Regency era

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Regency Era
18111820

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George IV while Prince Regent by Sir Thomas Lawrence.

Preceded by

Georgian era

Followed by

Victorian era

Monarch

George IV

Periods inEnglish history

[hide]

Anglo-Saxon

c. 5001066

Norman

10661154

Plantagenet

11541485

Tudor

14851603

Elizabethan
Stuart

15581603
16031714

Jacobean

16031625

Caroline

16251649

(Interregnum)

16491660

Restoration

16601688

Georgian

17141837
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Victorian

18371901

Edwardian

19011914

First World War

19141918

Interwar

19181939

Second World War

19391945

Postwar

1945present

The Regency era in the United Kingdom is the period between 1811 and 1820, when King George III was deemed unfit to rule and
his son, the Prince of Wales, ruled as his proxy as Prince Regent. In 1820 the Prince Regent became George IV on the death of his
father.
The term "Regency era" sometimes refers to a more extended time frame than the decade of the formal Regency. The period
between 1795 and 1837 (the latter part of the reign of George III and the reigns of his sons George IV, as Prince Regent and King,
and William IV) was characterised by distinctive trends in British architecture, literature, fashions, politics, and culture. If "Regency
era" is being used to describe the transition between "Georgian" and "Victorian" eras, the focus is on the "pre-Victorian" period from
1811, when the formal Regency began, until 1837 when Queen Victoria succeeded William IV. If, however, "Regency era" is being
contrasted with "the Eighteenth century", then the period includes the later French Revolutionary Wars and the Napoleonic Wars.
Contents
[hide]

1 Society during the Regency

2 Timeline of the formal Regency

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3 Places

4 Important people

5 Newspapers, pamphlets, and publications

6 The British Regency in popular culture

7 See also

8 References

9 Further reading

10 External links

11 Images from the British Regency

Society during the Regency[edit]

The Regency is noted for its elegance and achievements in the fine arts and architecture. This era encompassed a time of great
social, political, and even economic change. War was waged with Napoleon and on other fronts, affecting commerce both at home
and internationally as well as politics. Despite the bloodshed and warfare the Regency was also a period of great refinement and
cultural achievement, shaping and altering the societal structure of Britain as a whole.
One of the greatest patrons of the arts and architecture was the Prince Regent himself (the future George IV). Upper class society
flourished in a sort of mini-Renaissance of culture and refinement. As one of the greatest patrons of the arts, the Prince Regent
ordered the costly building and refurbishing of the beautiful and exotic Brighton Pavilion, the ornate Carlton House, as well as many
other public works and architecture (See John Nash). Naturally, this required dipping into the treasury and the Regent, and later,
King's exuberance often outstripped his pocket, at the people's expense.[1]
Society was also considerably stratified. In many ways there was a dark side to the beauty and fashion in England at this time: in
the dingier, less affluent areas of London, thievery, womanising, gambling, the existence of rookeries, and constant drinking ran
rampant.[2]The population boomthe population increased from just under a million in 1801 to one and a quarter million by 1820[3]
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created a wild, roiling, volatile, and vibrant scene. According to Robert Southey, the difference between the strata of society was
vast indeed:
The squalor that existed beneath the glamour and gloss of Regency society provided sharp contrast to Prince Regent's social circle.
Poverty was addressed only marginally. The formation of the Regency after the retirement of George III saw the end of a more pious
and reserved society, and gave birth of a more frivolous, ostentatious one. This change was influenced by the Regent himself, who
was kept entirely removed from the machinations of politics and military exploits. This did nothing to channel his energies in a more
positive direction, thereby leaving him with the pursuit of pleasure as his only outlet, as well as his sole form of rebellion against
what he saw as disapproval and censure in the form of his father.[4]
It was not only money and rebellious pampered youth that fuelled these changes but also significant technological advancements. In
1814, The Times adopted steam printing thereby increasing production capabilities, along with demand tenfold (printing 1100 sheets
per hour versus the previous 200 per hour).[5] This development brought about the rise of the wildly popular fashionable novels in
which publishers spread the stories, rumours, and flaunting of the rich and aristocratic, not so secretly hinting at the specific identity
of these individuals. The gap in the hierarchy of society was so great that those of the upper classes could be viewed by those
below as wondrous and fantastical fiction, something entirely out of reach yet tangibly there.

