Grammatical Discussions

Grammatical Discussions in kyarakitas Vttaml(stuti)vivti
65
Grammatical Discussions in kyarakitas

Vttaml(stuti)vivti
Mahesh A. Deokar,
Lata Mahesh Deokar,
S. S. Bahulkar (University of Pune)
Introduction
Jnarmitras (first half of the 11th century)1 Vttamlstuti (= VMS) Garland
of Praise of Majurs Conducts in Various Metres is an ingenious work of
poetry combining devotional sentiments and scientific discussion on classical
Sanskrit metres. After an introduction (14) consisting of four ry stanzas, in
which he explains the aim of his composition, Jnarmitra describes in the
following 150 stanzas (5154), composed in various metres, different conducts
of Majur. These are classified into the three main categories of peaceful
(sama), half peaceful, and half angry (ardhasama) and angry (viama). At the
same time, using stanzas 5154 as illustrations of particular metrical
structures, he defines these metres along with their names, the categories to
which they belong, and their caesura(s). These metres are also classified into
three divisions of sama- equal, ardhasama- half equal and viamavttas
unequal. In order to compose such complex verses with parallel structures
the use of ingenious linguistic tools and techniques was inevitable for the
author. The names of metres like meghavisphrjita, narkkuaka and toaka were
difficult to use in the praise of Majur in a meaningful manner. Still difficult
was the task to include the names of metres like yavamat and pa as they do
not fit into the metrical structure of those particular metres. In order to solve
these difficulties, Janarmitra was forced to use uncommon words or split
common words in an uncommon manner, and had to choose such expressions
as would suggest the intended name of a metre. Indicating caesura and the
metrical genre in a manner which would likewise apply to the description of
Majur is an equally difficult task. This also has been successfully
accomplished by using different synonymic collocations and symbolic terms.
Such a complex structure of the text presents a challenging task before its
commentator. It certainly demands a thorough understanding of the main
text (mlagrantha) and an in-depth knowledge of grammar, lexicography,
metrics, and Buddhist philosophy, especially the Mahyna philosophy,
particularly related to Mantrayna. kyarakita (between 10501150 A.D.),2
who flourished almost a hundred years after Jnarmitra, well-equipped
with all those prerequisites, has successfully explained the complex nature of
1
2
Cf. HAHN 1971: 6.

Cf. HAHN 1971: 8.
66
Mahesh A. DEOKAR, Lata M. DEOKAR, S. S. BAHULKAR
the verses in his elaborate commentary entitled Vttamlstutivivti1 (= VMSV)

or Vttamlvivti.2 He divides his comment on each verse into two parts. In
the first part, the verse is explained with regard to Majur whereas in the
second, it is analysed from the metrical point of view. This exegesis includes
glosses on relatively unknown words, dissolution of compounds, analysis of
difficult or irregular word formations and usages, and comments on the
syntax of a verse. While explaining the verse from the metrical point of view,
he also makes use of some works on metrics. In order to fully understand
kyarakitas analysis of the text, and to evaluate his scholarship, it is
necessary to study all these different aspects of his commentary.
In the present paper, we focus our attention on the grammatical discussions
occurring in kyarakitas VMSV. The scope of these discussions is limited
only to those sections of the commentary that directly hinge on rules of
grammar, grammatical derivations involving specific verbal roots or suffixes,
grammatical terminology, concepts, and maxims.
Sometimes kyarakita explains the words without referring either to
grammatical rules or suffixes. In such cases, a knowledgeable reader can
easily deduce the underlying grammatical rule or suffix simply by reading his
comments. Two such examples may be cited to clarify the point:
1. ayanam bed (verse 40).3 kyarakita explains the word as ayyate sminn
iti ayana <|> ayana bed is that on which one sleeps. The explanation
clearly indicates that the word is derived from the root ayane by adding
a primary derivative affix lyu (= ana) in the sense of a location (adhikaraa).
The said suffix is taught by karadhikaraayo ca (P III.3.117), and lyu (CV
I.3.97).
2. janya O benefactor of the people! (verse 127).4 kyarakita explains this
secondary derivative form in the vocative case as janebhyo hita O
benefactor of the people! From this explanation, one can easily figure out
the underlying suffix and the grammatical rule. The form is derived by
adding the suffix ya to the word jana ending in a dative case in the sense of
beneficial to it. The suffix cha (= ya) is taught by the rule tasmai hitam (P
V.1.5, CV IV.1.4).
Cf. the commentary at the end of the verse 124: iti dukaraprabhedav<tta>mlstutivivtau
samavttni |
2
Cf. the commentary at the end of the verse 140: iti dukaraprabhedavttamlvivtau ardhasamavttni |
3sphrmod madhunidhir adhika cra ctusamam iva dadhat | nlbjarr dalasukhaayansaparyptabhramaravilasit ||
4kim uanti budh adhika vibho yadi janya tadyatanur bhavet | tava disudhrasadhray
sphuritahraruc hariaplut ||
67
Since such discussions do not have a direct mention of grammatical rules,

concepts or maxims, they fall outside the defined scope of this paper. These
are not dealt with here for they are general in nature and require no special
knowledge of Sanskrit grammatical treatises.
For the convenience of presentation, the grammatical discussions are
classified under six main sections. They are as follows:
I. Word Categories
II. Derivation of Words and Morphophonemic Changes
III. Explanation of Unique Usages
IV. Explanation of Peculiar Compouds
V. References to Grammatical Concepts and Maxims
VI. Semantic or Syntactic Interpretations
An attempt is made to elaborate these condensed grammatical discussions by
quoting relevant rules or extracts from the commentaries on grammatical
works. In all the possible cases, we have also tried to trace back kyarakitas
comments to their probable sources in the grammatical treatises of Pini
and Candragomin.
It may be noted that our analysis of the commentary is based on its revised
text which is being prepared for publication by Prof. Michael Hahn. Therefore, readers may find some differences between the text published in the
eighth issue of the South Asian Classical Studies (July 2013, pp. 265328) and
the one accepted here. We hope that this article would prove useful for
readers in understanding kyarakitas grammatical analysis of the text.
I. Word Categories
Understanding the role of a particular word in a sentence is extremely
important for the correct comprehension of the text. In a number of cases
where one may have a doubt regarding the grammatical status of a word,
kyarakita makes a clear reference to the category to which it belongs.
These references are limited to the following word categories:
A. Sabodhana or mantraa vocative
B. Kriyvieaa adverb
C. Kart agent
There are altogether twenty-three references of this kind, out of which
nineteen refer to the vocative forms, three to adverbs and one to the
syntactic category agent.
68
A. Sabodhana or mantraa vocative

When a vocative form is not easily discernible in a verse or when its boundary
is unclear, kyarakita clearly points it out by referring to its grammatical
category. It is, however, somewhat peculiar that he uses two different
technical terms, viz. sabodhana or pada and mantraa or pada to refer to
the vocative. In the commentary on verses 31,1 34,2 50,3 57,4 88,5 97,6 116,7 117,8
and 1209 he uses the terms sabodhana and pada whereas the terms mantraa
and pada are employed in the commentary on verses 90,10 92,11 100,12 105,13
107, 14 109, 15 121, 16 122, 17 126, 18 and 138. 19 Out of these nineteen references,
seven are that of sabodhana, two of sabodhanapada, eight of mantraa and
two of mantraapada. It is noteworthy that although the term sabodhana is
found in Pinis Adhyy,20 and the Cndravykaraa of Candragomin,21 the
term mantraa is altogether missing in both the grammars. The term
mantraa appears in the Ktantravykaraa of arvavarman.22 This choice of
technical terms is rather puzzling as it is unusual for an author to use side by
side two different terms belonging to different traditions.
bhuvanoddyota svminn iti sabodhanadvayam |

he uddhavir iti sa<bo>dhana hetubhvena |
3
anantarodbhvitalakaeti bhagavata sabodhanam |
4
paramottameti v sabodhanam <|>
5
agait gu yasyeti trayam api sabodhanapadam |
6
ita ritagurukarudigyativao yena etat sabodhanapadam adhipeti ca |
7
tdam antakaraasya karaam pravartana yasya tasya sabodhanam |
8
<utktau pra>modajananena prauh unmlant lvayarr yasyedam api sabodhanam |
9
<he> varada aparimo nuttara paramopakras tatrottamara ivottamaras tasya sabodhanam |
2
10
jaadhiyam prati lak<y>ktya samadhikaguru<day ya>sya tasymantraam | ubhamaya

ubhahetuka samudyo yasya <|> tath karatale vinihita kuvalayam indvara yena | etad api
dvayam mantraapadam |
11
nirvihatapratijety mantraam |
12
trayam etad mantraapadam |
13
vivnukampai mukha dvra te unmlanto ye nnrass te pad | idam apy mantraam |
14
anargha smi<tavasu>vadana yasya tasymantraam |
15
nirvtau ca nirve avat na vidyate pratih ye te ca te vdina ca te varihetdam
api dvaya(m) <mantra>am |
16
catuayam idam mantraam |
17
athav akaruakarubaletymantra<a>m |
18
bhavasya sasrasya mathana ruta yasya bhavamathane v ruto vidita | tasymantraam <|>
19
jinanayety mantraapada v |
20
Cf. P II.3.47, III.2.125: sabodhane ca |
21
Cf. CV II.1.94: sabodhane |
22
Cf. Kt II.4.18: mantrae ca | Also cf. Mahesh Deokar, 2008: 187190.
69
With regard to verse 34,1 kyarakita not only identifies the word uddhavir
as a sabodhana but also comments that this sabodhana is used to convey the
additional sense of hetu a cause.2 He thereby suggests a conditional interpretation of the same as O! Since you shine distinctly with your natural
appearance without any ornaments. 3 Such subtle comments add new
dimensions to the understanding of these already intricate verses.
B. Kriyvieaa adverb
Another word type identified by kyarakita is kriyvieaa adverb. A
mention of this term can be found in the commentary on verses 57,4 80,5 and
148.6 Out of these three references, in the commentary on verse 57, kyarakita uses the expression kriyy vieaam adjective of an action instead of
kriyvieaam. Here he suggests two different interpretations for the word
drutavilambitam: first as an adverb and second as an adjective. For a detailed
discussion of how these two different interpretations yield two different
nuances, readers may refer to section VI, no. 4.
In verses 80 7 and 148, 8 the expression kim api, which can also have two
possible interpretations, is interpreted as an adverb rather than an adjective.
Thus, verse 80 should be construed as yadi ka cit sayatair indriyai kva cid
darastimitadh bhavata kalm kim api dhyyati.9 Similarly, verse 148 should
be construed as bhkukakadaaneu viktni kim api bibhratas tava yad lalita
ca ki tu da vikaa vapu bhuvanni damayati.10
1nnratnamarcimlin pronmlannijakntisapad | pratyaga tava bhaval nt uddhavir parbhavam ||

