) = f(T /2 t) in

the interval T /4 t T /2. Thus we have
bk =
4
T
T /4
f(t) sin k0 t dt +
4
T
T /2
T /4
f(t) sin k0 t dt
Now let t = (T /2 x) in the second integral and note that dt = dx, x = T /4

when t = T /4 and x = 0 when t = T /2, thus
T /4
4
4 T /2
f(t) sin k0 t dt = cos k
f(x)(sin k0 x) dx
T T /4
T
0
But k is odd, therefore the expression for bk becomes

bk =
8
T

0
P 16.11 [a] o =
T /4
f(t) sin k0 t dt
2
= 2 rad/s
T
[b] yes
[c] no
[d] no
P 16.12 [a] f =
1
1
=
= 62.5 Hz
T
16 103
[b] no
[c] yes
[d] yes
[e] yes
1614

[f] av = 0,
function is odd
ak = 0,
for all k; the function is odd
bk = 0,
for k even, the function has half-wave symmetry
8
bk =
T
8
=
T
=
T /4
f(t) sin ko t,

k odd
T /8
5t sin ko t dt +
T /4
T /8
0.01 sin ko t dt
8
{Int1 + Int2}
T
T /8
t sin ko t dt
Int1 = 5
0
T /8
t
1
= 5 2 2 sin ko t
cos ko t
k o
ko
0
5
k 2o2
sin
k 0.625T
k
cos
4
ko
4

T /4 0.01
0.01
k
sin ko t dt =
cos ko t =
cos
Int2 = 0.01
ko
ko
4
T /8
T /8
T /4
k
5
0.01 0.625T
+
Int1 + Int2 = 2 2 sin

k o
4
ko
ko
cos
k
4
0.625T = 0.625(16 103 ) = 0.01

. .
Int1 + Int2 =
5
k 2 o2
sin
k
4
bk =
5
0.16
k
k
8
2 2 T 2 sin
= 2 2 sin
,
T 4 k
4
k
4
i(t) =
160
sin(n/4)
sin no t mA
2
n=1,3,5,...
n2
k odd
P 16.13 [a] v(t) is even and has both half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore
av = 0, bk = 0 for all k, ak = 0 for k-even; for odd k we have
8
ak =
T
v(t) =
T /4
4Vm
4Vm
k
sin
Vm cos k0 t dt =
k
2
n=1,3,5,...
n
1
sin
cos n0 t V
n
2
Problems
1615
[b] v(t) is even and has both half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore
av = 0, bk = 0 for k-even, ak = 0 for all k; for k-odd we have
ak =
8
T
T /4 4V
p
8Vp
2k2
t Vp cos k0 t dt =
8Vp
Therefore v(t) =
2
1
cos n0 t V
2
n=1,3,5,... n
P 16.14 [a]
[b] av = 0;
8
bk =
T
=
ak = 0,
bk = 0,
f(t) sin k0 t dt,

T /4
960
= 2
T
80
t sin k0 t dt +
T
k0
T /2
10 +
T /4
T /4
T /8
T /8
0
320 sin k0 t t cos k0 t

+ 2
T
k 2 02
k0
k
T
=
;
4
2
8
120t
sin k0 t dt +
T
T
T /8
for k odd
960 sin k0 t t cos k0 t
= 2
T
k 2 02
k0
k0
for k even
T /4
8
T
for all k;
40
t sin k0 t dt
T
320
sin k0 t dt + 2
T
T /4
T /8
t sin k0 t dt
80 cos k0 t T /4
T k0 T /8
T /4
T /8
k
T
=
8
4

960 sin(k/4)
T
80
[cos(k/2) cos(k/4)]
cos(k/4)
bk = 2
2
2
T
k 0
8k0
k0 T

320 sin(k/2) T cos(k/2) sin(k/4) T cos(k/4)

+ 2
+
T
k 202
4
k0
k 2 02
8k0
1616
960
320
320
sin(k/4) +
sin(k/2)
sin(k/4)
2
2
(k0 T )
(k0 T )
(ko T )2
640
320
sin(k/4) +
sin(k/2)
2
(k0 T )
(k0 T )2
k0 T = 2k;
bk =
[c] bk =
(k0 T )2 = 4k 2 2
160
80
sin(k/4) + 2 2 sin(k/2)
2
2
k
k
80
[2 sin(k/4) + sin(k/2)]
2k2
b1 =
80
[2 sin(/4) + sin(/2)]
= 19.57
2
b3 =
80
[2 sin(3/4) + sin(3/2)]
= 0.37
9 2
b5 =
80
[2 sin(5/4) + sin(5/2)]
= 0.13
25 2
f(t) = 19.57 sin(0 t) + 0.37 sin(30 t) 0.13 sin(50 t) + . . .

[d] t =
T
;
4
0 t =
2 T
=
T 4
2
f(T /4)
= 19.57 sin(/2) + 0.37 sin(3/2) 0.13 sin(5/2)
= 19.81
P 16.15 [a]
[b] Even, since f(t) = f(t)

[c] Yes, since f(t) = f(T /2 t) in the interval 0 < t < 4.
Problems
[d] av = 0,
ak = 0,
bk = 0,
1617
for k even (half-wave symmetry)
for all k
(function is even)
Because of the quarter-wave symmetry, the expression for ak is

ak =
8
T
T /4
f(t) cos k0 t dt,
8
=
8

0
2t
k 2 t2 2
4t2 cos k0 t dt = 4 2 2 cos k0 t + 0 3 3 sin k0 t
k 0
k 0
k0 (2) = k
k odd
2
k
(2) =
8
2
since k is odd
. .
4k 2 02 2
16k 2 02 8
ak = 4 0 +
sin(k/2)
=
sin(k/2)
k 3 03
k 3 03
0 =
2
= ;
8
4
ak =
cos(k/2) = 0,
2
02 =

2
;
16
03 =
3
64
k2 2 8
(64) sin(k/2)
k3 3
f(t) = 64
n=1,3,5,...
n2 2 8
sin(n/2) cos(n0 t)
3n3
[e] cos n0 (t 2) = cos(n0 t n/2) = sin(n/2) sin n0 t

f(t) = 64
n=1,3,5,...
= 64

n=1,3,5,...
n2 2 8
sin2(n/2) sin(n0 t)
3n3

n2 2 8
sin(n0 t)
3 n3
P 16.16 [a]
1618

[b] Odd, since f(t) = f(t)
[c] f(t) has quarter-wave symmetry, since f(T /2 t) = f(t) in the interval
0 < t < 4.
[d] av = 0,
(half-wave symmetry);
bk = 0,
bk =
8
T
=
ak = 0,
for all k
(function is odd)
for k even (half-wave symmetry)

T /4
f(t) sin k0 t dt,
8
8
k odd
t3 sin k0 t dt
6
t3
6t
3t2
cos k0 t + 3 3 cos k0 t
= 2 2 sin k0 t 4 4 sin k0 t
k 0
k 0
k0
k 0
k0 (2) = k
k
2
(2) =
8
2
since k is odd
6
12
bk = 2 2 sin(k/2) 4 4 sin(k/2)
k 0
k 0
2
k0 = k
8
. .
cos(k/2) = 0,
. .
2
k
;
4
k 202 =
k2 2
;
16
k 4 04 =
k4 4
256
192
8
bk = 2 2 1 2 2 sin(k/2),
k
k
k odd