Timeline of the formal Regency[edit]

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to
reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2011)
1811
George Augustus Frederick, Prince of Wales [6] begins his nine-year tenure as regent and becomes known as The Prince
Regent. This sub-period of the Georgian erabegins the formal Regency. The Duke of Wellington holds off the French at
Fuentes d'Onoro and Albuhera in the Peninsular War. The Prince Regent holds a fete at nine p.m. June 19, 1811 at Carlton
House in celebration of his assumption of the Regency. Luddite uprisings. Glasgow weavers riot.
1812
Spencer Perceval assassinated in the House of Commons. Final shipment of the Elgin Marbles arrives in England. Sarah
Siddons retires from the stage. Shipping and territory disputes start the War of 1812 between the United Kingdom and the
United States. The British are victorious over French armies at the Battle of Salamanca. The waltz is introduced from Europe
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into England. Gas company (Gas Light and Coke Company) founded. Charles John Huffam Dickens English writer and social
critic of the Victorian erais born on 7 February 1812
1813
Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen is published. William Hedley's Puffing Billy, an early steam locomotive, runs on smooth
rails. Quaker prison reformer Elizabeth Fry starts her ministry at Newgate Prison. Robert Southey becomes Poet Laureate.
1814
Invasion of France by allies leads to the Treaty of Paris, ending one of the Napoleonic Wars. Napoleon abdicates and is
exiled to Elba. The Duke of Wellington is honored atBurlington House in London. British soldiers burn the White House.
Last River Thames Frost Fair is held, which was the last time the river froze. Gas lighting introduced in London streets.
1815
Napoleon I of France defeated by the Seventh Coalition at the Battle of Waterloo. Napoleon is exiled to St. Helena. The
English Corn Laws restrict corn imports. Sir Humphry Davy patents the miners' safety lamp. John Loudon Macadam's road
construction method adopted.
1816
Income tax abolished. A "year without a summer" follows a volcanic eruption in Indonesia. Mary
Shelley writes Frankenstein. William Cobbett publishes his newspaper as a pamphlet. The British return Indonesia to the
Dutch. Regent's Canal, London, phase one of construction. Beau Brummell escapes his creditors by fleeing to France.
1817
Antonin Carme creates a spectacular feast for the Prince Regent at the Royal Pavilion in Brighton. The death of Princess
Charlotte from complications of childbirth changes obstetrical practices. Elgin Marbles shown at the British Museum. Captain
Bligh dies.
1818
Queen Charlotte dies at Kew. Manchester cotton spinners' strike. Riot in Stanhope between lead miners and the Bishop of
Durham's men over Weardale gaming rights.Piccadilly Circus constructed in London.
1819
Peterloo Massacre. Princess Alexandrina Victoria (future Queen Victoria) is christened in Kensington
Palace. Ivanhoe by Walter Scott is published. Sir Stamford Raffles, a British administrator, founds Singapore. First steampropelled vessel (the SS Savannah) crosses the Atlantic and arrives in Liverpool from Savannah, Georgia.
1820
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Death of George III. Accession of The Prince Regent as George IV. The House of Lords passes a bill to grant George IV a
divorce from Queen Caroline, but because of public pressure the bill is dropped. John Constable begins work on The Hay
Wain. Cato Street Conspiracy fails. Royal Astronomical Society founded. Venus de Milodiscovered.

Places[edit]
The following is a list of places associated with the Regency era:

Change in Bond Street, James Gillray

(incomplete list)

The Adelphi
Theatre[7]
Almack's
Astley's
Amphitheatre

Attingham Park

Bath, Somerset

Brighton Pavilion

Drury Lane

Floris of London

Fortnum &
Mason

Lyme Regis
Marshalsea Debtor's
Prison

Mayfair, London

Royal Opera
House

Royal Parks of
London

Rundell and
Bridge Jewellery
firm

Gretna Green[8]

Newgate Prison

Hatchard's

Newmarket Racecourse

Little Theatre,
Haymarket

The Old Bailey

Savile Row

Old Bond Street

St George's,
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Brighton and
Hove

Brooks's

Burlington Arcade

Carlton House,
London

Chapel Royal, St.