2
he uddhavir iti sa<bo>dhana hetubhvena |
3
yasmt tva uddho nirbhao vieea rjasa iti |
4
druta v vilambita v yad uccrita vaca | kriyy vieaam vacaso v tad api bahu
manyante |
5
kim apti kriyvieaam |
6
kim apti kriyvieaam |
7bhavata
kal kim api sayatair indriyai kva cid darastimitadhr yadi dhyyati | acirt
svaya varayatyam ena jana vasudh dhruva jaladhiakvarbha ||
8
bhkukakadaaneu kim api viktni bibhrata | damayati tava bhuvanni vapur lalita ca
ki tu vikaa yad dam ||
9
If someone with his mind being motionless on account of close attention would
meditate in whatever manner with restrained faculties upon your spiritual stages at some
place.
10
Your charming form, which is nevertheless of such a terrifying (appearance), tames all
the worlds when you are exhibiting in an inexplicable manner scary gestures of frowning,
side glances and teeth.
70
C. Kart agent
In the commentary on verse 99,1 kyarakita identifies the syntactic category
of the word hitam as kart agent of the verb abhta.2 The word hitam ending
in the suffix kta can be interpreted in two different ways, either as an action
noun meaning an act or as a passive participle meaning wished, desired. By
explaining the word as ceitam and identifying it as an agent, kyarakita
hints at its status as an action noun. This clarifies the syntactic structure of
the verse and thereby helps to understand it without ambiguity. The basic
structure of the verse should be now understood as tavehta yatiapada
tath ca kalakaat ktikokilakam abhta.3
II. Derivation of Words and Morphophonemic Changes

A. Derivation
kyarakitas great command over the Pinian and Cndra grammar can be
seen from his derivations of difficult words. These include references to: a.
nominal stems or verbal roots along with their meanings as they occur in the
Dhtupha; b. relevant suffixes; c. the subsequent morphophonemic changes;
d. appropriate rules from the Adhyy or the Cndravykaraa; and e.
maxims from the grammatical works. All the derivations discussed by kyarakita are listed below in the sequential order of the verses.
1. naikabhavya of many lives (verse 9).4 The word is a secondary derivative
from a compound stem naikabhava, which is further derived from two
nominal stems na and ekabhava. Under normal circumstances, the negative
particle na is substituted by an before a noun beginning with a vowel.5
However, in exceptional cases like this, na remains unchanged. After the
compounding has taken place, the taddhita affix cha is added to the
compound stem naikabhava in the sense of existing there.6 The taddhita
affix cha is further replaced by ya to produce the final form naikabhavya.7
kyarakita explains the whole process as follows:
As to the word naikabhava-, there is no elision of na since the word
belongs to the class of words beginning with nakha-. (Thereafter,)
tribhuvanasamadapradajinavyavasyamadhau sphuasahakratmahitam hitam a tava |

pravacanamajarsrutaammtapnamudbhta yatiapada kalakaatktikokilakam ||
2
<taveh>ta ceita ka(rt) |
3
O lord! Your acts nurtured bees in the form of ascetics and cooing cuckoos in the form
of Bodhisattvas.
4
naikabhavybhysavivddham | bodhaviea sdhu dadhnai ||
5
Cf. tasmn nu aci (P VI.3.74). tato ci nu (CV V.2.93).
6
Cf. vddhc cha (P IV.2.114), daijdyaca cha (CV III.2.24).
7
Cf. yaneynyiya phahakhachagh pratyaydnm (P VII.1.2), yaneynyiya phahakhachagh phdydnm (CV V.4.2).
71
since the word has a vddhi letter at its initial position, the suffix cha
in the sense of existing there is added to the word naikabhava(resulting in the form) naikabhavya which qualifies the word
abhysa (meaning the practice of many lives).1
The probable source of kyarakitas explanation seems to be the rule
nakhdaya (CV V.2.95). Note that the corresponding rule in the Pinian
grammar is: nabhrnapnnavednsatynamucinakulanakhanapusakanakatranakrankeu prakty (P VI.3.75).
2. ui in the hot season (verse 13).2 This is a locative singular of uan- the
hot season, the summer. The word is derived from the root u- by adding
the the udi suffix kanin. kyarakita describes the derivation of the word
as follows:
The root u- is in the sense of burning. The udi suffix kanin is
added after it since the word uan belongs to the class of words
beginning with pan-.3
It is interesting that although ua dhe is a clear reference to the Cndradhtupha, the source of kyarakitas comment audika kanin, pditvt is certainly not the cndra-udi. There the relevant rule reads
vdaya (CU 3.80).
3. trailok the triple world (verse 29).4 This is a feminine secondary derivative
derived from the compound stem triloka the triple world by adding the
pleonastic suffix ya (svrthe) as it belongs to the class of words beginning
with cturvarya-. 5 Thereafter the feminine suffix 6 is added to the
secondary derivative trailokya to form the word trailok- by eliding the
taddhita affix ya.7 kyarakita describes this derivation in short without
showing inclination to any particular grammatical tradition. He comments:
Trailok means the triple world. When a taddhita suffix ya is added
because of the word (triloka) being a member of the class of words
beginning with cturvarya-, (the feminine) suffix , which is
naikabhavo nakhditvn nalopbhva | tatra bhavo vddhyditvc cha | naikabhavyo

bhysa |
2
jjvalti sana tv sametya saugatam | sryadhma dusaha stirekam ui hi ||
3
ua dhe <|> audika pditvt kanin | Cf. ua dhe | (CDh 1.232)
4
tvm udgtakulodayaaila prajlokam upyarathastham | vande jyavikhaanaaua
trailoknalinsavitram ||
5
Cf. the vrttika cturvarydn svrtha upasakhynam on the rule guavacanabrhmadibhya karmai ca (P V.1.124). Also cf. the gaastra cturvarydn svrthe on
guavacanabrhmadibhya karmai ca (CV IV.1.141).
6
Cf. idgaurdibhya ca (P IV.1.41), ito (CV II.3.37).
7
Cf. halas taddhitasya (P VI.4.150), halo yade (CV V.3.152).
72
indicated by the it sound , is added to it, as in case of the word

smagr-.1
4. nnratnamarcimlin possessing the garland of rays (emitting) from
different jewels (verse 34). 2 This feminine word is derived from the
compound stem nnratnamarciml by adding the possessive taddhita affix
ini3 with the further addition of the feminine suffix p.4 kyarakitas
comment is brief. He merely says:
(It means) that which has the garland of beams of various jewels.
Since the word belongs to the class of words beginning with vrhi-,
(the suffix) ini is added.5
Here, too, kyarakitas affiliation to any specific school of grammar
remains obscure.
5. ctusama cram the powder made of four ingredients (verse 40).6 The
word is an adjective qualifying cram. It is a secondary derivative from the
compound stem catusama- with the addition of the taddhita affix a in the
sense of this is his.7 kyarakita explains the same as follows:
Catusamam four ingredients are saffron and so on. Ctusama is that
which is related to it. The word cram powder should be construed
even with this (word ctusamam).8
6. adodhakam (ambakajtam) (a legion of eyes) which imbibes this (form)
(verse 41).9 This form is an upapada-tatpurua compound of the pronominal
form adas this and the primary derivative dha which is derived from the
root dh to suck by adding the suffix ka (= a). Thereafter the pleonastic
suffix kan (= ka) is added to this compound in order to arrive at the form
adodhakam.
kyarakita explains the derivation in the following words:
trayo loks trailok | cturvaryditvena yai striy illakao smagrvat |

nnratnamarcimlin pronmlannijakntisapad | pratyaga tava bhaval nt uddhavir parbhavam ||
3
Cf. vrhydibhya ca (P V.2.116), vrhydyata ini ca (CV IV.2.119).
4
Cf. nnebhyo p (P IV.1.5), no p (CV II.3.2).
5
nnratnn marciml yasy asti <|> vrhyditvd ini |
2
6
sphrmod madhunidhir adhika cra ctusamam iva dadhat | nlbjarr dalasukhaayansaparyptabhramaravilasit ||
7
Cf. tasyedam (P IV.3.120), tasya sva rathd yat (CV III.3.85).
8
catusama<> kukumdi | tasyeda ctusama<> <|> cram ity atrpi yojyam |
9
rparasyanabhvanay te vsava eva para bahumnya | yena cirya nirastanimea

labdham adodhakam ambakajtam ||
73
This (multitude of eyes) imbibes (lit.: drinks) this elixir vitae, which is
(your) beautiful form. Hence, the suffix ka (= a) is added after the
verbal root ending in the phoneme which follows a word other than
a prefix resulting in the form adodha-. When the suffix kan (= ka) is
added pleonastically, it gives rise to the form adodhaka-.1
In this explanation, we find an indirect reference to the Pinian rule: to
nupasarge ka (P III.2.3). The corresponding rule in the Cndravykaraa is
to prde ka (CV I.2.2). In case of the second reference to the grammatical
rule, nothing can be said decisively as the relevant rule in both grammars
is yvdibhya kan (P V.4.29, CV IV.4.12).
7. yen a feminine object of white colour (verse 47).2 The word is derived
from the nominal stem yeta denoting the white colour by adding the
feminine suffix p and at the same time substituting the penultimate
sound ta by na.3 kyarakita describes the said derivation without quoting
the relevant grammatical rule:
yen means of white colour. The form is derived when the
phoneme ta is replaced by na after the addition of (the feminine)
suffix to the word yeta-.4
8. sragvi a woman (in this context, the goddess Sarasvat) with a garland
(verse 54).5 This feminine secondary derivative is formed by adding the
possessive suffix vini to the word sraj-6 with the further addition of the
feminine suffix p.7
sraj + vini (= vin) (P V.2.121)
sraj + vin + p (P IV.1.5)
srag + vin + (P VIII.2.30)
srag + vi + (P VIII.4.2)
sragvi
ada ida rparasyana dhayati pibatty to nupasargt ka | adodha <|> svrthe kani adodhaka |
2
krtir artikartatas tava stavastomasadmano tisadmanohta | sndracandracandrikrdracandanayeny alakaroty ala dio daa ||
3
Cf. vard anudttt topadht to na (P IV.1.39), yetaitaharitarohitt to na | (CV II.3.34).
4
yen vet <|> yetaabdd pratyaye takrasya natve rpa | Please note that the Ms reads
veta. (Hahn 2013: 300). The reading is certainly faulty as the word yen is derived from yeta
and not from veta. The feminine form of the latter is rather vet. Cf. Kik on P IV.1.139:
anudttd iti kim ? vet |
5
dpyamnkhillaktilghin puyabhj mukhmbhojalabdhoday | bhrat bhrata

svabhvojjval tvm upaiti svaya sadguasragvi ||
6
Cf. asmymedhsrajo vini | (P V.2.121, CV IV.2.137).
7
Cf. nnebhyo p (P IV.1.5), no p (CV II.3.2).,
74
kyarakita derives the said form as a part of the explanation of the