192
8
1
f(t) = 2
1 2 2 sin(n/2) sin n0 t
2
n=1,3,5,... n
n
[e] sin n0 (t 2) = sin(n0 t n/2) = cos n0 t sin(n/2)
192
8
1
f(t) =
1 2 2
2
2
n=1,3,5,... n
n
cos n0 t
P 16.17 [a] i(t) is odd, therefore av = 0 and bk = 0 for all k.

f(t) = i(t) = Im
4
bk =
T
4
=
T
4Im
=
T
0tT
T /2
0
2Im
t,
T
f(t) sin ko t dt
T /2
0

2Im
t sin ko t dt
Im
T
T /2
0
2
sin k0 t dt
T
T /2
0
t sin k0 t dt
Problems

4Im cos k0 t T /2 2

=

T
k0
T
0

4Im 1 cos k cos k

+
T
k0
k0
2Im
4Im
=
k0 T
k
.. i(t) =
[b] i(t) =
sin k0 t t cos k0 t
k 202
k0
1619

T /2

0
1
2Im
sin no t
n=1 n
1
2Im
sin no (t + T /2)
n=1 n
2Im
cos n
sin no t
=
n=1 n
P 16.18 v2(t + T /8) is even, so bk = 0 for all k.

av =
Vm
(Vm /2)(T /4)
=
T
8
ak =
4
T
T /8 V
m
0
Therefore,
so v2 (t) =
cos k0 t dt =
v2(t + T /8) =
k
Vm
sin
k
4
n
Vm Vm
1
+
sin
cos n0 t
8
n=1 n
4
n
Vm Vm
1
+
sin
cos n0 (t T /8)
8
n=1 n
4

n
n
1
1
Vm Vm Vm
2 n
+
+
sin
cos
sin
cos n0 t +
sin n0 t
v(t) =
2
8
n=1 n
4
4
n
4
..

n
n
1
5Vm Vm
+
sin
cos n0 t + 1 cos
sin n0 t V
=
8
2 n=1 n
2
2
Thus, since av = 5Vm /8 = 37.5 V,

ak =
Vm
k
30
k
sin
=
sin
2k
2
k
2
and

Vm
k
30
k
1 cos
=
1 cos
bk =
2k
2
k
2
These equations match the equations for av , ak , and bk derived in Problem

16.4.
1620
P 16.19 The periodic function in Fig. P16.3(a) has half-wave symmetry so av = 0 and
an =
80
n
sin
n
2
and
An / n = an jbn =
bn =
240
n
for n odd.
80
n
240
sin
j
,
n
2
n
n odd
Therefore,
252.98
802 + 2402
An =
=
,
n
n
n odd
and
n = tan1 (240/ 80) = 108.43 ,
n = 1, 5, 9, ...
and
n = tan1 (240/80) = 71.565 ,
n = 3, 7, 11, ...
252.98
252.98
1
1
cos(no t 108.43 ) +
cos(no t 71.565 ) V
Thus, v(t) =
n=1,5,9,... n
n=3,7,11,... n
The periodic function in Fig. P16.3(b) is even, so bk = 0 for all k. Thus,

An / n = an jbn = an = an /0
From Problem 16.3(b),
av = 25 V = A0
an =
n
200
sin
n
4
Therefore,
An =
n
200
sin
n
4
and
n = 0
200
1
n
Thus, v(t) = 25 +
sin
cos no t V
n=1 n
4
Problems
1621
P 16.20 The periodic function in Problem 16.12 is odd, so av = 0 and ak = 0 for all k.
Thus,
An / n = an jbn = 0 jbn = bn / 90
From Problem 16.12,
bk =
k
0.16
sin ,
2
2
k
4
k odd
Therefore,
An =
0.16
k
sin
,
2k2
4
k odd
and
n = 90 ,
n odd
0.16
sin(n/4)
Thus, i(t) = 2
cos(no t 90 ) A
2
n=1,3,5,...
n
P 16.21 The periodic function in Problem 16.15 is even, so bk = 0 for all k. Thus,
An / n = an jbn = an = an /0
From Problem 16.15,
av = 0 = A0
an =
64
n
(n2 2 8) sin
3
3
n
2
Therefore,
An =
64
n
(n2 2 8) sin
3
3
n
2
and
n = 0

64
n
n2 2 8
cos no t
Thus, f(t) = 3
sin
3
n=1,3,5,...
n
2
1622
P 16.22 [a] The current has half-wave symmetry. Therefore,

av = 0;
ak = bk = 0,
k even
For k odd,
4
ak =
T
T /2

0
4
=
T
T /2
2Im
Im
t cos ko t dt
T
8Im
Im cos k0 t dt 2
T
T /2
t cos k0 t dt
4Im sin k0 t T /2 8Im cos ko t

t
=
2
+
sin k0 T

2
2
T
k0
T
k 0
k0
0

= 0
8Im cos k
1
2 2
2
2
2
T
k 0
k 0
8Im
=
T2
=
4
bk =
T
=

T /2
4Im
T
for k odd
2Im
t sin ko t dt
Im
T
T /2
T /2
T /2
t sin k0 t dt
8Im sin ko t
t
2
cos k0 T
2
T
k 2 0
k0

4Im 1 cos k
8Im T cos k
2
T
k0
T
2k0
10
2Im
=
,
k
k
for k odd
8Im
1
=
1 + cos k
k0 T
2
=
8Im
T2
sin k0 t dt
4Im cos k0 t
=
T
k0
=
ak jbk =
where
i(t) = 10
1
(1 cos k)
2
k 02
4Im
20
= 2,
2
2
k
k
T /2
T /2
0
10 2
20
10
10
=
j = 2 2 k 2 + 4/ k
j
2
k
k
k k
k
tan k =

n=1,3,5,...
k
2
(n)2 + 4
n2
cos(n0 t n ),
n = tan1
n
2
Problems
[b] A1 = 10 4 + 2
= 37.24 A
tan 1 =
1623
1
= 57.52
10
3
3
4 + 9 2
tan 3 =
= 78.02
= 10.71 A
9
2
10
5
4 + 25 2
5
A5 =
tan 5 =
= 82.74
= 6.33 A
25
2
10
7
4 + 49 2
tan 7 =
7
A7 =
= 4.51 A
= 84.80
49
2
10
9
9
A9 =
4 + 81 2
tan 9 =
= 3.50 A
= 85.95
81
2
i(t)
= 37.24 cos(o t 57.52 ) + 10.71 cos(3o t 78.02 )
A3 =
+6.33 cos(5o t 82.74 ) + 4.51 cos(7o t 84.80 )

+3.50 cos(9o t 85.95 ) + . . .
i(T /4)
= 37.24 cos(90 57.52 ) + 10.71 cos(270 78.02 )
+6.33 cos(450 82.74 ) + 4.51 cos(630 84.80 )
+3.50 cos(810 85.95 )
= 26.23 A
Actual value:

