FORMATION OF CHROMOSOMES

What Is a Chromosome?
The one that ensures DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) is accurately copied and
distributed during cell division
It is a single piece of coiled DNA containing many genes, regulatory elements
and other nucleotide sequences. Chromosomes also contain DNA-bound
proteins, which serve to package the DNA and control its functions.
Chromosomal DNA encodes most or all of an organism's genetic information.
Two important kinds of cells making the eukaryotic cell
Somatic or Vegetative cells- refer to the body cells they make up the
body of eukaryotic organisims. They are refered to as skin cells, nerve cells,
intestinal cells, root cells, or leaf cells. they are responsible for maintaining
life process of eukaryotic organisms.
Reproductive cells o gametes- refer to as sex cells gametes are the
sperm cells of males and egg cells of females. Both are responsible for sexual
reproduction.

HISTONES
Are Proteins found in the nucleus of eukayotes
o

found in eukaryotic cell that package and order the DNA into structural units
called nucleosomes.(a basic unit of DNA packaging in eukaryotes)

Chromatin
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Chromatin is the combination or complex of DNA and proteins (histones) that

make up the contents of the nucleus of a cell. The primary functions of
chromatin are 1) to package DNA into a smaller volume to fit in the cell, 2) to
strengthen the DNA to allow mitosis, 3) to prevent DNA damage, and 4) to
control gene expression and DNA replication. The primary protein
components of chromatin are histones that compact the DNA. Chromatin is
only found in eukaryotic cells, (a cell with a defined nucleus). Prokaryotic cells
have a very different organization of their DNA, which is referred to as a
genophore (a chromosome without chromatin).

Chromatid
is a single stranded chromosome
makes an identical copy of itself through the process of replication
Replication- it is done to double the DNA carried by the chomatid . The
replicated chromatid appears attached to the original chromatid which now is
simply called a chromosome, or sister chromatids .
Mitosis
A process of asexual reproduction in which the cell divides in two producing a
replica, with an equal number of chromosomes in each resulting diploid cell.
Identical
crossing over of chromosomes cannot occur
Meosis
A type of cellular reproduction in which the number of chromosomes are
reduced by half through the separation of homologous chromosomes,
producing two haploid cells.
Sexual
Different
Yes, mixing of chromosomes can occur.

Chromosomal Numbers

The nucleus in each cell of a eukaryotic cell organism carries chromosomes

The 100 trillion cells that make up the human body possess chromosomes
All somatic cells are carrying diploid (double) (2N) chromosomes
All reproductive cells have haploid (half of the diploid chromosomes) (N)

An Increase or decrease with the specific chromosomal number results to

mutation or abnormality and inviability which lead to the death of organisms,
However, some plants and industrial organisms are induced to have more
chromosomes to become beneficial to humans.

Parts of a chromosome
Centromere- It is located in the middle part of the chromosome and it
connects each chromatid together.
Kinetochore- It serves like an anchor for spindle fibers, a filamentous released
by the centrioles during animal cell division.
Arms- They are formed via the looping of chromatin fibers that possess DNA.
Locus(loci) - They are bonds of colors that have genes.

Homologous Chromosomes
They are diploid pair of chromosomes that have the same color of loci that
denotes similarities in the genes they carry, length of arms and position of
centromere.
There are 23 pairs of homologous chromosomes in humans.