compound sadguasragvi. He cuts the description of the derivation short
and only mentions the taddhita suffix without quoting specific rule from
any grammatical work:
Srag is a garland of those good qualities, which are peculiar to the
lord; the woman, who possesses it as something worth mentioning, is
sragvi having a garland. (The form is derived) by adding the suffix
vini having the (possessive) sense of the suffix matup to (the nominal
stem) sraj.1
9. lghin a proud lady (verse 54). The word is a feminine secondary
derivative from the nominal stem lgh. It is derived by adding the
possessive suffix ini2 with the further addition of the feminine suffix p.3
The word is a part of the larger compound dpyamnkhillaktilghin.
Our author describes it as follows:
One who has pride on account of all those glittering ornaments of
poetic figures of speech is (dpyamnkhillaktilghin), the suffix
ini is added to the nominal stem lgh as it belongs to the class of
words beginning with vrhi (to form the word lghin).4
Here, too, there is no specific mention of any grammatical rule.
10. kalik holding, wielding (verse 78).5 This is a feminine primary derivative
in the agentive sense. It is derived from the verbal root kal- to hold, to
wield of the tenth conjugation by adding the suffix vul (= aka).6
kal + vul (= aka) (P III.1.133)
kal + aka + (P IV.1.4)
kal + ika + (P VII.3.44)
kalik
It is a part of the larger compound vividhapraharaakalik weilding
different types of arms.1 Following his usual style, kyarakita explains
the word referring simply to the main primary derivative suffix as follows:
1
santo ye gu bhagavata eva te srag ml s yasy abhidheyatvensti <|> matvarthya srajo
vini | In the same context, kyarakita explains the intended pun on the word gua- in the
word sadguasragvi: san obhano gua stra yasy td srag asy astti sragvi one (i.e.
Sarasvat) who wears a garland with a beautiful thread.
2
Cf. vrhydibhya ca (P V.2.116), vrhydyata ini ca (CV IV.2.119).
3
Cf. nnebhyo p (P IV.1.5), no p (CV II.3.2).
4
dpyamn akhil y alaktaya kvyla<kr>s tbhi lgh yasy <|> vrhyditvd ini |
5
pratibhayavapum akaruacaritapraamanavidhaye kva cid api kpay | tava bhujaparighvalir
ativiam vilasati vividhapraharaakalik ||
6
Cf. vultcau (P III.1.133), kartari vultjaca | (CV I.1.139).
75
(It means:) it weilds different types of arms. Hence, the suffix vul is
added (to the root kal). It, (i.e. the creeper like arm,) is such.2
11. kuakam a receptacle (verse 98).3 This is a secondary derivative from the
nominal stem kua with the addition of the pleonastic taddhita suffix ka
(svrthe).4 It forms a part of the larger compound arkkuakam. kyarakita
explains it in brief without quoting any specific rule:
Arkkuaka- means a pot-like receptacle of the Vedic hymns, (i.e. the
gveda, a collections of verses (c)). The suffix ka is added pleonastically.5
12. ktikokilakam a cuckoo in the form of a bodhisattva who acts (for the
welfare of others) (verse 99).6 The word is derived from the compound
stem ktikokila- by adding the pleonastic taddhita suffix kan (= ka).7 Here,
too, kyarakita explains the derivation by mentioning merely the suffix
along with its meaning. The explanation is as follows:
The Bodhisattvas8 who act for the benefit of others are themselves
cuckoos. The pleonastic suffix kan is added (to the word ktijanakokila-).9
13. rutirasabhid extinguishing (lit.: breaking) the desire of listening (verse
101).10 The said word is an initial part of the longer compound rutirasabhidkrandandaikavtti. Here bhid is a primary derivative from the verbal
root bhid. It is derived by adding the kt suffix kvip in the agentive sense.11
kyarakita explains the form as follows:
It may be noted that Dpa lo-ts-ba translates the word kalik into Tibetan as sgrogs par
byed rnams producing sound. It is, however, not clear what Jnarmitra actually intended
to convey.
2
vividhni praharani kalayatti vul td |
3
tava guavistarapraayaptavacovibhava varada sa eka eva sumukho mukham vahati |
madhumayasmadhma yaju sajunugata ravaasudhbhimnabhavanarkkuaka ca vidhi ||
4
Cf. yvdibhya kan (P V.4.29, CV IV.4.12).
5
c <kua>m iva kua | svrthe ka |
6

7
Cf. yvdibhya kan (P V.4.29, CV IV.4.12).
8
Dpa lo-ts-ba in his Tibetan translation of the VMS translates the word kti- as mkhas
pa a wise person.
9
ktijana eva kokila <|> svrthika kan <|>
10
durdntn damanavidhaye kvpi kruyavegd dhatse mrti caraaikhay
khytavikrnta yasy | trailokya rutirasabhidkrandandaikavttir mandkrant vrajati vilaya
ntha na svsthyam u ||
11
Cf. kvip ca (P III.2.76), kvipvijmaninkvanipvanipa (CV I.2.53).
76
(rutirasabhid means) it destroys the taste for listening, i.e. the desire
of listening. Hence, there is an addition of the suffix kvip.1
14. akhilavipadapavham remover of all adversities (verse 118). 2 Here the
word under discussion is an upapada compound of akhil vipada and the
primary derivative apavha-.3 The word apavha- is derived by adding the
primary derivative suffix a to the root apa + vah with its object being an
upapada.4 In accordance with his usual practice, kyarakita explains the
said derivation in a compact manner as follows:
He removes, i.e. overpowers, all the adversities. With the addition of
the suffix a, (the form) akhilavipadapavham (is derived.)5
15. upacitram (mana) a mind filled with marvel (verse 125).6 This is a prdi
compound in the tatpurua category.7 kyarakita explains the said form
as follows:
(Upacitram means) that which has attained the state of marvel, i.e.
amazement. The compound is formed as per the supplementary
injunction (vrttika) atydaya krntdyarthe dvityay.8
This injuction, common to both the Pinian and the Cndra traditions,
can be considered as the second of the seven supplementary injunctions
added by Ktyyana to kugatiprdaya (P II.2.18) or an injunction found in
the CV on kuprdayo subvidhau nityam (CV II.2.24). According to it, the
prefixes ati and so on, conveying the sense of transcended and so on, are
compounded with a noun in the accusative case being the final member of
the compound (to form a prdisamsa). Since the injunction is exactly
identical in the traditions of Pini and Candragomin, it is difficult to
ascertain the exact source of kyarakitas explanation.
Thus, out of these fifteen derivations, eight are that of secondary derivatives,
three of primary derivatives, two of compounds and one each of an udi, and
a feminine noun. kyarakitas description of these derivations is quite brief.
In most of the cases, he simply refers to the main steps in the derivation and
rutirasa<> ravabhila bhinattti kvip |
tanvat susphuam aviratam amitam amtarasakaam iva parito geu pratylocanasamudayinavarasarasapadam asadam atularkam | yat kcchrair api na sulabham aparavividhasuktavidhibhir abhiyukttm tvatsevtaruphalam iha samanubhavati tad akhilavipadapavhkhyam ||
3
Cf. upapadam ati (P II.2.19), kraka bahulam (CV II.2.16).
4
Cf. karmay a (P III.2.1), vypyd a (CV I.2.1).
5
akhil vipado pavahaty adhikrmaty ai [|] akhilavipadapavham ...
6
idam ardham ablaaiprabha blaraviprabham dadhad ardham | karuvaavarti bhavadvapu kasya mano na karoty upacitram ||
7
Cf. kugatiprdaya (P II.2.18), kuprdayo subvidhau nityam (CV II.2.24).
8
upagata citra caryam | atydaya krntdyarthe dvit<ya>yeti samsa |
77
points out important suffixes with their nuances. Apart from these, at two
places, we find explanations of peculiar morphophonemic changes. Elsewhere, such modifications are left to the knowledge of basic Sanskrit
grammar on part of the readers. It may be argued that one who possesses the
knowledge of basic Sanskrit grammar does not need this explanation as he
knows the stras and the vrttikas. One who does not know these would not be
able to understand the explanation. Hence, this kind of grammatical
explanations hardly serve the purpose.
Suffixes are usually taught without referring to a specific rule of grammar.
Instead, we find a mention of gaas (word-classes) or other such conditions
responsible for the employment of a particular suffix. Ua dhe is the only
mention of an entry from the Dhtupha. It is attested in the Cndradhtupha. Out of the four references to the gaas, three are common to the
Pinian and the Cndra tradition whereas the nakhdi class is found only in
the Cndravykaraa. The only reference to the Udi rule could not be
attested decisively. In the above-mentioned fifteen derivations, the exclusive
influence of the Cndra grammar can be ascertained at two places and that of
Pinis Adhyy at a single place. In all the remaining cases, no clear
affiliation to any particular grammatical tradition, either that of Candragomin or Pini, could be shown.
B. Morphophonemic Changes
At times, kyarakitas explanation of a particular form is limited to the
description of morphophonemic changes like retroflexion. Five such cases are
listed below:
1. anuubhi with regard to praise or in the category anuubh (verse 16).1
This is a locative singular of the compound stem anuubh which is derived
from the prefix anu plus the verbal root stubh. kyarakita describes its
derivation in the following manner:
The root stubh is in the sense of to stupefy. Since roots have a
variety of meaning, in this case, it has the sense of praise,2 therefore
the word anuubh- means suitable (anu) praise (stobhanam).3 As per
yadguastutivistard astasagam anuubhi | dhram ekam udrayanty uttama padam udgat ||
2The primary meaning of the root stubh in 1 PP is to make joyful sound. Cf. MW
1259.AccordingtoAPTE (p. 1716), the root stubh- (1 Parasmaipada) means to praise and in
the tmanepada to stop. However, in the Dhtuphas of the Pinian and the Cndra
tradition, only the meaning to stupefy is recorded.
3
According to MW (p. 40), the word anuubh- means following in praise or invocation.
APTE (p. 111) records the following meanings: following in praise; speech.
78
the rule upasargt sunoti and so on (P VIII.3.65), the initial s (of the
root stubh-) is replaced by .1
Here the basis of kyarakitas explanation is Pinis Adhyy. The
entry ubhu stambhe is found in the dhtuphas of the Pinian and the
Cndra tradition (PDh 1.421, CDh 1.416). However, the mention of the rule
upasargt sunoti and so on is a clear reference to Pinis rule upasargt
sunotisuvatisyatistautistobhatisthsenayasedhasicasajasvajm (P VIII.3.65).
The corresponding rule in the Cndra grammar is prdn sussostustubhasthsenisedhasicasajasvajm (CV VI.4.50).
2. triubhi with regard to the praise of three things or in the category
triubh (verse 36).2 This is the locative singular form of the compound
stem triubh. kyarakita explains it as:
The praise, i.e. admiration of the three personal things, viz. appearance, virtues and fame. (In this form, the phoneme s of stubh
following the numeral tri-) is replaced by as the word belongs to the
class of words beginning with suman-.3
3. atisadmanoht the one who exorbitantly captures the minds of good
people (verse 47).4 While discussing this compound, kyarakita says:
He, i.e. Majur, exorbitantly captures the minds of good people.
Hence the compound atisadmanohta of the one who exorbitantly
captures the minds of good people. (In case of this form,) there is an
absence of the (nasal) substitute denoted by the siglum am as it is
stated optionally.5
From the expression amabhvbhva it appears that in this case kyarakitas explanation is based on a rule in the Cndravykaraa, which reads
yaro ami am v (CV VI.4.140).6 According to this rule, the pada-final d of
atisad- followed by m can be replaced by n. However, since the said rule is
optionally applicable, there is no change in this case. It is noteworthy that
ubhu stambhe | anekrthatvd iha stutyartha | anurpam stobhanam anuubh | upasargt