1
T
= (5 2)
i
= 24.67 A
4
2
P 16.23 The function has half-wave symmetry, thus ak = bk = 0 for k-even, av = 0; for
k-odd
ak =
4 T /2
8Vm T /2 t/RC
Vm cos k0 t dt
e
cos k0 t dt
T 0
T 0

where = 1 + eT /2RC .
Upon integrating we get

4Vm sin k0 t T /2

ak =
T
k0 0
8Vm
T
=

T /2
et/RC
cos k0 t

sin
k
t
+
k
0
0

(1/RC)2 + (k0 )2
RC
0
8Vm RC
T [1 + (k0 RC)2]
1624

4
bk =
T
T /2
0
8Vm
Vm sin k0 t dt
T
T /2
0
et/RC sin k0 t dt
4Vm cos k0 t T /2

=
T
k0 0
8Vm
T
=
T /2

et/RC
sin k0 t

+
k
cos
k
t
0
0

(1/RC)2 + (k0 )2
RC
0
8k0 Vm R2 C 2
4Vm
k
T [1 + (k0 RC)2 ]
P 16.24 [a] a2k + b2k = a2k +
4Vm
+ k0 RCak
k
= a2k [1 + (k0 RC)2] +

But ak =
Therefore
a2k + b2k =
8Vm
k
8Vm RC
T [1 + (k0 RC)2 ]
a2k
2
2Vm
k
+ k0 RCak
64Vm2 R2 C 2
,
T 2[1 + (k0 RC)2]2
thus we have
64Vm2 R2 C 2
64Vm2 k0 R2 C 2
16Vm2
+
T 2[1 + (k0 RC)2 ]
2k2
kT [1 + (k0 RC)2]
Now let = k0 RC and note that T = 2/0 , thus the expression for
a2k + b2k reduces to a2k + b2k = 16Vm2 / 2 k 2(1 + 2 ). It follows that

a2k + b2k =
k 1 + (k0 RC)2
[b] bk = k0 RCak +
Thus
4Vm
4Vm
k
1
bk
4Vm
1 + 2
=
= k0 RC +
=
ak
kak
Therefore
ak
= = k0 RC
bk
P 16.25 Since av = 0 (half-wave symmetry), Eq. 16.38 gives us

vo (t) =

4Vm
1,3,5,...
1 + (n0 RC)2
cos(n0 t n ) where
tan n =
bn
an
But from Eq. 16.57, we have tan k = k0 RC. It follows from Eq. 16.72 that
tan k = ak /bk or tan n = cot n . Therefore n = 90 + n and
Problems
1625
cos(n0 t n ) = cos(n0 t n 90 ) = sin(n0 t n ), thus our expression

for vo becomes
vo =
4Vm
sin(n0 t n )
n=1,3,5,...
n 1 + (n0 RC)2
P 16.26 [a] ex
= 1 x for small x;
t
et/RC
= 1
RC
therefore
T
and eT /2RC
= 1
2RC
2Vm [1 (t/RC)]
Vm
vo
=
= Vm
2 (T /2RC)
RC
[b] ak =
Vm
RC
T
4
8
8
V
=
p
2k2
2k2

2t (T /2)
2 (T /2RC)
Vm T
Vm
t
RC
4RC
Vm T
4RC

for 0 t
T
2
4Vm
0RCk 2
P 16.27 [a] From the solution to Problem 16.13(a) the Fourier series for the input
voltage is
4Vm
vg =

n=1,3,5,...
1
n
cos n0 t V
sin
n
2
Since Vm = 10.5 V and t = ms, we can write the input voltage as

vg = 42

n=1,3,5,...
1
n
sin
n
2
= 42 cos 2000t
cos 2000nt V
42
42
42
cos 6000t +
cos 10,000t
cos 14,000t +
3
5
7
We can phasor transform this Fourier series to get

Vg1 = 42/0
Vg3 = 14/180
0 = 2000 rad/s
30 = 6000 rad/s
Vg5 = 8.4/0
50 = 10,000 rad/s
Vg7 = 6/180
70 = 14,000 rad/s
From the circuit in Fig. P16.27 we have

Vo Vo Vg
+
+ (Vo Vg )sC = 0
R
sL
. .
s2 + 1/LC
Vo
= H(s) = 2
Vg
s + (s/RC) + (1/LC)
1626

Substituting in the numerical values gives
H(s) =
s2 + 108
s2 + 500s + 108
H(j2000) =
96
= 0.9999/ 0.60
96 + j1
H(j6000) =
64
= 0.9989/ 2.68
64 + j3
H(j10,000) = 0
H(j14,000) =
96
= 0.9974/4.17
96 + j7
Vo1 = (42/0 )(0.9999/ 0.60 ) = 41.998/ 0.60 V

Vo3 = (14/180 )(0.9989/ 2.68 ) = 13.985/177.32 V
Vo5 = 0 V
Vo7 = (6/180 )(0.9974/4.17 ) = 5.984/ 175.83 V
vo = 41.998 cos(2000t 0.60 ) + 13.985 cos(6000t + 177.32 )
+5.984 cos(14,000t 175.83 ) + . . . V

[b] The 5th harmonic at the frequency 1/LC = 10,000 rad/s has been
eliminated from the output voltage by the circuit, which is a band reject
lter with a center frequency of 10,000 rad/s.
4A
1
P 16.28 vi =
sin n0 (t + T /4)
n=1,3,5,... n
0 =
4A
1
n
cos n0 t
sin
n=1,3,5,... n
2
2
103 = 500 rad/s;
4
vi = 60
n=1,3,5,...
4A
= 60
n
1
sin
cos 500nt V
n
2
From the circuit

Vo =
j
Vi
j
jL =
Vi =
Vi
R + jL
R/L + j
1000 + j
Problems
Vi1 = 60/0 V;
= 500 rad/s
Vi3 = 20/0 = 20/180 V;

Vi5 = 12/0 V;
3 = 1500 rad/s
5 = 2500 rad/s
Vo1 =
j500
(60/0 ) = 26.83/63.43 V
1000 + j500
Vo3 =
j1500
(20/180 ) = 16.64/ 146.31 V
1000 + j1500
Vo5 =
j2500
(12/0 ) = 11.14/21.80 V
1000 + j2500
..
1627
vo = 26.83 cos(500t + 63.43 ) + 16.64 cos(1500t 146.31 )

+11.14 cos(2500t + 21.80 ) + . . . V
P 16.29 [a]
V0 Vg
V0
+ V0 (12.5 106 s) +
=0
16s
1000
V0
1
Vg
1
+ 12.6 106 s +
=
16s
1000
16s
V0 (1000 + 0.2s2 + 16s) = 1000Vg

V0 =
I0 =
s2
5000Vg
+ 80s + 5000
5Vg
V0
= 2
1000
s + 80s + 5000
H(s) =
5
I0
= 2
Vg
s + 80s + 5000
H(nj0 ) =
0 =
5
(5000
2
= 240;
T
H(jn0 ) =
n202 )
+ j80n0
02 = 57,600 2 ;
800 = 19,200
5
(5000 57,600 2 n2 ) + j19,200n
H(0) = 103
H(j0 ) = 8.82 106 / 173.89
1628

H(j20 ) = 2.20 106 / 176.96
H(j30 ) = 9.78 107 / 177.97
H(j40 ) = 5.5 107 / 178.48
680 1360 1
1
1
1
cos 0 t +
cos 20 t +
cos 30 t +
cos 40 t + . . .
vg =
3
15
35
63
i0 =
680
1360
103
(8.82 106 ) cos(0 t 173.89 )
1360
(2.20 106 ) cos(20 t 176.96 )
15
1360
(9.78 107 ) cos(30 t 177.97 )
35
1360
(5.5 107 ) cos(40 t 178.48 ) . . .
63
= 216.45 103 + 1.27 103 cos(240t + 6.11 )