James's

Her Majesty's
Theatre
Holland House
Houses of
Parliament
Hyde Park,
London
Jermyn Street

Opera House

Hanover Square

Pall Mall, London

The Pantheon

Ranelagh Gardens

Sydney Gardens,
Bath

Regent's Park

Regent Street

Temple of
Concord, St. James's
Park

Royal Circus[10]

St. James's

Tattersalls
The Thames
Tunnel

Cheltenham,
Gloucestershire

Kensington
Gardens[9]

Circulating
libraries, 180125

King of Clubs
(Whig club)

Tunbridge Wells

Covent Garden

Vauxhall Gardens

List of London's
gentlemen's clubs

Lloyd's of
London

Custom
Office, London
Docks
Doncaster Races

London Docks

London
Institution

London Post
Office

West End of
London

Watier's

White's

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Important people[edit]

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington, Portrait by Sir Thomas Lawrence, 1814

(incomplete list)

Rudolph Ackermann

Humphry Davy

John Loudon McAdam

Arthur Aikin

John Disney

Hannah More

David Douglas

John Nash

Maria Edgeworth

Pierce Egan

Horatio Nelson, 1st

Viscount Nelson

George Ormerod

Henry Addington, 1st

Viscount Sidmouth
William Arden, 2nd Baron
Alvanley, Prinny's set

Elizabeth Armistead

Jane Austen

Charles Babbage

Thomas Bruce, 7th Earl of

Elgin

Grace Elliott

Maria Fitzherbert

Henry Paget, 1st Marquess

of Anglesey

John Palmer, Royal Mail

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Joseph Banks
Richard Barry, 7th Earl of
Barrymore, Prinny's set

Elizabeth Fry

John Clare (poet)

David Garrick

Spencer Percival

Jane Porter

George IV of the United

Kingdom, Prince of Wales,
Prince Regent then King

William Blake

Beau Brummell

Mary Brunton

Lord Frederick Beauclerk

Henrietta Ponsonby,
Countess of Bessborough

Frederick Robinson, 1st

Viscount Goderich

Marguerite, Countess of
Blessington

William Grenville, 1st

Baron Grenville

Bow Street Runners

Charles Grey, 2nd Earl

Grey

Caroline of Brunswick,
Prinny's wife

Frances Burney

George Gordon, Lord Byron

George Campbell, 6th Duke

of Argyll, Prinny's set

Robert Stewart, Viscount

Castlereagh

George Cayley
Georgiana Cavendish,
Duchess of Devonshire

James Gillray

Hermann, Frst von

Pckler-Muskau

Thomas de Quincey

Thomas Raikes

Humphry Repton

Samuel Rogers

Thomas Rowlandson

James Sadler
Walter Scott

Emma, Lady Hamilton

William Harcourt, 3rd Earl

Harcourt

Richard "Conversation"
Sharp

William Hazlitt

Percy Bysshe Shelley

William Hedley

Mary Shelley

Leigh Hunt

Richard Sheridan

Sarah Siddons

John Soane

Isabella Ingram-SeymourConway, Marchioness of

Hertford

John Jackson

Adam Sedgwick

Edward Jenner

Robert Stewart, Viscount

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Princess Charlotte Augusta

of Wales

William Cobbett

Samuel Taylor Coleridge

Patrick Colquhoun

John Constable

Elizabeth Conyngham,
Marchioness Conyngham

Tom Cribb

George Cruikshank

John Dalton

Sarah, Countess of Jersey

Edmund Kean

John Keats

Lady Caroline Lamb

Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke

of Wellington

Charles Lamb

Emily Lamb, Lady Cowper

Benjamin Thompson,
Count Rumford

Joseph Mallord William

Turner

Henry Vassall-Fox, 3rd

Baron Holland

Sir Thomas Lawrence,

PRA

Princess Lieven

Mary Linwood

Robert Jenkinson, 2nd Earl

of Liverpool
Ada Byron Lovelace

Castlereagh
John Wedgwood

Thomas Young (scientist)

Benjamin West

William Wilberforce

William Hyde Wollaston

William Wordsworth

Jeffry Wyattville

Newspapers, pamphlets, and publications[edit]

Ackermann's Repository

The Gentleman's Magazine

British Journalists 17501820

Newspapers in the Regency era

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The Times

The Observer

Weekly Political Register, William Cobbett

La Belle Assemble

The British Regency in popular culture[edit]

Jane Austen, Watercolour and pencil portrait by her sister Cassandra, 1810

The Madness of King George

Regency Reenactment Groups

Social Customs During the Regency Era

Regency novels
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Regency romance

Jane Austen in popular culture

Republic of Pemberley

The third series of the BBC comedy series Blackadder is set in the Regency Period.

The British Regency Period in film and costume dramas

See also[edit]

Regency architecture

Regency fashions

Regency dance

Rgence, the period of the early 18th-century regency in France.