sunottydin atva |
2
rpa te guagaam atha krti savkykhilam idam atiyi | bibhra nijaviayavirma

manda triubhi jagad upajtam ||
3
tis rpaguakrtnm tmyn stubh [!] stuti | sumditvt atva | Cf. sumdiu ca
(P VIII.3.98), sumdaya (CV VI.4.89).
4
krtir artikartatas tava stavastomasadmano 'tisadmanohta | sndracandracandrikrdracandanayeny alakaroty ala dio daa ||
5
atyartha [|] sat mano haratti [|] atisadmanohta | vikalpitatvt amabhvbhva |
6
Cf. CV on the same: yaro ami parato amdea pratysanno bhavati v | Before the
consonants denoted by the siglum am, (i.e. all class-finals) (at the beginning of a pada) any
consonant denoted by the siglum yar, (i.e. any consonant except h) (at the end of a pada) is
optionally replaced by the most proximate consonant denoted by the siglum am.
79
the corresponding rule in Pinis Adhyy is yaro nunsike nunsiko v

(P VIII.4.45) where the word anunsika is used instead of am.
4. adhy one without wisdom (verse 126).1 Occasionally kyarakita also
discusses peculiar euphonic combinations. While discussing this form
which is an instrumental singular of the form adh he comments:
Adh means one having no wisdom. One should not become so. Since
the prohibition is stated with respect to the word sudh- by saying
asudhiya except that of the word sudh here only the substitute
denoted by the siglum ya is applicable.2
This comment has a direct reference to the rule kraksakhyd o ca supy
asudhiya (CV V.3.89). According to this rule, before nominal case terminations beginning with a vowel, which are denoted by the siglum sup, the
final phoneme of nominal stems ending either in the phoneme i or u
except that of the word sudh- is replaced by a letter denoted by the siglum
ya, when these words follow either a kraka or an indeclinable. The only
condition being that these phonemes i and u do not follow a consonant
cluster.3 As far as the present form is concerned, the final phoneme of the
word dh- which follows the negative particle na, is replaced by y- before
the instrumental singular suffix . Since the form under discussion is adh
and not sudh as mentioned in the rule, the exceptional substitute iya
taught by the rule aci nudhtubhruv yvor iyuvau (CV V.3.83) does not
apply in this case. Here, kyarakitas grammatical source is undoubtedly
Candragomins Cndravykaraa and not Pinis Adhyy for the
expression asudhiya occurring in our commentary does not figure in the
corresponding Pinian rule, which reads na bhsudhiyo (P VI.4.85).
5. udabhrabandhuram bending down on account of the load of water (verse
146).4 The next case of a morphophonemic change can be cited from the
commentary on verse 146. It concerns the change of the word udaka- into
uda- in a tatpurua compound before the word bhra-. Commenting on the
compound word udabhrabandhura kyarakita says:
tattvasudhrasatptiviet sakalasamhitasiddhivad v | tvaccaranubhuv bhavitavya

bhavamathanaruta na drutam adhy ||
2
nsti dhr yasya tath na bhavitavyam | asudhiya iti niedhd iha yadea eva |
3
Cf. CV on the same: krakd asakhyc ca parasy prakter ivarnty uvarnty ca
sudhvarjity supy ajdau parato ya bhavati, na cet sayogt parv ivarovarau bhavata |
4
taitojjvala jaladarim aniam udabhrabandhuram | ghoraghanarasitam a tanu kpay
kuto pi jayatyam udgat ||
80
(Udabhra is) udakasya bhra the load, i.e. the mass of water.
Before the word bhra-, the word udaka- changes to uda-. (Udabhrabandhura means) inclined, i.e. bent, on that account.1
As per the Adhyys rule udakasyoda sajym (P VI.3.57) and Cndravykaraas rule nmny udakasyoda (CV V.2.65), in the case of a proper
name the word udaka- is substituted by uda before the final member of a
compound. Although kyarakita has not quoted a specific rule from any
grammar, either that of Pini or Candragomin, his choice of words seems
to be influenced by the explanation of the Cndravtti. It is noteworthy that
kyarakita uses the expression udakasyodabhva which is also to be
found in the Cndravtti.2 On the other hand, the author of the Kikvtti
chooses different expression, viz. udakaabdasya sajy viaye uda ity
ayam deo bhavati. Attention may be drawn to the point that both the
rules of Pini and Candragomin apply in the context of a specific term
(saj). kyarakita is, however, silent on the issue whether udabhra
can be treated as a specific term (saj) or not.
Out of the five cases discussed above, two concern with retroflexion, and one
each with non-nasalization, substitution of a stem-final (agdea) and
substitution in place of a pada (paddea). References to a particular
grammatical rule, an entry from a dhtupha and a word-class (gaa) are
found once each. It can be said with certainty that at least on three occasions
kyarakitas comments rely on the Cndravykaraa whereas there is only
one clear case of his adherence to the Pinian grammar. In the remaining
cases, no clear affiliation to any of the grammatical schools could be
determined.
III. Explanation of Unique Usages

As mentioned above, in the Vttamlstuti, Jnarmitra combines the praise
of different conducts of Majur with the description of various metres
belonging to different metrical genres. Since this is achieved by employing
puns on particular words, two different interpretations of the same word
become necessary to understand the intended meanings. At first, the word is
interpreted to suit the praise of Majur and secondly, the description of the
metre. Sometimes, these interpretations involve discussions on grammatical
issues without which their understanding is not possible. Four such cases are
discussed in this section.
Apart from those, there are two cases: the first concerns a past participle of
an intransitive verb used in the transitive sense and the second that of the
reduplication of a verbal form. kyarakita discusses these peculiar usages
udakasya bhro ri <|> bhre udakasyodabhva | tena bandhura namram |

Cf. CV on CV V.2.65: udakasya sajym uttarapade udabhvo bhavati |
81
from the point of view of grammar. Those are also discussed in the following
section.
1. In the commentary on verse 13,1 at first, kyarakita splits the expression
uihi as ui hi. Here the particle hi has the sense of similarity and the
word ui means in the hot season.2 The two together mean as in the hot
season.3 Accordingly the translation of the verse would be as follows:
Brightly shines the teaching of the Buddha
after it has reached you
just as the splendour of the sun becomes extremely difficult to bear
in the hot season.
As for the second interpretation of the verse with regard to the metre, the
word uihi is taken as a locative singular form of the word uih-, a
metrical category to which the metre stireka belongs.
2. Another such example can be cited from verse 17.4 Here, the expression
samny abht is explained in the first place as a formation with the suffix
cvi meaning what was uncommon before became common.5 Thus, as a
praise of Majur, the verse can be translated as:
For those beings, whose eye of wisdom
was obstructed by the terrible darkness of delusion,
that body of yours which was verily a lamp consisting
of a stick beset with jewels, became commonly accessible.
When the verse refers to the metre, the same expression is interpreted as
samny abht where samn is simply the name of a metre in the category
anuubh.6
3. The next form to be discussed in this series is avayavamat / yavamat which
occurs in verse 135. The metre described in this verse is named yavamat.
Jnarmitra very skilfully hints at this name during the course of
describing Majurs quality of compassion. He says:
How is it possible to bring about the supreme wealth of welfare of
others, if the compassion remains a mere mental state? (It is not.)
Therefore, the very compassion in the appearance of this physical
form (of Majur) became one bearing the same designation,
(namely, avayavavat one endowed with physical limbs), the
jjvalti sana tv sametya saugatam | sryadhma dusaha stirekam ui hi ||

For a detailed discussion of this form, refer section II.A, no. 2.
3
hia<bda> sdye | yath ui uasamaye |
4
ghoramohatmasvaruddhabuddhilocanasya | ratnayaidpikeva y samny abhj janasya ||
5
sdhrabhavati smeti cvyanta |
6
vttapake anuubhi samn nma ||
2
82
feminine word with the suffix matup added after the word avayava-.1
Here the name of the metre yavamat is hidden in the word avayavamat
which in turn is mentioned in a very cryptic manner by referring to the
grammatical components involved in its formation. This is well elaborated
by kyarakita in his commentary as follows:
Therefore, that very compassion in the appearance of the physical
form of the Lord (Majur), which has already been described,
became avayavavat (endowed with physical limbs), which is the
form to be imitated. The word is equal to the form avayava-mat-
which is a mere imitation. (As for this form,) the (possessive) suffix
matup is added after the sound, i.e. the word avayava-. The very
(combination) is feminine as it is a word ending in a feminine suffix.
This is the meaning.2
After reading this complicated explanation one might ask why Jnarmitra chose this rather cryptic way of expression to describe Majur. As
an answer to this, kyarakita explains:
On the metrical side, this is the metre yavamat which bears the same
name as the feminine word formed by adding the suffix matup after
the word yava- that is to say, yavamat. As per the rule md upadhy
ca mator vo yavdibhya (P VIII.2.9), ma is not replaced by va. Since it
is not possible to introduce the name (of the metre in its metrical
structure) by adopting a regular word-order, the earlier teachers
themselves have used this elaborate expression.3
This explanation hints at the twofold problem: grammatical and metrical.
The grammatical problem can be explained as follows: The feminine
possessive form of the word avayava- is avayavavat. Here, the phoneme m
of the suffix matup is replaced by v as per the rule md upadhy ca mator
vo yavdibhya (P VIII.2.9).4 However, this regular form cannot serve the
1
caittamtrabhvabhji bhvyate kva par parrthasapad d dayym | seyam etadkticchald ato vayavadhvaner matupstriy sambhidhn ||
2
ata seya day e uktalaka y bhagavadktis tad eva cchala tata | avayavadhvaner
avayavaabdn matup <|> sa eva str [|] strpratyayntvasthparigraht | tay anukaraamtrarpay samam abhidhna yasy anukryarpy | avayavavatty artha | What kyarakita
wishes to convey is that here the intended word is avayavavat, which, due to the metrical
constraints, needs to be replicated (anukrya). avayava + the possessive suffix mat(up) + the
feminine suffix = avayava-mat- is a replica of the intended form.
3
vttapake yavadhvaner matupstriy sambhidhn yavamat | md upadhy ca mator vo

yavdibhya iti yavdipratiedhd vatvbhva <|> jun kramea sajpraveo na nirvahatti
prvem evaia vkyavinysa |
4
The substitute phoneme v replaces the initial phoneme of the taddhita affix matup added
after a nominal stem ending in or containing the phonemes m or a at the penultimate
position, excluding the class of words beginning with yava-.
83
purpose as the name of the metre is yavamat.