+6.35 105 cos(480t + 3.04 )
+1.21 105 cos(720t + 2.03 )
+3.8 106 cos(960t + 1.11 ) . . .
i0
= 216.45 + 1.27 cos(240t + 6.11 ) mA
Note that the sinusoidal component is very small compared to the dc
component, so
i0
= 216.45 mA (a dc current)
[b] The circuit is a low pass lter, so the harmonic terms are greatly reduced
in the output.
P 16.30 [a] Express vg as a constant plus a symmetrical square wave. The constant is
Vm /2 and the square wave has an amplitude of Vm /2, is odd, and has
half- and quarter-wave symmetry. Therefore the Fourier series for vg is
vg =
Vm 2Vm
+
2
1
sin n0 t
n=1,3,5,... n
The dc component of the current is Vm /2R and the kth harmonic phase
current is
2Vm /k
2Vm

/ k
Ik =
=
R + jk0 L
k R2 + (k0 L)2
Problems

where k = tan
1629
k0 L
R
Thus the Fourier series for the steady-state current is

i=
Vm 2Vm
+
2R
sin(n0 t n )
n=1,3,5,...
n R2 + (n0 L)2
[b]
The steady-state current will alternate between I1 and I2 in exponential

traces as shown. Assuming t = 0 at the instant i increases toward
(Vm /R), we have
Vm
Vm t/
i=
+ I1
e
R
R
for 0 t
T
2
and i = I2 e[t(T /2)]/ for T /2 t T, where = L/R. Now we solve for

I1 and I2 by noting that
I1 = I2 e
T /2
and
Vm
Vm T /2
+ I1
I2 =
e
R
R
These two equations are now solved for I1. Letting x = T /2, we get
(Vm /R)ex
1 + ex
Therefore the equations for i become
I1 =
Vm
Vm
et/
i=
R
R(1 + ex )

for 0 t
Vm
i=
e[t(T /2)]/
x
R(1 + e )
for
T
2
and
T
tT
2
A check on the validity of these expressions shows they yield an average
1630

value of (Vm /2R):
Iavg
P 16.31 o =
1
=
T

T /2
V
m
0
1
T
Vm
2R
Vm t/
+ I1
e
dt +
R
R
Vm T
Vm
+ (1 ex ) I1
+ I2
2R
R
since I1 + I2 =
T
T /2
I2 e
[t(T /2)]/
dt

Vm
R
2
2
=
106 = 200 krad/s
T
10
3 106
.. n =
= 15;
0.2 106
H(s) =
n=
Vo
(1/RC)s
= 2
Vg
s + (1/RC)s + (1/LC)
1012
1
=
= 106 ;
3
RC
(250 10 )(4)
H(s) =
5 106
= 25
0.2 106
(103 )(1012 )
1
=
= 25 1012
LC
10)(4)
106 s
s2 + 106 s + 25 1012
j 106
H(j) =
(25 1012 2) + j106
15th harmonic input:
vg15 = (150)(1/15) sin(15/2) cos 15o t = 10 cos 3 106 t V
.. Vg15 = 10/ 180 V
H(j3 106 ) =
j3
= 0.1843/79.38
16 + j3
Vo15 = (10)(0.1843)/ 100.62 V

vo15 = 1.84 cos(3 106 t 100.62 ) V
25th harmonic input:
vg25 = (150)(1/25) sin(25/2) cos 5 106 t = 6 cos 5 106 t V
Problems
1631
.. Vg25 = 6/0 V
H(j5 106 ) =
j5
= 1/0
0 + j5
Vo25 = 6/0 V
vo25 = 6 cos 5 106 t V
P 16.32 The function is odd with half-wave and quarter-wave symmetry. Therefore,
ak = 0,
for all k; the function is odd
bk = 0,
for k even, the function has half-wave symmetry
bk =
8
T
8
=
T
=
T /4
f(t) sin ko t,

k odd
T /10
500t sin ko t dt +
T /4
T /10
sin ko t dt
8
{Int1 + Int2}
T
T /10
Int1 = 500
0
t sin ko t dt
T /10
t
1
= 500 2 2 sin ko t
cos ko t
k o
ko
0
500
k 50T
k
sin
cos
k 2 o2
5
ko
5
Int2 =
T /4
1
1
k
sin ko t dt =
cos ko t
=
cos
ko
ko
5
T /10
T /10
T /4
Int1 + Int2 =
500
k
50T
1
+
sin
2
2
k o
5
ko
ko
cos
k
5
50T = 50(20 103 ) = 1

..
Int1 + Int2 =
k
500
sin
2
2
k o
5
20
k
k
8 500
2 2 T 2 sin
= 2 2 sin ,
bk =
T 4 k
5
k
5
k odd
1632

i(t) =
20
sin(n/5)
sin no t A
2
n=1,3,5,...
n2
From the circuit,

H(s) =
Vo
= Zeq
Ig
1
1
+
+ sC
R1 R2 + sL
Yeq =
Zeq =
s2
1/C(s + R2/L)
+ s(R1 R2 C + L)/R1 LC + (R1 + R2 )/R1 LC
Therefore,
H(s) =
320 104 (s + 32 104 )

s2 + 32.8 104 s + 28.8 108
We want the output for the third harmonic:

0 =
2
2
=
= 100;
T
20 103
Ig3 =
3
20 1
sin
= 0.214/0
2
9
5
30 = 300
320 104 (j300 + 32 104 )

H(j300) =
= 353.6/ 5.96
2
4
8
(j300) + 32.8 10 (j300) + 28.8 10
Therefore,
Vo3 = H(j300)Ig3 = (353.6/ 5.96 )(0.214/0 ) = 75.7/ 5.96 V
vo3 = 75.7 sin(300t 5.96 ) V
1 1 T
T
3Vm
P 16.33 [a] av =
Im + Im =
T 2 2
2
4
i(t) =
2Im
t,
T
T /2 t T
i(t) = Im ,
2
ak =
T

0
0 t T /2
T /2
2
2Im
t cos ko t dt +
T
T
T /2
Im cos ko t dt
Problems
1633
Im
(cos k 1)
2k2
2
bk =
T
T /2
2
2Im
t sin ko t dt +
T
T
T /2
Im sin ko t dt
Im
k
=
a1 =
2Im
,
2
a3 =
2Im
9 2
b1 =
Im
,
a2 = 0,
b2 =

.. Irms = Im
av =
3Im
4
Im
2
2
1
1
9
+ 4 + 2 + 2 = 0.8040Im
16
2
8
Irms = 192.95 mA
P = (0.19295)2 (1000) = 37.23 W
[b] Area under i2:
A=
2
4Im
2 T
t2 dt + Im
2
T
2
T /2
T /2
4I 2 t3

= m
T 2 3 0
2
Im
T
Irms =
2
+ Im
T
2
2 2
1 3
= T Im
+
6 6
3
1 2 2
TI =
T 3 m
2
Im = 195.96 mA
3
P = (0.19596)2 (1000) = 38.4 W