Society of Dilettanti

References[edit]
Constructs such as ibid., loc. cit. and idem are discouraged by Wikipedia's
style guide for footnotes, as they are easily broken. Please improve this
article by replacing them with named references (quick guide), or an
abbreviated title. (March 2010)
1. Jump up^ Parissien, Steven. George IV Inspiration of the Regency. New York: St. Martin's P,
2001. 117
2. Jump up^ Low, Donald A. The Regency Underworld. Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1999. x
3. Jump up^ Ibid x
4. Jump up^ Smith 14.
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5. Jump up^ Morgan, Marjorie. Manners, Morals, and Class in England, 17741859. New York:
St. Martin's P, 1994. 34.
6. Jump
up^ http://www.royal.gov.uk/HistoryoftheMonarchy/KingsandQueensoftheUnitedKingdom/TheHa
noverians/GeorgeIV.aspx
7. Jump up^ The Adelphi Theatre, 18061900
8. Jump up^ "Gretna Green". Retrieved 10 October 2014.
9. Jump up^ "Kensington Gardens". Retrieved 10 October 2014.
10.Jump up^ "The Royal Circus". Retrieved 10 October 2014.

This article uses bare URLs for citations, which may be threatened by link
rot. Please consider adding full citations so that the article
remains verifiable. Several templates and the Reflinks tool are available to
assist in formatting. (Reflinks documentation) (August 2014)

Further reading[edit]

Ashton, John, Social England Under the Regency, Kessinger Publishing, 2006

Bowman, Peter James. The Fortune Hunter: A German Prince in Regency England. Oxford:
Signal Books, 2010.

David, Saul. Prince of Pleasure The Prince of Wales and the Making of the Regency. New York:
Atlantic Monthly P, 1998.

Knafla, David, Crime, punishment, and reform in Europe, Greenwood Publishing, 2003

Lapp, Robert Keith. Contest for Cultural Authority - Hazelitt, Coleridge, and the Distresses of
the Regecy. Detroit: Wayne State UP, 1999.

Low, Donald A. The Regency Underworld. Gloucestershire: Sutton, 1999.

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Morgan, Marjorie. Manners, Morals, and Class in England, 1774-1859. New York: St. Martin's
P, 1994.

Parissien, Steven. George IV Inspiration of the Regency. New York: St. Martin's P, 2001.

Pilcher, Donald. The Regency Style: 1800-1830 (London: Batsford, 1947).

Simond, Louis, Journal of a tour and residence in Great Britain, during the years 1810 and
1811

Smith, E. A. George IV. New Haven and London: Yale UP, 1999.

Wellesley, Lord Gerald. "Regency Furniture," The Burlington Magazine for Connoisseurs 70,
no. 410 (1973): 233-41.

External links[edit]

Greenwood's Map of London, 1827

Horwood Map of London, 1792 - 1799

Results of the 1801 and 1811 Census of London, The European Magazine and London Review,
1818, p. 50

The Bluestocking Archive

End of an Era: 1815-1830

New York Public Library, England - The Regency Style

Regency Style Furniture

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Images from the British Regency[edit]

Necklothitania,1818

Astley's Amphitheatre, 1808-1811.

Brighton Pavilion. 1826.

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Carlton House, Pall Mall London.

Vauxhall Gardens. 1808-1811.

Church of All Souls, architect John Nash. 1823.

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Regent's Canal, Limehouse. 1823.

Frost Fair, Thames River. 1814

The Piccadilly entrance to the Burlington Arcade. 1819.

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Princess Charlotte Augusta of Wales and Leopold I. 1817.

Morning dress, Ackermann. 1820.

Water at Wentworth, Humphry Repton. 1752-1818.

Hanover Square, Horwood Map, 1819.

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Beau Brummell. 1805

Battle of Waterloo. 1815.

Almack's Assembly Room. 1805-1825.

Drury Lane interior. 1808.

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Balloon ascent, James Sadler, 1811.

The Anatomist, Thomas Rowlandson, 1811.

Regent's Park, Schmollinger map, 1833.

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100 Pall Mall, former location of National Gallery, 1824-1834

Cognocenti, Gillray Cartoon, 1801

Custom Office, London Docks, 1811-1843

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Custom and Excise, London Docks, 1820

Mail coach, 1827

Assassination of Spencer Perceval, 1812

The pillory at Charing Cross, Ackermann'sMicrocosm of London(180811)

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Covent Garden Theatre, 182728

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History of the United Kingdom by period
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George III of the United Kingdom
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