From the metrical point of view, the name of the metre yavamat, which
has a structure of three laghu and one guru syllable, does not fit in the
metrical structure of this metre and hence could not be used in the metre
as it is. In order to solve this twofold problem, Jnarmitra, like his
predecessors, was forced to choose an expression which could suit both
contexts. In this case, the chosen expression is a parallel grammatical
description of the words avayavavat and yavamat.
From the commentarial explanation it is quite evident that in this case,
kyarakitas source of grammatical explanation is the Pinian grammar
and not the Cndravykaraa. The rule teaching the replacement of the
phoneme m by v in the Cndravykaraa is md upntc ca mator va (CV
VI.3.35) where the prohibition ayavdibhya is excluded. In this grammar,
the said prohibition is stated in a separate rule na yavdibhya (CV VI.3.38).
Although the ms. of the VMSV reads upadht instead of upadhy it seems
to be a scribal error or an error that occurred in the course of transmission
due to a possible confusion between upntt of the Cndra system and
upadhy of the Pinians.
4. Another instance worthy of note is to be found in verse 142.1 This is a
description of the metre pa in the category padacaturrdhva in the
section dealing with viamavttas. In this verse, once again Jnarmitra
has skilfully incorporated the name of the metre by resorting to its
grammatical analysis. It is noteworthy that in the metre pa the last two
syllables of each foot are guru and the rest are laghu.2 Considering this fact,
the inclusion of the name pa containing two guru and one laghu syllable
into the metrical scheme of this metre is impossible. In view of this
difficulty, Jnarmitra once again adopted the device of referring to the
intended name of the metre through the grammatical description of its
components. The form pa is a bahuvrhi compound of the prefix (= )
meaning abhividhi (complete, all-inclusive) and the feminine word p
meaning compassion. It means the one having all-inclusive compassion
(samantd p yasya). Jnarmitra described the said components of the
compound and their relation by using the grammatical parlance in such a
way that when these are construed one arrives at the intended word
describing Majur as well as the name of a metre. He says:
If you do not always become someone having p (compassion)
along with the word denoting complete inclusion.3
1
iti nigaditajtau ktaviamacaraaracanym | laghuguruniyatibhti bhayam ayati ko na bhavasi
na yadi niyatam abhividhivacanam anu pa ||
2
atrntimadvaya guru ea laghu |
3
bhavasi na yadi niyatam abhividhivacanam anu pa |
84
It may be noted that the said explanation of the meaning of the prefix
can be found in the Adhyys rule marydbhividhyo (P II.1.13). Also
cf. the Kikvtti on marydvacane1 (P I.4.89) and the Cndravtti on
paryapbhy varjane (CV II.1.82). 2 kyarakita explains it in his
commentary in the following manner:
The word denoting complete inclusion is the prefix . After that, i.e.
together with it, pa becomes pa. If you do not become fully
compassionate is the meaning.3
The same interpretation of the said expression also holds good for the
metrical side of the verse. kyarakita comments:
On the metrical side, the metre is called pa where the word pa
follows the word denoting complete inclusion having the same
meaning as explained before. It belongs to the category padacaturrdhva, which has already been described; it consists of feet of
uneven structure and moreover contains the fixed order of heavy
and light syllables in the way as they are arranged in this loka.4
Thus, by adopting such an ingenious method Jnarmitra could successfully include the name of the metre pa in a verse composed in the same
metre that allows only two long syllables at the end of each foot.
5. Also of interest is an interpretation of the word nta- found in the
commentary on verse 55.5 While commenting on nto dvegni kyarakita says:
You pacified the fire of hatred. How is it (that the form nta is
interpreted in a transitive sense)? nta is a form where the sense of
the causal suffix i is included (in the meaning of the verbal root
am-).6
Thus, according to kyarakita, the form nta is not a past participle of a
mere intransitive root am- meaning the one who is calmed down as it
appears to be. Rather in this particular case, it has a transitive sense that is
to say, the word nta- is used here in the sense of amita-. In Sanskrit,
there are certain roots which are capable of conveying intransitive as well
avadhi - maryd | vacanagrahad abhividhir api ghyate |

Paliputrd vo deva iti marydbhividhyor avadher eva pacam.
abhividhivacanam | tam anu tena saha pa pa <|> samantd dayvn yadi na bhavasty
artha |
4
vttapake nigadity padacaturrdhvajtau ktaviamacaraaracanym [|] etacchlokaprastrakramea laghuguruniyama dadhaty saty [|] abhividhivacanam anu po vykhytrtha |
5
bhaga nts te pacabasya b nto dvegnir mohajya nirastam | ntha trailokynugrahavyagramrte sapat saprpt vaivadev tvayaiva ||
6
tvay nto dvegni <|> kuta | nta i(ty antarbhta)yarthe <rpa |>
85
as transitive sense. Grammarians and commentators often explain the use

of such intransitive roots in a transitive sense by stating that the meaning
of the causal suffix i is included in the root to turn it into a transitive
root. kyarakita adopts the same technique to explain this peculiar
usage.
6. In verse 119,1 there is a reduplication of the verbal form jayati jayati.
kyarakita explains this reduplication as follows:
As for the expression jayati jayati, the reduplication (of the word) is
either in the sense of alarm (sabhrama) or frequent repetition
(bhkya).2
The source of this explanation is the grammar of Candragomin and not
Pinis Adhyy. Candragomin has prescribed the reduplication of a
word in both the above-mentioned cases in rules vpsbhkyayor dve (CV
VI.3.1) and sabhrame yvadbodham (CV VI.3.14). As per rule VI.3.1, the
form is reduplicated when there is a sense of each and every (vps) or
frequent repetition (bhkya). ... (For example,) He gives water to each
and every tree. He cooks again and again.3 According to rule VI.3.14,
when the speaker is in an alarming situation, then he should repeat the
word as many times as is necessary for another person to understand the
speakers intention, for instance Snake! Snake! Snake! or Wake up! Wake
up! Wake up!4
From the above discussion, one may notice that some of these discussions
involve grammatical discussions of general type, viz. the comment on the
meaning of the particle hi, a mention of the suffix cvi, and the concept of
antarbhvitayartha, that is the inclusion of the sense of the causal suffix i
into the primary meaning of a verbal root. Naturally no mention of any
particular grammatical rule can be found in such discussions. In two cases,
viz. in the discussion on the form jayati jayati and yavamat and avayavamat,
we find reference to specific grammatical rules. The first of the two is indirect
and can be ascribed to the Cndravykaraa. The second is, however, direct
and is to Pinis Adhyy. In the last case, where the word pa- is hinted
at in a cryptic manner, we find reference to the prefix by referring to its
technical meaning that is popular in works of grammar.
capalacaraapitgdhipopetaptlatlcchaladvylaplastuta jayati jayati crukruyakelisphuratpadmanartevarkrallyitam | anibhtabhujadaaaapracanilollsita rntinti

tanotva te pralayasamayaakay yatra lokatraydaaka caaviprayto mbuda ||
2
jayati jayatti | sabhrame bhk<y>e v dvirukti |
3 Cf.
CV on CV VI.3.1: vpsym bhkye ca yad vartate tasya dve rpe bhavata | ... vka
vka sicati | ... bhkya paunapunyam. pacati pacati |
4
prayoktu sabhrame sati yvadbhi abdai so rtho vagamyate tvanta abd prayoktavy | ahir ahir ahi! budhyasva budhyasva budhyasva !
86
IV. Explanation of Peculiar Compounds

The explanation of compounds is a special feature of kyarakitas
commentary. He explains almost each and every compound occurring in a
verse indicating its type merely by dissolution, and not by mentioning its
designation. Occasionally, he suggests more than a single possible dissolution
of a compound, thereby indicating different possible interpretations, for
example, the compound dalasukhaayana (verse 40) is explained in two ways,
first as a karmadhraya: dala pattra | tad eva sukha ayana1 and secondly
as a tatpurua: dale v sukhena ayana.2
Regarding the problematic cases of compounds, kyarakita indicates the
underlying problem and its possible solution. Often in such discussions, he
alludes to grammatical concepts, maxims or rules. Four such instances are
discussed below:
1. In verse 39,3 there is a long compound gyamnasumanasumanasvajjtikrtivijay which qualifies nlbjar the splendour of a blue water-lily
occurring in the next verse. The compound means that of which the
victory over the fame of the class of flower best among the flowers is being
sung. 4 This is a bahuvrhi compound having two main components, viz.
gyamna and sumanasumanasvajjtikrtivijaya. Out of these two
members, the first gyamna is syntactically dependent on the compound
word dratatasaurabhalobhasvgatlipaalakvaitena by the humming sound
of the song of bees invited by the longing for a far-spread fragrance. In a
bahuvrhi, both members of the compound are subordinate with respect to
a qualificant noun. Now as a subordinate member dependent on another
word, the word gyamna- cannot enter into a compound with the word
sumanasumanasvajjtikrtivijaya-. As per the general rule of compounding,
a word cannot form a compound with another word if it is syntactically
dependent on a word, which is outside the domain of that particular
compound.5 However, there is an exception to the said rule when the
compound, so formed, is capable of conveying the desired meaning. As
regard to the compound gyamna, kyarakita takes the same stand to
justify it. He comments: Even though there is syntactic dependence, the
compound does take place on account of being able to convey the intended
meaning.6 Dr. DIMITROV notes other occurrences of this statement in his
Dalam means leaf. It is verily a comfortable bed.