37.23
1 100 = 3.05%
[c] Error =
38.40
P 16.34 [a] av =
1 T
V
2 4 m
4
ak =
T
T
T /4
0
Vm
4
4Vm
t cos ko t dt
Vm
T
4Vm
k
= 2 2 1 cos
k
2
1634

bk = 0,
all k
av =
60
= 15 V
4
a1 =
240
2
a2 =
120
240
(1 cos ) = 2
2
4
Vrms
P =

1 240 2
120 2

2
= (15) +
+
= 24.38 V
2
2
(24.38)2
= 59.46 W
10
[b] Area under v 2;

v 2 = 3600
T /4
A=2
Vrms =
P =
0 t T /4
57,600 2
28,800
t+
t
T
T2
3600
57,600 2
28,800
t+
t dt = 600T
T
T2
1
600T = 600 = 24.49 V
T
2
600 /10 = 60 W
59.46
1 100 = 0.9041%
[c] Error =
60.00
P 16.35 vg = 10
o =
80
1
cos no t V
2
n=1,3,5,... n2
2
2
=
103 = 500 rad/s
T
4
vg = 10
80
80
cos 500t 2 cos 1500t + . . .
2
Problems
1635
Vo
Vo Vg
+ sCVo +
=0
sL
R
Vo (RLCs2 + Ls + R) = RVg
H(s) =
Vo
1/LC
= 2
Vg
s + s/RC + 1/LC
106
1
=
= 106
LC
(0.1)(10)
106
1
=
= 1000 2
RC
(50 2)(10)
H(s) =
106
s2 + 1000 2s + 106
H(j) =
106
106 2 + j1000 2
H(j0) = 1
H(j500) = 0.9701/ 43.31
H(j1500) = 0.4061/ 120.51
vo = 10(1) +
+
80
(0.9701) cos(500t 43.31 )
2
80
(0.4061) cos(1500t 120.51 ) + . . .
9 2
vo = 10 + 7.86 cos(500t 43.31 ) + 0.3658 cos(1500t 120.51 ) + . . .
Vrms

2

2

7.86
0.3658
2
+
= 11.44 V
= 10 +
1636
V2
= 1.85 W
P
= rms
50 2
Note the higher harmonics are severely attenuated and can be ignored. For
example, the 5th harmonic component of vo is
vo5
80
= (0.1580)
cos(2500t 146.04 ) = 0.0512 cos(2500t 146.04 ) V
25 2
P 16.36 [a] Area under v 2 = A = 4

=
Therefore Vrms
T /6
0
36Vm2 2
T
2 T
t
dt
+
2V
m
T2
3
6
V 2T
2Vm2 T
+ m
9
3

1 2Vm2 T
Vm2 T
2 1

+
+ = 74.5356 V
=
= Vm
[b] From Asssessment Problem 16.3,

vg = 105.30 sin 0 t 4.21 sin 50 t + 2.15 sin 70 t + V

Therefore Vrms
=
(105.30)2 + (4.21)2 + (2.15)2

= 74.5306 V
2
P 16.37 [a] v = 15 + 400 cos 500t + 100 cos(1500t 90 ) V

i = 2 + 5 cos(500t 30 ) + 3 cos(1500t 15 ) A
1
1
P = (15)(2) + (400)(5) cos(30 ) + (100)(3) cos(75 ) = 934.85 W
2
2
[b] Vrms
[c] Irms

2

2

400
100

2
= (15) +
+
= 291.93 V

2

2

5
3

= (2)2 +
+
= 4.58 A
340 680
P 16.38 [a] v(t)
Vrms
1
1
cos o t +
cos 2o t +
3
15

2

2

680 2 1
340

+
+
1
340
1
+
=
1+4
18 450
3 2
15 2
2
= 120.0819 V
Problems
1637
170
[b] Vrms = = 120.2082
2
% error =
[c] v(t)
120.0819
1 (100) = 0.11%
120.2082
340
170
+ 85 sin o t
cos 2o t
Vrms
Vrms =

170 2

85
+
2
2
340
+
3 2
2
84.8021 V
170
= 85 V
2
% error = 0.23%
P 16.39 [a] v(t) =
Vrms
480
1
1
1
1
{sin o t + sin 3o t + sin 5o t + sin 7o t + sin 9o t +
3
5
7
9

2

480
1
2
1
1
=
+
+
2
3 2
5 2
1
1
1
480
1
+
+
= 1+ +
9 25 49 81
2
= 117.55 V
2
1
+
7 2
2
1
+
9 2
2
117.55
1 (100) = 2.04%
[b] % error =
120

960
1
1
[c] v(t) = 2 sin o t + sin 3o t +
sin 5o t
9
25
1
1
sin 7o t +
sin 9o t
49
81
Vrms
1
1
1
1
960
+
+
+
= 2 1 +
81 625 2401 6561
2
= 69.2765 V
120
Vrms = = 69.2820 V
3
% error =
69.2765
1 (100) = 0.0081%
69.2820
P 16.40 [a] vg has half-wave symmetry, quarter-wave symmetry, and is odd

.. av = 0, ak = 0 all k, bk = 0 k-even
1638

8
bk =
T
8
=
T
T /4
f(t) sin ko t dt,

T /8 V
m
k-odd
sin ko t dt +
T /4
T /8
Vm sin ko t dt
8Vm
cos ko t T /8 8Vm
cos ko t T /4
+
=
4T
ko 0
T
ko T /8

k
8Vm
k
8Vm
=
0
1 cos
+
cos
4ko T
4
T ko
4

8Vm
=
ko T
4Vm
=
k
k
k
1 1
cos
+ cos
4 4
4
4
k
1
+ 0.75 cos
4
4
1
(10 + 30 cos(k/4)
k
b1 = 10 + 30 cos(/4) = 31.21
1
b3 = [10 + 30 cos(3/4)] = 3.74
3
1
b5 = [10 + 30 cos(5/4)] = 2.24
5
1
b7 = [10 + 30 cos(7/4)] = 4.46
7

Vg (rms) Vm
31.212 + 3.742 + 2.242 + 4.462

= 22.51
2
[b] Area = 2 2(6.25)

Vg (rms) =
[c] % Error =
T
8
+ 100
T
4
= 53.125 2 T
1
(53.125 2 )t = 53.125 = 22.90
T
22.51
1 (100) = 1.7%
22.90
Problems
1639
P 16.41 [a] Half-wave symmetry av = 0, ak = bk = 0, even k

4
ak =
T
T /4 4I
16Im
t cos k0 t dt =
T
T2
16Im
=
T2
T /4 4I
16Im
=
T2
t cos k0 t dt
2Im
k
ak =
sin
k
2
4
T
T /4
T /4
t
cos k0 t

+
sin
k
t
0
k 202
k0
0
16Im
k
1
T
=
sin
2 2
0+
2
T
4k0
2
k 0
bk =
,
k
kodd
16Im
T2
t sin k0 t dt =
T /4
0
t sin k0 t dt

T /4
t
4Im
sin k0 t
k

cos
k
t
= 2 2 sin
0

2
2
k 0
k0
k
2
0
2Im
[b] ak jbk =
k

k
sin
2
a1 jb1 =
2Im
a3 jb3 =
2Im
3
a5 jb5 =
2Im
5
a7 jb7 =
2Im
7

2
2
+j
3
3

= 0.47Im / 60.28
2
2
j
5
5
2
2
k
sin
j
k
k
2
2
2
j
1
1

2
2
+j
7
7
= 0.26Im /170.07
= 0.11Im / 8.30

= 0.10Im /175.23
ig = 0.47Im cos(0 t 60.28 ) + 0.26Im cos(30 t + 170.07 )

