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TOPIC 2
2.0 SYNOPSIS
Topic 2 highlights some of the approaches in the teaching of grammar. Some of the
approaches discussed are descriptive and prescriptive grammar, covert and overt approaches,
teaching of grammar in isolation and in context, Meaning, Use, Form (MUF) framework and the
integration of grammar with the other language skills, i.e. listening, speaking, reading and writing.
In addition, issues pertaining to the teaching of grammer are also discussed.
2.1 LEARNING OUTCOMES
By the end of this Topic, you will be able to:
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CONTENT
SESSION TWO (3 Hours)
2.3 Descriptive and Prescriptive Grammar
2.3.1 Descriptive grammar
Descriptive grammar refers to the structure of a language as it is actually used by
speakers and writers. Descriptive grammars describe how people use spoken and
written language, and the knowledge that they use to decide whether something is
grammatically correct.
2.3.2 Prescriptive grammar
Prescriptive grammar is a set of rules and examples dealing with the syntax and
word structures of a language, usually intended as an aid to the learning of that
language. It refers to the structure of a language as certain people think it should be
used. Prescriptive grammars prescribe the rules of a language.
Both kinds of grammar are concerned with rules--but in different ways.
Specialists in descriptive grammar (called linguists) study the rules or patterns that
underlie our use of words, phrases, clauses, and sentences.
On the other hand, prescriptive grammarians (such as most editors and teachers)
layout rules about what they believe to be the correct or incorrect use of
language.
Exercise 1
What do you think of prescriptive and descriptive grammar?
comments.
Give your
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Errors
should be tolerated during the course of the activity but should be noted and dealt
with at a later session.
2.4.2 Overt Approach
In the overt approach, teacher explicitly explains the rules when presenting the new
language. There are two options available to the teacher; the deductive approach
and the inductive approach.
Inductive approach - also known as discovery method. The students are first
given a number of sample sentences containing the target forms and then the
teacher guides the students into deriving the rule for themselves.
The two approaches should not be seen as separate but rather as complementary.
A grammar rule presented covertly via communicative activity can be supported by
an explicit explanation so that students understand the rules.
A grammar rule
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Grammar is therefore
Olshtain (1998) stressed that only a handful of grammatical rules are free from
discoursal contraints.
According to Weaver (1996), grammar need not be taught, since it is acquired
subconciously when the students learn the other language skills. Weaver further
postulates that students can learn and apply many grammatical concepts without
learning to analyse and label the parts of speech and various other grammatical
constructions. For example, we come to understand that acquiring the terminology
that a have auxilliary is always followed by a past participle (They have taken the
chair) and a be auxilliary is always followed by a present participle (They will be
taking the chair).
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Second, what does it mean in the context its being used in?
For example: Shes wearing a red skirt. The literal or essential meaning of the word
has to do with naming a particular color.
Shes red from sitting in the sun. Her skin has turned a particular shade of pink
indicating sunburn.
He was a well-known red. Red indicates the persons political beliefs and affiliation.
2.6.2 FORM:
How is the vocabulary unit, functional expression, or grammar structure formed?
Form refers to the visible and audible parts of vocabulary, functional expressions
and grammar units: the spelling, phonemes, syllable stress, words in a phrase,
prefixes or suffixes, syntax (word order), choice of noun or verb, etc for a particular
place in a sentence, and/or punctuation. For example: the present perfect is formed
with have been plus the past participle of the main verb; tired of is followed by
Ving/gerund not an to V/infinitive, in my opinion and not on my opinion; the word is
spelled c-o-n-t-e-n-t and the second syllable is stressed
2.6.3 USE:
When or why is the vocabulary, functional expression or grammar structure used?
The words, functional expressions, grammar structures we choose to use are
determined by the situation we are in and/or what we want to communicate to our
listener(s). Use is interconnected with meaning.
For example: Please note: Mail will not be delivered on Thursdays until further
notice. The passive voice is used appropriately here because it is more formal and
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objective; because listeners know generally that postmen deliver the mail and that
this decision was made by a nameless government or postal official; and because
the what is crucial to communicate is the fact that there will be no postal delivery on
the specified day for the foreseeable future.
For example: Good morning! is a greeting we use with friends, family, our boss, etc.
when we see them before noon. If we say Good morning! to a family as s/he gets up
in the afternoon (because they were out late the night before), we are being ironic
and perhaps indicating disapproval. We would probably not say this to our boss
when s/he came in late.
The principle of integration requires that the four language skills, grammar
items/sentence patterns, the sound system and vocabulary be integrated and
taught as a whole, wherever possible
There are at least three ways in which grammar can be integrated with the other
language skills like, listening, speaking, reading and writing;
i.
ii.
iii.
age
proficiency level
educational background
language skills
style (register)
However, there are evidence showing that various other forms of attention to and
treatment of grammatical errors have an impact on learners.
In speaking we have to adhere to the principles of maintaining communicative
flow, of maximizing student self-correction and of sensitively considering the
affective and linguistic place the learner is in.
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