Or, sleeping comfortably on the leaf.
gyamnasumanasumanasvajjtikrtivijayeva taveyam | bhti dratatasaurabhalobhasvgatlipaalakvaitena ||

4
sumanas madhye suhu manasvat manasvin | parimaldiguenonnat y jti pupajtir

jtipupa v | tasy krtis tasy vijaya parjaya | sa gyamno yasyh s tath |
5
Cf. Mahbhya (p. 318) on samartha padavidhi (P II.1.1): spekam asamartha bhavati |
6
spekatve pi gamakatvt samsa |
87
Habilitation thesis The Legacy of the Jewel Mind which he has submitted to
the Philipps University, Marburg, Germany. He says (p. 650): the
expression spekatve pi gamakatvt samsa can be read, for example, in
Prajkaramatis Bodhicaryvatrapajik on Bodhicaryvatra 2.17 (ed. DE
LA VALLE POUSSIN 190114, p. 54; see also p. 310 [on 8.54] and p. 514 [on
9.92]), and in Ratnas Ratnark on Kvydara 3.1, 3.79 (ed. DIMITROV 2011,
pp. 282, 350). It is often used in the commentarial literature.
2. Another instance of spekasamsa is vivabhrat (verse 131).1 Here the
word vivasya is syntactically dependent on prasabhkrnta, which is a part
of another compound, prasabhkrntajagattrayikham. In spite of this, it is
compounded with bhrat resulting into a spekasamsa. As mentioned
above, a noun which is speka, is not fit for compounding (asamartha) with
another noun. kyarakita solves this problem by giving the same
solution as before, viz. even though there is syntactic dependence, the
compound still takes place because of being able to convey the particular
meaning.2
3. An interesting case of a peculiar interpretation of a compound can be
found in the commentary on verse 102.3 Here kyarakita explains the
compound vykhynaprekhatkarakararuhodbhsin, an adjective of dorvall
an arm creeper as follows:
It is waving on account of preaching and at the same time shining by
the virtue of finger-nails of the hand.4
It is quite clear that kyarakita considers this compound as a karmadhraya and hence, is faced with a problem of justifying the same.
According to the primary rule of a karmadhraya compound, a qualifier as
an initial member of a compound is optionally compounded with a qualificant noun as a final member.5 Thus this type of compound presupposes a
qualifier-qualificant (vieaa-vieya) relationship between its members. In
our present case, both the members of the compound, viz. vykhynaprekhant and karakararuhodbhsin are adjectives qualifying dorvall. Since
there is no vieaa-vieya relationship between the two, their compound
is not possible. Anticipating this problem, kyarakita suggests a solution
in the following words:
padam ekam avekya te kaa prasabhkrntajagattrayikham | katham astu na vivabhrat

nijadsva tava priyavad ||
2
spekatve pi gamakatvt samsa |
3
obhsapatti irasi guruaikena saivopajt y syt kalpadro ubhaphalanibha bibhrato

bhadrakumbham | <vy>khynaprekhatkarakararuhodbhsin bhti bhartur dorvall ceya
kusumitalat vellitevnilena ||
4
vykhynena prekhant csau karasabandhina kararuh na<khs tair u>dbhsin ca ... |
5
Cf. vieaa vieyea bahulam (P II.1.57), vieaam ekrthena (CV II.2.18).
88
In spite of both being qualifiers, their compound takes place when in

expectation of a qualificant the qualifier-qualificant (vieaa-vieya)
relationship is intended (between the two).1
Thus, according to kyarakita, it is possible to form a karmadhraya
compound even of two adjectives when a speaker intends a vieya-vieaa
relationship between the two out of the expectation for a qualificant.
This might appear to be a clumsy way of explaining the compound. Although grammatical works allow compounds of adjectives under specific
conditions,2 the present case does not fit in any of these.
There is another possible way to explain this compound, which is as
follows:
vykhyne prekhata karasya ye kararuh, tair udbhsin |
Shining on account of the finger-nails of the hand which is waving in
discourse.
kyarakita, however, does not adopt this simpler way of explanation.
Most probably, in his view, this is not the intended sense of the compound
used by Jnarmitra. Here kyarakita seems to see a parallel structure
in the compound vykhynaprekhatkarakararuhodbhsin dorvall and the
two expressions in the fourth pda, viz. kusumitalat and vellitevnilena. This
is evident from his analysis of the compound into two adjectives, viz.
vykhynaprekhant which corresponds to anilena vellit and karakararuhodbhsin dorvall which relates to kusumitalat. Thus, Majurs hand
waving on account of giving a sermon is like a creeper swaying due to wind
and his hand shining by the virtue of finger-nails is like a creeper full of
flowers. This parallel structure not only explains why kyarakita interprets this compound as a karmadhraya of two adjectives but also answers
the query as to why he dissolves the compound vykhynaprekhant as
vykhynena prekhant instead of vykhyne prekhant.
4. In the commentary on verse 124,3 kyarakita discusses the form udranavanyarasavat which is a part of a larger bahuvrhi compound udranavanyarasavallalitavttam. The said form is derived by adding the suffix
matup to the karmadhraya compound udranavanyaras.4 In the sub
1
vieaayor api vieyam apekya vieaavieyabhvavivaky<> samsa |

Cf. ktena naviienna (P II.1.60), varo varena (P II.1.69), mayravyasakdaya ca (P
II.1.72).
3
prauhavaravajravanitgaparirambhavilasatpulakajlakajagajjayatanutra sndrasavassramadhupnamadamuktavikaahasitatrasadaeasuradaityam | ghavinighadayavismayamaypratimaraudratanum advayamahravanimagna uddhaguadhma karubalam udranavanyarasavallalitavttam abhivande ||
4
Cf. tad asysti asminn iti matup (P V.2.94), tad asysty atreti matup (CV IV.2.98).
2
89
sequent morphophonemic change, the ma of matup is replaced by va.1 This

explanation is followed by discussion about the propriety of this
construction. It is based on Patajalis Mahbhya on the rule varo
varena (P II.1.69). According to Patajali, if compared, which mode of
denoting a meaning is preferable, whether by using a karmadhraya stem
appended by a possessive suffix matup, or by a bahuvrhi compound, then,
the answer is: by using a bahuvrhi compound as it is easy and brief from
the point of understanding as well as expression.2 The same point of
discussion also figures later in Bhojas grapraka (p. 482). Comparing
the two modes, Bhoja says:
It is brief when expressed by means of a bahuvrhi containing a karmadhraya as in the case of yaka cakre janakatanaysnnapuyodakeu ...
and cumbersome when denoted by the way of a karmadhraya
appended by a possessive suffix matup as in the case of kailsd bisakisalayacchedaptheyavanta ... .3
kyarakita brings both the views in his discussion and defends Jnarmitras usage of the form udranavanyarasavat from a grammatical
point of view. He comments:
Udranavanyarasavat means something which possesses nine
dramatic sentiments in abundance. Hence, there is an addition of the
suffix matup. The one having such type of charming behaviour is
udranavanyarasavallalitavtta. (This construction with a possessive
suffix matup added to a karmadhraya stem is justified) because the
maxim the bahuvrhi alone is to be favoured as compared to a karmadhraya compound having a possessive sense denoted by the suffix
matup. is accepted only with regard to the view in favour of a
compound. But in the opinion of those who are exponents of noncompounding, a karmadhraya compound having the possessive sense
denoted by the suffix matup is also desirable as in the example bisa.4
It is interesting to note that in the Kavikmadhenu commentary on the
Amarakoa its author Subhticandra, who was a senior contemporary of
kyarakita also discusses this issue. While commenting on the word
Cf. md upadhy ca mator vo yavdibhya (P VIII.2.9), md upntc ca mator va (CV

VI.3.35).
2
karmadhrayapraktibhir matvarthyair abhidhnam astu bahuvrhieti | bahuvrhi
bhaviyati laghutvt | Cf. Kaiyaas Pradpa on the same.
3
karmadhrayabahuvrhi laghur yath - yaka cakre || karmadhrayamatvarthyena gurur
yath - kailsd bisakisalayacchedaptheyavanta ||
4
udr nava nyaras yasystiti matu<p tath>bhta lalita vtta yasya <|> karmadhrayamatvarthyd bahuvrhir eveavyo lghavrtha [|] ity asya samsamata evbhimatatvt | (vy)savdimate tu matvarthyo pi | yath< bisa>kisalayacchedaptheyavanta iti |
90
durgandha- (AK I.6.5) he cites opinions of Ktyyana, and Bhoja along with
a quotation from the Aubhakath of Vibhkaravarman with regard to a
karmadhrayamatvarthya construction. Further in support of this construction, he adds that since the meanings excessive and so on (atiayandi)
cannot be conveyed by a bahuvrhi compound, a karmadhraya compound
having a possessive sense denoted by the suffix matup is certainly desirable
in order to express those meanings.1 Although it looks quite certain that
kyarakitas explanation is inspired by Bhojas grapraka, we are
unable to judge whether Subhticandras Kavikmadhenu also played some
role in shaping his argument. One thing is quite certain that this issue was
very keenly discussed in the scholarly circles of kyarakitas time.
V. References to Grammatical Concepts and Maxims

A number of references to different grammatical concepts and maxims evince
kyarakitas thorough acquaintance with the grammatical literature. He has
made use of these concepts and maxims to solve textual problems with regard
to syntax and semantics; more precisely, the problems concerning issues like
number, gender, and meaning of a word. These grammatical concepts and
maxims are discussed in this section under four headings:
A. References to Grammatical Concepts
a. Ligaviparima
1. In verse 81,2 we come across a neuter word atiakvarbandhasram in the
nominative singular case. The word signifies the category of metres and is
continued in the following verses as a governing category (adhikra). The
following verse 82 describes Majur in the Mlin metre. In its
explanation on the metrical side, kyarakita makes a reference to ligaviparima, a traditional term denoting the gender transposition:
On the metrical side, when here (in this verse) the word atiakvarbandham is construed by effecting the gender transposition, (the
verse means) this mlin metre which is excellent on account of the
atiakvar genre is victorious.3
Cf. Kavikmadhenu on AK I.6.5 (fol. 58a658b1): vieaasamst matvarthye cikrite