+0.11Im cos(50 t 8.30 ) + 0.10Im cos(70 t + 175.23 ) +

[c] Ig =

n=1,3,5,...
A2n
2
(0.47)2 + (0.26)2 + (0.11)2 + (0.10)2
I
= 0.39Im
= m
2

T /4
2
2
4Im 2
32Im
t3 T /4 Im
T
t dt =
[d] Area = 2
=

2
T
T
3 0
6
0

2T
1 Im
Im

= = 0.41Im
Ig =
1640

[e] % error =
estimated
1 100 =
exact
0.3927Im
1 100 = 3.8%
(Im/ 6)
P 16.42 [a] From Problem 16.14,
The area under v 2:

A=4
T /8
14,400 2
t dt +
T2

T /4
T /8
40t
10 +
T
2
dt
T /4 3200 t2 T /4 6400 t3 T /4
57,600 t3 T /8

+400t
+
+ 2

T 2 3 0
T 2 T /8
T 3 T /8
T /8
T
3T
7T
575
57,600
T + 400 + 1600
+ 6400
=
T
1536
8
64
1536
3

Vrms =
1
T
575
T
3
575
= 13.84 V
3
2
Vrms
= 12.78 W
15
[c] From Problem 16.14,
[b] P =
b1 =
80
(2 sin 45 + sin 90 ) = 18.57 V
2
vg
= 19.57 sin 0 t V
(19.57/ 2)2
= 12.76 W
P =
15
[d] % error =
12.76
1 (100) = 0.1024%
12.78
P 16.43 Figure P16.43(b): ta = 0.2s;
tb = 0.6s
v = 50t 0 t 0.2
v = 50t + 20 0.2 t 0.6
Problems
1641
v = 25t 25 0.6 t 1.0

Area 1 = A1 =
Area 2 = A2 =
Area 3 = A3 =
A1 + A2 + A3 =
Vrms =
0.6
0.2
0.2
1.0
0.6
2500t2 dt =
20
3
100(4 20t + 25t2 ) dt =

625(t2 2t + 1) dt =
40
3
40
3
100
3
10
1 100
= V.
1 3
3
Figure P16.43(c): ta = tb = 0.4s

0 t 0.4
v(t) = 25t
50
(t 1) 0.4 t 1
3
v(t) =
A1 =
0.4
A2 =
625t2 dt =
1.0
0.4
A1 + A2 =

Vrms =
40
3
60
2500 2
(t 2t + 1) dt =
9
3
100
3
1
(A1 + A2 ) =
T
10
1 100
= V.
1 3
3
Figure P16.43(d): ta = tb = 1
v = 10t 0 t 1
A1 =
100t2 dt =
Vrms =
100
3
10
1 100
= V.
1 3
3
1642
1
P 16.44 cn =
T
T /4
Vm e
jno t
Vm ejno t T /4
dt =
T jno 0
Vm
n
Vm
n
Vm
[j(ejn/2 1)] =
sin
+j
1
cos
T no
2n
2
2n
2
Vm
n
n
j 1 cos
=
sin
2n
2
2
v(t) =
cn ejno t
n=
1 T /4
Vm
Vm dt =
T 0
4
co = a v =
or
1 cos(n/2)
Vm
sin(n/2)
lim
j
co =
2 n0
n
n

(/2) sin(n/2)
Vm
(/2) cos(n/2)
lim
j
=
n0
2
1
1
Vm
Vm
j0 =
=
2 2
4
Note it is much easier to use co = av than to use LHopitals rule to nd the
limit of 0/0.
P 16.45 co = av =
cn =
1
T
Vm
Vm T 1
=
2
T
2
Vm jno t
dt
te
0 T
T
T
Vm ejn0 t
= 2
(jn0 t 1)
T n2 02

jn2T /T
Vm e
= 2
T
n2 02

Vm
1
1
= 2
(1 + jn2) 2 2
2
2
T n 0
n 0
=j
Vm
,
2n
2
1
jn T 1
(1)
T
n202

n = 1, 2, 3, . . .
Problems

P 16.46 [a] Vrms =

1T 2
v dt =
T 0
1643

1 T Vm 2 2
t dt
T 0
T
Vm2 t3 T
T 3 3 0
Vm
Vm2
=
3
3
2
(120/ 3)
P =
= 480 W
10
=
[b] From the solution to Problem 16.45

15
120
=j
8
120
= 60 V;
2
c4 = j
c1 = j
120
60
=j ;
2
c5 = j
120
12
=j
10
c2 = j
30
120
=j ;
4
c6 = j
10
120
=j
12
c3 = j
20
120
=j ;
6
c7 = j
8.57
120
=j
14
c0 =

2
= co + 2
|cn |2
Vrms
n=1
602 +
2
(602
2
+ 302 + 202 + 152 + 122 + 102 + 8.572 )
= 68.58 V
[c] P =
(68.58)2
= 470.32 W
10
% error =
P 16.47 [a] Co = av =
Cn =
470.32
1 (100) = 2.02%
480
Vm
(1/2)(T /2)Vm
=
T
4
1 T /2 2Vm jno t
te
dt
T 0
T

T /2
2Vm ejno t
= 2
(jno t 1)
T
n2 ot
=
Vm
[ejn (jn + 1) 1]
2n2 2
1644
Since ejn = cos n we can write

Vm
Vm
Cn = 2 2 (cos n 1) + j
cos n
2 n
2n
54
= 13.5 V
[b] Co =
4
C1 =
27
54
= 10.19/122.48 V
+
j
2
C1 = 10.19/ 122.48 V
C2 = j
13.5
= 4.30/ 90 V
C2 = 4.30/90 V
C3 =
6
9
+ j = 2.93/101.98 V
2
C3 = 2.93/ 101.98 V
C4 = j
6.75
= 2.15/ 90 V
C4 = 2.15/90 V
[c]
Vo
Vo Vg
Vo
+
+ Vo sC +
=0
250 sL
62.5
. .
(250LCs2 + 5sL + 250)Vo = 4sLVg
(4/250C)s
Vo
= H(s) = 2
Vg
s + 1/50C + 1/LC
H(s) =
o =
s2
16,000s
+ 2 104 s + 4 1010
2
2
=
106 = 2 105 rad/s
T
10
H(j0) = 0
H(j2 105 k) =
j8k
100(1 k 2 ) + j10k
Problems
1645
Therefore,
H1 = 0.8/0 ;
H1 = 0.8/0
H2 =
j16
= 0.0532/86.19 ;
300 j20
H2 = 0.0532/ 86.19
H3 =
j24
= 0.0300/87.85 ;
800 j30
H2 = 0.0300/ 87.85
H4 =
j32
= 0.0213/88.47 ;
1500 j40
H2 = 0.0213/ 88.47
The output voltage coecients:

C0 = 0
C1 = (10.19/122.48 )(0.8/0 ) = 8.15/122.48 V
C1 = 8.15/ 122.48 V
C2 = (4.30/ 90 )(0.05/86.19 ) = 0.2287/ 3.81 V
C2 = 0.2287/3.81 V
C3 = (2.93/101.98 )(0.03/87.85 ) = 0.0878/ 170.17 V
C3 = 0.0878/170.17 V
C4 = (2.15/ 90 )(0.02/88.47 ) = 0.0458/ 1.53 V
C4 = 0.0458/1.53 V
[d] Vrms