prakriylghavrtham anyapadrthasya eva nyyyatvam iti duo gandho sya iti durgandha | tad
ukta ktyyanena karmadhrayamatvarthyt bahuvrhir laghutvd iti | anye tu lghavam
andriyam icchanty eva matvarthyam | prayukta cubhakathy vibhkaravarma yad
durgandhi yad vila ... gdhr iva || iti | graprake cbhihitam dvividho vcyadharmo laghur
guru ca | ... bisakisalayacchedaptheyavanta iti | ki ca bahuvrhi atiayandir artho na gamyata
iti avaya tatpratipdanya karmadhrayaprvako matvarthya eavya |
2
svedapravilasatpulakocchvasitais truatkacuka dadhati nirdhutam apy amarastriya |
kntikamram iva te samitv atiakvarbandhasram urukampam anagavijmbhitam ||
3
vttapake [|] atiakvarbandhasram iti ligavi(pa)<ri>mentra sabandht [|] atiakvarbandhasr mlinya<> jayati | Note that the Ms. reads vibhaktivi(pa)<ri>mentra. (Hahn 2013:
91
2. In the commentary on verse 97, 1 we find another reference to ligaviparima gender transposition. It runs as follows:
On the metrical side, when (the word samudbht) is construed (with
the expression vaapatrapatitam) by effecting the gender transposition, (the verse means): The category atyai attained its accomplishment in such a manner that the metre vaapatrapatita is born.2
In verse 94, 3 we find the following expression: atyai ... cchanda ...
pariatim avpat ... tath ... yath ... samudbht ... ikhari. Here the word
samudbht occurs in the feminine gender. By the principle of ellipsis, it is
continued in the following verses as a fixed formula describing metres in
that section.4 Though the feminine adjective sambudbht is in agreement
with the qualificant feminine noun ikhari, it needs alteration as to its
gender in the case of the neuter noun vaapatrapatitam. kyarakita
explains this alteration by means of ligaviparima.
3. The next instance of ligaviparima can be cited from the commentary on
verse 106.5 On the metrical side of the explanation of verse 105,6 the word
atidhtimat is abstracted from the verse to match the qualificant feminine
noun meghavisphrjit. The word atidhtimat continues in the next verse
denoting the category of the metre to which the metre rdlavikrita also
belongs. Since rdlavikrita, as the name of a metre, is in the neuter
gender, it is necessary to modify the qualifying word atidhtimat into
neuter as matam. Explaining this process of gender transposition, kyarakita says:
On the metrical side, when the word (atidhtimat) is construed by
317). This also appears to be a case of wrong transmission. Since both atiakvarbandhasram
and sr are in the nominative case, the present case, where the former expression is in the
neuter gender and the latter in the feminine, is rather an instance of ligaviparima gender
transposition than vibhaktiviparima case transposition.
1
kalpaatopapditamahphalam iva vihita cacalam etad yur adhipa tvadavanatiparai |
bhaabhavyabhvagamita ritagurukarudigyativaa pattrapatita kam iva jalaruha ||
2
vttapakse 'tyai cchandas tath pariati<m avpad ya>th vaapattrapatita samudbhtam
iti ligaviparimena sabandht |
3
gunm atyai katham iha mamevstu jagatm iti cchanda svaira pariatim avpat tava
tath | yath tvayy evsmin paramarasabhedapraayan samudbht bhtir nikhilasukhakhikhari ||
4
atyaicchandas tath pariatim avpad yath [|] samudbhteti mandkrntparyantam adhikta vedita<vyam> ||
5
pyd vo varabuddhavaajaladher vddhau sudhddhitir majur paribhtamanmathakatha prajgansagame | bhmabhrntivibhvarparibhave bibhrad yati bhsvato vivakleakuragasagaravidhau rdlavikritam ||
6
parrthe sthsnnm atidhtimatm a vivnukampmukhonmlannnrasarasapad karayvedaymi | da tm dhehi kaam api guro pvan pvann samantadhvntni
praharasi yay me ghavisphrjitni ||
92
means of gender transposition, (the verse means:) The metre rdlavikrita belonging to the atidhti genre.1
4. Another instance of ligaviparima occurs in the commentary on verse
125.2 Here while giving guidelines for construing the primarily neuter
expression idam ardham and dadhad ardham, with the concerned names of
metres in different genders, kyarakita says:
The governing phrases (adhikra) idam ardham and dadhad ardham
continue upto (the metre) Vipartkhynik. Wherever there is a
difference in gender, these should be construed by following the
method of ligaviparima, i.e. gender transposition.3
Hence, if the name of a metre is either in the masculine or feminine
gender, then the governing phrase should be modified according to that
particular gender.
b. Ekaea
Another important grammatical concept referred to by kyarakita is ekaea, the phenomenon of single remainder. In this word formation, out of the
many identical word forms used in the same case, only one is retained, for
example, vka ca vka ca vkau, vka ca vka ca vka ca vk.4 This type
of word formation is accepted only by Pini. Candragomin, however, rejects
it arguing that since words have multiple meanings accepting the single
remainder is without purpose.5
A reference to the ekaea can be found at two places in the entire available
commentary. As for the first, in the commentary on verse 88,6 kyarakita
remarks:
One should understand that since there is a mention of the word
udadhiu in the plural number, or as a single remainder, here (in this
metre) the ceasura is marked after every four letters.7
The second instance of an ekaea found in the commentary on verse 136 is
discussed later in this paper in the section VI, no. 5.
vttapake ligavipa<r>(i)<me>na sabandhd atidhtimata rdlavikritam |
idam ardham ablaaiprabha blaraviprabham dadhad ardham | karuvaavarti bhavadvapu kasya mano na karoty upacitram ||
3
idam ardham dadhad ardham ity adhikro vipartkhynik yvat | yatra ca lignta<ra>
tatra ligaviparimena sabandhanya |
4
Cf. Kik on sarpm ekaea ekavibhaktau (P I.2.64).
5
Cf. CV on lug adiluky agoydnm (CV II.2.87): abdasynekrthatvd ekaenarthakyam |
6
atiratikarakatha katham iva samiyd aviratanavanavanava tava paramai | guagaaparimitim
udadhiu yatibhi suyatibhir agaitagua mainikara ||
7
udadhiv iti bahuvacananirdet [|] ekaed v praticatuka ya<t>i<r atra> lakito draavya |
93
B. References to Grammatical Maxims

a. jtau ekavacanam
1. In the commentary on verse 99, 1 while commenting on the singular
number in two words, viz. yatiapadam and ktikokilakam, kyarakita
refers to the generally accepted grammatical maxim explaining the use of
a singular number in the sense of a species (jtv ekavacanam). He says: In
both the cases, there is a singular number in the sense of a species.2 Thus,
the words yatiapadam and ktikokilakam should be understood as bees in
the form of ascetics and the cuckoos in the form of Bodhisattvas.
In this context, it is noteworthy that the said maxim occurs verbatim in the
CV on lug adiluky agoydnm (CV II.2.87). The text reads: sapanno yava
iti jtv ekavacanam |3 This is a clear testimony of the influence of the CV
on kyarakitas writing in this particular case. One may also refer to
Pinis rule I.2.58 for comparison: jtykhyym ekasmin bahuvacanam
anyatarasym |4
2. A similar instance can be recorded from the commentary on verse 141.5
Here commenting upon the singular number in the word pda, kyarakita says: The singular number is in the sense of a species. Thus it, (i.e.
the word pda,) means feet.6
b. sabandhibhedd bahuvacanam
In the commentary on verse 148, 7 kyarakita refers to one more
grammatical maxim, viz. sabandhibhedd bahuvacanam plural number on
account of different relata. Here the context is that of the use of plural
number in the word viktni in the expression bhkukakadaaneu kim api
viktni bibhrata.8 Vikta scary gesture is a singular concept. However, in
view of its association with three relata, viz. bhruku, kaka and daana, it is
1
2
ubhayatra jtv ekavacanam |
3
As for the expression sapanno yava Fully grown barley the singular number is in the
sense of a species.
4
The plural number is optionally used in the sense of a singular while designating a
species.
5
abhir akarai pdo sohas tadghamajjand anuvddhai | guasgara sgarair apritgurgarto viama dantare day padacaturrdhva nayati bhvam ||
6
jtv ekavacana <|> pd ity artha |
7
bhkukakadaaneu kim api viktni bibhrata | damayati tava bhuvanni vapur lalita ca
ki tu vikaa yad dam ||
8
Exhibiting in an inexplicable manner scary gestures of frowning, side glances, and

teeth.
94
mentioned in the plural number as per the aforesaid maxim. The same has
been elaborated by kyarakita in the following words:
Scary gestures with respect to teeth along with frowning and side
glances. The plural number is on account of the differentiation
among the relata.1
Once more, the expression used by kyarakita can be traced back to CV,
this time on the rule asakhya vibhaktisampbhvakhytipacdyathyugapatsapatskalyrthe (CV II.2.2). Commenting on the word abhva-, Dharmadsa,
the author of the CV, remarks: Absence is manifold on account of the
differentiation among its relata.2 Though the context is different from the
present one, the striking similarity in the expression cannot be easily ignored.
As shown above, the concept of ekaea has its firm roots in the Pinian
tradition whereas the two maxims quoted in connection with the singular or
plural number of the word are traceable to the Cndra system of grammar.
VI. Semantic or Syntactic Interpretations

kyarakitas analysis of the VMS is not confined to the identification of
word types, derivation of words, dissolution of compounds etc. Whenever he
finds scope for a peculiar semantic analysis or different syntactic possibilities,
he discusses them for the benefit of connoisseurs of the poem. He brings to
their notice additional shades of meaning conveyed by a particular word or
different possible nuances denoted by a particular case termination. On
occasions, he displays how by splitting a word in different ways, by
construing it differently, and by giving it a different interpretation, one can
unfold the hidden beauty and poetic potentials of the poem. Five such cases
are discussed below to corroborate the above statements:
1. An adjective with a conditional nuance. kyarakita, while commenting
on verses 123 and 20,4 explains the respective expressions tvadekaaraam
and ketanadaam as an adjective with a conditional nuance (hetubhvena
vieaam). He thereby suggests an additional shade of meaning. Taking
into consideration kyarakitas interpretation, the verses may be
translated as follows:
O Blessed One, be merciful
and turn your attention just a little bit
to this stupid being
since he has made you his sole refuge! || 12 ||
bhkukakea yukteu daaneu viktni <|> sabandhibhedd bahuvacana |

abhva sabandhibhedd bahuvidha |
3
prasda bhagavan vilokaya mank | jaa janam ima tvadekaaraam ||
4
ketanadaa dadhato dhypayitu ntim iva | sadgurull bhavato bhti jaganmavakam ||
2
95
When you bear the staff of your characteristic sign,

then on account of it, you display the grace of an excellent teacher,
who is, as it were, instructing his disciples,
the human beings, in rightful conduct. || 20 ||
2. As an adverb or an adjective. In the commentary on verse 16,1 kyarakita proposes two explanations of the word astasagam leading to two
different interpretations of the verse. In the first instance, he interprets
the word as an adverb to vistart:
Because of the expansion, i.e. spreading (of the praise) in such a
manner that the attachment would disappear, i.e. (the praise would
be) free from attachment towards self-interest.2
As for this interpretation, the verse can be translated as follows:
If one spreads, free of self-interest,
the praise of the virtues of that (form of yours,) then (the Buddhas),
who have (already) attained the highest position,
will extol him as a unique wise person
with regard to adequate praise.
As an alternative explanation, kyarakita accepts astasagam as an
adjective of dhram: Or alternatively, the word astasaga- is in the same
case-relation with (the word) dhra-.3 This leads to an alternative meaning
of the verse:
If one spreads the praise of the virtues of that form of yours
then (the Buddhas), who have (already) attained the highest position,
will extol him as a unique wise person, free of self-interest,
with regard to adequate praise.
It is difficult to judge at this point which interpretation out of the two is
preferable to kyarakita.
3. An instrumental in the sense of a cause or means. Sometimes kyarakita
comments on the specific function of a particular case termination or a
suffix. In verse 41,4 while commenting on the use of an instrumental case
in the word rparasyanabhvanay, he says: Here, the instrumental is
either in the sense of a cause or an instrument.5 In the light of this
explanation, the said word can be translated either as on account of / by
yadguastutivistard astasagam anuubhi | dhram ekam udrayanty uttama padam udgat ||

astasaga svrthsaktirahita yath bhavati tath vistart prathant |
3
athav astasagam iti dhram ity asya v s<am>ndhikaraa |
4
rparasyanabhvanay te vsava eva para bahumnya | yena cirya nirastanimea
labdham adodhakam ambakajtam ||
5
hetau karae v tty |
2
96
the constant practice of consuming the elixir vitae of your form. kyarakita thus clarifies the specific syntactic role of the word in a verse.
4. Multiple interpretations. The commentary on verse 571 presents a unique
case of different possible explanations giving rise to as many as four
different interpretations of the same verse. The expression paramottamasamat in the first pda is analysed in two different ways: As to the first,
the expression can be split as parama and uttamasamat where parama O
the highest one! is taken as a vocative referring to Majur and uttamasamat is explained as uttamatvena samat those who are considered
to be the best referring to the great sages like Bhaspati and so on.2 As for
the second, the expression can be split as paramottama and samat,
where paramottama O the highest among the best ones! is accepted as a
vocative referring to Majur 3 and samat those respected ones
referring to Bhaspati and so on. Similarly, in the expression drutavilambitam apy udita vaca, the compound word drutavilambitam is interpreted in two different ways: firstly as an adverb qualifying uditam and
thus meaning even the quickly or slowly uttered speech and secondly as
an adjective of vaca the speech meaning the uttered speech even
though quick or slow. 4 Thus, ultimately, we can have four interpretations:
a. O the highest one! Those who are considered to be the best, cherish
even the quickly or slowly uttered speech in front of you.
b. O the highest among the best ones! Those who are respected, cherish
even the quickly or slowly uttered speech in front of you.
c. O the highest one! Those who are considered to be the best, cherish
even the quick or slow speech uttered in front of you.
d. O the highest among the best ones! Those who are respected, cherish
even the quick or slow speech uttered in front of you.
These different interpretations not only disclose the different possible
ways of understanding the poem, but also add to its poetic beauty.
5. Locative absolute or a single remainder. In the commentary on verse 136,5
kyarakita provides two alternative explanations of the word ardhrdhe.
tava pura paramottama samat pratibhay vikal prativdinah | sulabhamkada bahu

manvate drutavilambitam apy udita vaca ||
2
he parama tava purata uttamatvena samat api prativdino bhaspatydaya | O the highest
one! Before you even the opponents Bhaspati and so on even though they are respected to
be the best ... .
3
paramottameti v sabodhanam <|>
4
druta v vilambita v yad uccrita vaca | kriyy vieaam vacaso v ... |
5
udayadaruakiraanikaraparikarakanakamayavimalahimakarajayan | jayati nikhilajagadabhiruciktipaur atibhava tava tanur iyam atirucir ||
97
The word under discussion does not figure in the main text. It rather
seems to be a part of a missing quotation defining the characteristics of
the metre atirucir in a manner different from that of Jnarmitra. The
quotation seems to have been inadvertently omitted by the scribe.
kyarakitas comment on the said word runs as follows:
As for the word ardhrdhe, half means a continuous text of thirty
one syllables. A half combined with another half is ardhrdha, when
there are such halves. But if the form ardhrdhe is taken as ending in
a nominative dual suffix, then it would be a case of single remainder
(ekaea). In the opinion of others, this metre atirucir should be
known only by two halves without a prescribed division of feet. This
is the meaning.1
Thus, according to kyarakita, the word ardhrdhe can be interpreted
either as a locative absolute or as a nominative dual. With regard to the
former, the word would mean when there are two halves. In case of the
latter, one has to accept the ekaea of the nominal stem ardhrdha as
ardhrdha ca ardhrdha ca ardhrdhe according to the rule sarpm
ekaea ekavibhaktau (P I.2.64). In this case, the word would mean the two
halves having two halves each, that is to say, having four feet. This latter
interpretation as an ekaea goes contrary to the intended meaning of the
quotation. According to the quotation, others intend to define this metre
by the two continuous halves of thirty-one syllables each. However, as per
the opinion of Jnarmitra, the metre atirucir contains four feet where
the odd feet are of sixteen syllables and the even that of fifteen.2 Thus, the
alternative explanation of the word ardhrdhe as a nominative dual rather
agrees with the opinion of Jnarmitra than the one expressed in the
quotation.
In all these explanations, we do not find any trace of kyarakitas
adherence to either Pinian or the Cndra school of grammars except for
the last optional interpretation. In the case of the explanation of the word
ardhrdhe as an instance of an ekaea, kyarakita clearly seems to rely on
the Pinian grammar as the ekaea is not accepted in the Cndra system.
Conclusion
From the foregoing discussion, one can easily assess kyarakitas excellent
knowledge of Sanskrit grammar and his command over the two grammatical
systems, that of Pini and Candragomin. The probable sources of his
grammatical discussions are: a. Adhyy of Pini; b.Vrttikas of Ktyyana;
ardhrdha iti ekatriadakaram akhaam evrdham | ardhena yuktam ardham ardhrdha

tasmin sati | dvivacanntatve tu ekaea sy<t | a>vihitacaraavibhgatveneyam atirucir paramate
rdhadvayenaiva veditavyety artha |
2
etanmate tu prathama pda oakaro dvitya pacadakara iti catupad<>yam atirucir |
98
c. Mahbhya of Patajali; d. Cndravykaraa of Candragomin; e. Cndravtti

of Dharmadsa; f. Cndravttipajik of Ratnamati; g. Ktantravykaraa of
arvavarman; h. Bodhicaryvatrapajik of Prajkaravarman; i. grapraka of Bhoja; j. Kavikmadhenu of Subhticandra; and k. Dhtuphas of the
Pinian and the Cndra system. His non-affiliation to any particular
grammatical school indicates that the sectarian adherence did not mean
much to the scholars of kyarakitas rank. They seem to look at these
different treatises as different perspectives on language, which are sometimes
contradictory and on occassions complementary.
From the depth of the grammatical discussions, and the technicalities
involved in them, it is quite clear that they are meant for an educated reader
of Sanskrit and not for a beginner. It is not possible for a common reader to
understand kyarakitas condensed and subtle grammatical analysis
without the basic knowledge of the Pinian and the Cndra system. This
observation regarding grammatical discussions holds true even for kyarakitas discussions of lexicographical, metrical and philosophical points. It
would not be possible to understand his remarks on metrical matters or on
entries from lexicons without the knowledge of these sciences. In the same
manner, it is also mandatory to have a good understanding of Buddhist
philosophy, especially that of Vajrayna, to fully understand the mla text and
the commentary. A study of the relation of this work with the famous
Buddhist work the Majurnmasagti Chanting the names of Majur
should be of immense interest. Another famous work, namely Abhaykaraguptas Nipannayogval, describing in all twenty-six maalas belonging to
various Buddhist Tantric cycles, may be useful in order to understand the
various manifestations of Majur. The knowledge of maalas and the
related ideas along with the Buddhist iconography is also necessary to
unravel many knotty points in the text and the commentary.
Since kyarakitas comments on these topics are also brief and subtle like
those on the grammatical points, it would be desirable to elaborate on them
in separate research papers. Such an attempt would also prove helpful to
understand lexicographical, metrical and philosophical sources of these
works. Only then the scholarly community would be able to fully appreciate
the beauty, and the value of the Vttamlstuti and the Vivti and the depth of
scholarship of their respective authors, Jnarmitra and kyarakita.
99
Bibliography
Apte, V. S.
1957
The Practical Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Prasad Prakashan, Poona.
Bhoja: grapraka
1998
grapraka of Bhoja. Ed. by Venkatarama Raghavan, Part I.

Harvard Oriental Series, 53. Cambridge.
Candragomin: Cndra-Vykaraa
1902
Cndra-Vykaraa. Die Grammatik des Candragomin. Stra, Udi,

Dhtupha. hrsg. von Bruno Liebich. Leipzig. (Abhandlungen fr die
Kunde des Morgenlandes, herausgegeben von der Deutschen
Morgenlndischen Gesellschaft unter der verantwortlichen
Redaktion des Prof. Dr. E. V. Windisch. XI. Band. No. 4.)
1918
Ca(!)ndra-vtti: Der Originalkommentar Candragomins zu seinem

grammatischen Stra. hrsg. von Bruno Liebich. Leipzig. (Abhandlungen
fr die Kunde des Morgenlandes, 14.)
Deokar, Mahesh
2008
Technical Terms and Technique of the Pali and the Sanskrit Grammars.
Miscellaneous Serires, 23. Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies,
Sarnath, Varanasi.
Hahn, Michael
2013
kyarakitas Vttamlvivti on Jnarmitras Vttamlstuti

(1), in: South Asian Classical Studies, No. 8, pp. 265330.
Jayditya: Kikvtti
1985
Kika(!)vtti of Jayditya-Vmana (Along with Commentaries

Vivaraapacik-Nysa of Jinendrabuddhi and Padamajar of Haradatta
Mira). Ed. by Srnryaa Misra. Ratnabharati Series - 5, 6, 7, 8,
Varanasi.
Jnarmitra: Vttamlstuti
1971
Jnarmitras Vttamlstuti. Ein Beispielsammlung zur altindischen

Metrik. Nach dem tibetischen Tanjur zusammen mit der
mongolischen Version herausgegeben, bersetze und erlutert.
Michael Hahn. Asiatische Forschungen, 33. Wiesbaden.
Monier-Williams, Monier
1979
A Sanskrit-English Dictionary. Etymologically and philologically

arranged with special reference to Cognate Indo-European
Languages. Oxford. [11899]
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Pini: Adhyy
1989
Adhyy of Pini. Roman Transliteration and English Translation

by Sumitra M. Katre. Delhi. [Texas Linguistics Series 11987].
Patajali: Vykaraamahbhya
1987
The Vykaraamahbhya of Patajali with The Commentary Bhyapradpa of Kaiyaa Updhyya and the Supercommentary Bhyapradpoddyota of Ngea Bhaa, Vol. I, Navhnika (On the Adhyy
Chapter 1, Quarter 1). Ed. with Notes and Variants by Bhargava Sastri
Bhikaji Josi. Chaukhamba Sanskrit Pratishthan. Delhi [Repr].
Vmana See Jayditya.

Subhticandra: Kavikmadhenu
Subhticandras Kavikmadhenu Commentary on the Amarakoa (Part
II). Ed. by Lata Mahesh Deokar. Forthcoming.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Acknowledgements
We are thankful to Prof. Hahn for introducing to us the unique text of the
Vttamlstuti, its excellent Tibetan translation by o-ston lo-ts-ba and
Dpa lo-ts-ba, and the scholarly commentary by kyarakita during our last
two stays in Marburg, Germany, in November 2012, and AprilJune 2013. It
was after his suggestion that we started working on this article. We sincerely
acknowledge his keen interest and guidance in the course of its writing. He
carefully read our article and made several useful suggestions.
We, Mahesh A. Deokar and S. S. Bahulkar, are thankful to Prof. Hanneder,
Department of Indology and Tibetology, Philipps University, Marburg, for
inviting us to the University and providing necessary facilities for our
research.
Thanks are also due to the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation for granting
extension of six months (AprilSeptember 2014) to the Research Fellowship
awarded to Lata Mahesh Deokar. This enabled her to carry on her research
and contribute to this article, which was written during the extended period
of her research fellowship at the Philipps University, Marburg.

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