4

|Cn |2
= Co2 + 2
=

4

2
|Cn |2
n=1
=
P =
n=1
2(8.152 + 0.22872 + 0.08782 + 0.04582

= 11.53 V
(11.53)2
= 531.95 mW
250

P 16.48 [a] Vrms =

=
1
T
T /2 2V
m
2
dt

1 4V 2 t3 T /2
m

T2 3

4Vm2
Vm
=
=
(3)(8)
54
Vrms = = 22.05 V
6
1646

[b] From the solution to Problem 16.47
|C3 | = 2.93
C0 = 13.5;
|C1 | = 10.19;
|C4 | = 2.15
|C2 | = 4.30
Vg (rms)
=
13.52 + 2(10.192 + 4.302 + 2.932 + 2.152 )

= 21.29 V
21.29
1 (100) = 3.44%
[c] % Error =
22.05
P 16.49 [a] From Example 16.3 we have:
40
k
bk =
1 cos
k
2
[b] Cn =
3 = 135 ,
A6 = 4.24 V,
6 = 90 ,
an jbn
,
2

1 = 45 ,
A1 = 18.01 V
A3 = 6 V,
40
k
ak =
sin
k
2
40
av =
= 10 V,
4
Cn =
Ak / k = ak jbk
A2 = 12.73 V,
A4 = 0,
2 = 90
A5 = 3.6 V,
A7 = 2.57 V,
5 = 45
7 = 135 ;
A8 = 0
an + jbn
= Cn
2
C0 = av = 10 V
C3 = 3/135 V
C6 = 2.12/90 V
C1 = 9/45 V
C3 = 3/ 135 V C6 = 2.12/ 90 V
C1 = 9/ 45 V
C4 = C4 = 0
C7 = 1.29/135 V
C2 = 6.37/90 V
C5 = 1.8/45 V
C7 = 1.29/ 135 V
C2 = 6.37/ 90 V C5 = 1.8/ 45 V
Problems
1647
P 16.50 [a] From the solution to Problem 16.33 we have

Ak = ak jbk =
Im
Im
(cos k 1) + j
2
2
k
k
A0 = 0.75Im = 180 mA
A1 =
240
240
= 90.56/122.48 mA
(2) + j
2
A2 = j
A3 =
240
240
= 26.03/101.98 mA
(2)
+
j
2
9
3
A4 = j
A5 =
240
= 38.20/90 mA
2
240
= 19.10/90 mA
4
240
240
= 15.40/97.26 mA
(2) + j
2
25
5
A6 = j
240
= 12.73/90 mA
6
1648

[b] C0 = A0 = 180 mA
1
C1 = A1/1 = 45.28/122.48 mA
2
C1 = 45.28/ 122.48 mA
1
C2 = A2/2 = 19.1/90 mA
2
C2 = 19.1/ 90 mA
1
C3 = A3/3 = 13.02/101.98 mA
2
C3 = 13.02/ 101.98 mA
1
C4 = A4/4 = 9.55/90 mA
2
C4 = 9.55/ 90 mA
1
C5 = A5/5 = 7.70/97.26 mA
2
C5 = 7.70/ 97.26 mA
1
C6 = A6/6 = 6.37/90 mA
2
C6 = 6.37/ 90 mA
Problems
1649
P 16.51 [a] i = 11,025 cos 10,000t + 1225 cos(30,000t 180 ) + 441 cos(50,000t 180 )
+225 cos 70,000t A
= 11,025 cos 10,000t 1225 cos 30,000t 441 cos 50,000t
+225 cos 70,000t A
[b] i(t) = i(t),
Function is even
[c] Yes,
An = 0 for n even
A0 = 0,

11,0252 + 12252 + 4412 + 2252

= 7.85 mA
2
[e] A1 = 11,025/0 A;
C1 = 5512.50/0 A
[d] Irms =
A3 = 1225/180 A;
A5 = 441/180 A;
A7 = 225/0 A;
C1 = 5512.50/0 A;
C3 = 612.5/180 A
C5 = 220.5/180 A
C7 = 112.50/0 A
C3 = 612.5/ 180 A
C5 = 220.5/ 180 A;
C7 = 112.50/0 A
i = 112.5ej70,000t + 220.5ej180 ej50,000t + 612.5ej180 ej30,000t
+5512.5ej10,000t + 5512.5ej10,000t + 612.5ej180 ej30,000t
+220.5ej180 ej50,000t + 112.5ej70,000t A

[f]
1650
P 16.52 [a] v = A1 cos(o t 90 ) + A3 cos(3o t + 90 )

+A5 cos(5o t 90 ) + A7 cos(7o t + 90 )
v = A1 sin o t + A3 sin 3o t A5 sin 5o t + A7 sin 7o t
[b] v(t) = A1 sin o t + A3 sin 3o t A5 sin 5o t + A7 sin 7o t
.. v(t) = v(t);
odd function
[c] v(t T /2) = A1 sin(o t ) A3 sin(3o t 3)

+A5 sin(5o t 5) A7 sin(7o t 7)
= A1 sin o t + A3 sin 3o t A5 sin 5o t + A7 sin 7o t
.. v(t T /2) = v(t), yes, the function has half-wave symmetry
[d] Since the function is odd, with hws, we test to see if
f(T /2 t) = f(t)
f(T /2 t) = A1 sin( o t) A3 sin(3 3o t)
+A5 sin(5 5o t) A7 sin(7 7o t)
= A1 sin o t A3 sin 3o t + A5 sin 5o t A7 sin 7o t
.. f(T /2 t) = f(t) and the voltage has quarter-wave symmetry
P 16.53 From Table 15.1 we have
H(s) =
1
(s + 1)(s2 + s + 1)
After scaling we get

H (s) =
o =
106
(s + 100)(s2 + 100s + 104 )
2
2
=
103 = 400 rad/s
T
5
.. H (jno ) =
1
(1 + j4n)[(1 16n2 ) + j4n]
It follows that
H(j0) = 1/0
Problems
H(jo ) =
1
= 0.0156/ 241.03
(1 + j4)(15 + j4)
H(j2o ) =
vg (t) =
1651
1
= 0.00195/ 255.64
(1 + j8)(63 + j8)
2A
A A
cos no t
+ sin o t
2
n=2,4,6, n2 1
= 54 + 27 sin o t 36 cos 2o t V
.. vo = 54 + 1.33 sin(400t + 118.97 ) + 0.07 cos(800t 75.64 ) V
P 16.54 Using the technique outlined in Problem 16.18 we can derive the Fourier series
for vg (t). We get
vg (t) = 100 +
800
1
cos no t
2
n=1,3,5, n2
The transfer function of the prototype second-order low pass Butterworth

lter is
H(s) =
,
s2 + 2s + 1
where c = 1 rad/s
Now frequency scale using kf = 2000 to get c = 2 krad/s:

H(s) =
4 106
s2 + 2000 2s + 4 106
H(j0) = 1
H(j5000) =
4 106
= 0.1580/ 146.04
(j5000)2 + 2000 2(j5000)2 + 4 106
H(j15,000) =
4 106
= 0.0178/ 169.13
2
2
6
(j15,000) + 2000 2(j15,000) + 4 10
Vdc = 100 V
Vg1 =
800
/0 V
n2
Vg3 =
800
/0 V
9 2
1652

Vodc = 100(1) = 100 V
Vo1 =
800
(0.1580/ 146.04 ) = 12.81/ 146.04 V
2
Vo3 =
800
(0.0178/ 169.13 ) = 0.16/ 169.13 V
2
9
vo (t) = 100 + 12.81 cos(5000t 146.04 )

+ 0.16 cos(15,000t 169.13 ) + V
P 16.55 vg =
2(2.5) 4(2.5) cos 5000t
= 5 (10/3) cos 5000t V
41
H(j0) = 1
H(j5000) =
106
= 0.04/ 163.58
(106 25 106 ) + j5 2 106
.. vo (t) = 5 0.1332 cos(5000t 163.58 ) V

P 16.56 [a] Let Va represent the node voltage across R2 , then the node-voltage
equations are
Va Vg
Va
+
+ Va sC2 + (Va Vo )sC1 = 0
R1
R2
(0 Va )sC2 +
0 Vo
=0
R3
Solving for Vo in terms of Vg yields

Vo
= H(s) =
Vg
s2 +
1
R3
1
s
R1 C1

1
+ C12 s
C1
R1 +R2
R1 R2 R3C1 C2
It follows that
R1 + R2
o2 =
R1 R2R3 C1 C2
=
1
R3
Ko =
R3
R1
1
1
+
C1 C2
C2
C1 + C2
Note that
H(s) =
3
R
R1
s2 +
C2
1
C +C
R
1 2 3
1
1
+ C12 s
R3 C1
1
C1
1
s
C2

R1 +R2
R1R2 R3 C1 C2
Problems
1653
[b] For the given values of R1 , R2 , R3, C1 , and C2 we have

H(s) =
400s
s2 + 400s + 108
(8)(2.25 2 )
1
cos no t
2
2
n=1,3,5, n
vg =
= 18 cos o t +
1
1
cos 3o t +
cos 5o t + mV
9
25
= [18 cos o t + 2 cos 3o t + 0.72 cos 5o t + ] mV

o =
2
103 = 104 rad/s
0.2
H(jk104 ) =
400jk104
jk
=
8
2
8
4
10 k 10 + j400k10
25(1 k 2) + jk
H1 = 1 = 1/180
H3 =
j3
= 0.015/90.86
200 + j3
H5 =
j5
= 0.0083/90.48
600 + j5
vo = 18 cos o t + 0.03 cos(3o t + 90.86 )

+ 0.006 cos(5o t + 90.48 ) + mV
[c] The fundamental frequency component dominates the output, so we
expect the quality factor Q to be quite high.
[d] o = 104 rad/s and = 400 rad/s. Therefore, Q = 10,000/400 = 25. We
expect the output voltage to be dominated by the fundamental frequency
component since the bandpass lter is tuned to this frequency!
P 16.57 [a] Using the equations derived in Problem 16.56(a),
R3
Ko =
R1
1
=
R3
o2 =
C2
C1 + C2
1
1
+
C1 C2
400
313
= 2000 rad/s
R1 + R2
= 16 108
R1 R2R3 C1 C2
1654

(400/313)(2000)jno
16 108 n2 o2 + j2000no
[b] H(jno ) =
j(20/313)n
(1 n2 ) + j0.05n
=
H(jo ) =
400
j(20/313)
=
= 1.28
j(0.050)
313
H(j3o ) =
j(20/313)(3)
= 0.0240/91.07
8 + j0.15
H(j5o ) =
j(100/313)
= 0.0133/90.60
24 + j0.25
vg (t) =
4A
1
sin(n/2) cos no t
n=1,3,5,... n
A = 15.65 V
vg (t) = 62.60 cos o t 20.87 cos 3o t + 12.52 cos 5o t
vo (t) = 80 cos o t 0.50 cos(3o t + 91.07 )
+ 0.17 cos(5o t + 90.60 ) V

Chapter 16 Solutions

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Chapter 16 Solutions

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats



AP 16.2 [a] av = 7 = 21.99 V

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

f(t) sin k0 t dt,

AP 16.4 [a] A1 = 5.2 j9 = 10.4/ 120 ;

A2 = 2.6 j4.5 = 5.2/ 60

A4 = 1.3 j2.25 = 2.6/ 120

A5 = 1.04 j1.8 = 2.1/ 60

[b] v(t) = 21.99 + 10.4 cos(50t 120 ) + 5.2 cos(100t 60 )

From the circuit we have

Vi1 = 2250/0 mV;

vo = 2238.33 cos(10t 5.71 ) + 239.46 cos(30t 16.70 )

= 840 cos 10,000t 280 cos 30,000t + 168 cos 50,000t

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

vg1 = 25.98 sin 0 t V;

VR1 = 15.588/ 53.13 V

vg5 = 1.04 sin 50 t V;

VR5 = (1.04/180 )(0.1327/ 82.37 ) = 138/97.63 mV

AP 16.8 Odd function with half- and quarter-wave symmetry, therefore av = 0, ak = 0

AP 16.9 [a] Irms =

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Thus, the % error is still less than 1%.

[b] Even function: bk = 0 for k

Note: ak = 0 for k-odd,

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Observe the following:

Using the observations above and that fact that n is even,

aka = 0 for k even;

bka = 0 for k even

The periodic function in Fig. P16.1(b) is even; therefore, bk = 0 for all k.

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

For the periodic function in Fig. P16.1(b),

cos m0t cos n0 t dt

[cos(m n)0 t + cos(m + n)0 t] dt

If m = n, both integrals are zero (I7 above). If m = n, we have

f(t) sin k0 t = av sin k0 t +

Again, let t = x in the rst integral and we get

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

Using the substitution t = x, the rst integral becomes

f(x) sin k0 x cos k dx and

Now note that 1 cos k = 0 when k is even, and 1 cos k = 2 when k is

f(t) sin k0 t dt when k is odd

Because the function is even and has half-wave symmetry, we have av = 0,

f(t) cos k0 t dt,

The function also has quarter-wave symmetry;

Now let t = (T /2 x) in the second integral, then dt = dx, x = T /4 when

f(x) cos k cos k0 x dx

But k is odd, hence

f(t) cos k0 t dt,

The function also has quarter-wave symmetry, therefore f(t) = f(T /2 t) in

Now let t = (T /2 x) in the second integral and note that dt = dx, x = T /4

But k is odd, therefore the expression for bk becomes

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

for all k; the function is odd

for k even, the function has half-wave symmetry

Int1 + Int2 = 2 2 sin

0.625T = 0.625(16 103 ) = 0.01

f(t) sin k0 t dt,

320 sin k0 t t cos k0 t

960 sin k0 t t cos k0 t

320 sin(k/2) T cos(k/2) sin(k/4) T cos(k/4)

CHAPTER 16. Fourier Series

f(t) = 19.57 sin(0 t) + 0.37 sin(30 t) 0.13 sin(50 t) + . . .

[b] Even, since f(t) = f(t)

If m = n, both integrals are zero (I7 above). If m = n, we have

4Im cos k0 t T /2 2

4Im sin k0 t T /2 8Im cos ko t

4Vm sin k0 t T /2

4Vm cos k0 t T /2