Meaning, Nature and Classification of Statutes According to (2010)

STATUTE
1- Meaning and Nature of Statute:
i-

Ek Statute written Law hai jo ki Legislature dwara pass kiya gaya ho.
ek Statute Social Interest Maintain rakhne ko Certain Acts forbid kar
sakta hai, Certain Acts Direct kar sakta hai, Certain Acts Permit kar
sakta hai.

ii-

Concerned minister ek Text Draft karta hai jisko Bill kaha jata hai.
phir who Bill dono House men Three Reading ke Through jata hai.

iii-

First Reading ke dauran jisko Presentation bhi kaha jata hai men Bill
Parliament men Introduced karaya Jata hai. Second Reading jisko
Consideration bhi kaha jata hai men Bill ko Thoroughly Examined
karne ke baad Bill ko Accept, Amend and Reject kiya ja sakta hai.
Third Reading ke dauran dono House Drafted Bill ko pass karte hain.

iv-

Agar Bill dono Houses men Passed hogaya phir isko President ki
Assent ke liye Present kiya jata hai. And President kee Assent dene ke
baad Bill ko As An Act Notified kar liya jata hai. phir wahi Acts Book
Form men Published hokar Law Liabrary men miltey hain.

v-

In the case, CST Vs Mangal Sen Shamlal, AIR 1975(4) SCC 35,
Court ne Observed kiya Ki- Lagislature Constitution ke Provision ke
Accordance desh ki janta ka Representative hai jisko hum Statute
kehte hain.

vi-

Blacks Law Dictionary ke According Statute Term Legislature

Declaring ko Denote karta hai, yeh kisi ko kushbhi karne ko
Command or Prohibit kar sakta hai.

2- Kinds of Statutes
Generally statute may be classified flowingly _
1- According to Duration:

a. Temporary Statute
b. Permanent Statute
2- According to Methods:
a. Mandatory or Imperative or Obligatory
b. Directory or Permissive Statute
3- According to Objects:
a. Codifying Statutes
b. Consolidating Statutes
c. Declaratory Statutes
d. Remedial Statute
e. Enabling Statute
f. Disabling Statute
g. Penal Statute
h. Taxing Statutes
i. Explanatory Statute
j. Amending Statute
k. Repealing Statute
l. Curative or Validating Statute
m. Revival Statute
4- According to the Extent of Application:
a. Public Statute
b. Private Statute
1- According to the Duration:
a. Temporary Statute - voh Statute jinka Operation or Validity Period
khud Statute dwara kiye gaye hon ki aese Acts Certain Fixed Time
tak to Force men rahtey uske baad Repealed ho jate hain.
b. Permanent Statute Ek Permanent Statute voh Statute hain jahan
per unka Expiry Period Mention na ho But yeh Condition aesy
Statute ko Unchangable Nahi banatey hain bulki aisy Statute kisi
doosrey Act dwara Amended or Replaced ho saktey hain.

2- According to the Method:

a. Manadatory or Imperative or Obligatory Statute - Ek Mandatory or
Imperative or Obligatory Statute wo Statute hai jo Certain thing ki
Performance ko Compels karta hai ya Certain thing Certain
manner ya form men Performe karne ke liye Compel karta hai.

b. Directory or Permissive Statute Ek Directory ya Permissive Statute

wo Statute hain jo bina Compale kiye kisi Thing ke Performance k
liye mahez direct ya permit karte hain. And Directory Provision ke
liye Substantive Compliances kaafi hotey hain.

3- According to the Object:

a. Codifying Statute Ek Codifying Statute wo Statue hai jo ki Law ko
Codify Karta hai doosre lafzon men wo Statute jiska Intention or
Aim kisi Specific Subject per Exhaustively poora Law Impose karna
ho taki Law ka koi bhi Leading Rule Chahe wo Statute Law ho ya
Common Law ho unper authorative Statements Order kiye ja
saken. aesy Statute men Pre-Exiting Provision Revive karke rakhey
jatey hain. Example: 1. Jaise England men Bill of Exchange Act
1882 uske Relating Law ke Bill of Exchange, Cheques and
Promissory Notes ko Codify kiya. 2 aise hi Hindu Succession Act
1956l.
b. Consolidating Statute Ek Consolidating Statute wo Statute hain jo
Perticular Subject se Related saare Law ek Place per Consolidate
kar dete hain. Agar Zuroori ho to ek Specific Subject Minor
Amendments ke saath saare Statutory Enactments collect karke ek
naye Statute ka Shape de diya jata hai. for Example: 1 England
men Law of Property Act 1925 Acts 1922 and Act 1924 ke saath
consolidate kar diya gaya. 2 Jaise Indian Criminal Procedure
act 1974 act 1973 ke Saath consolidate kar diya gaya.
c. Declaratory Statutes: ek Declaratory Statute wo Statute hote hain
jo Common Law ya Statutory Law ke Doubts ko remove karta hai
jab Law ke kisi Terma ka expression Ghalat samjah gaya ho.For
Example agar court kisi specific meaning ka koi perticular
Interpretation karta hai agar Lagislature ko lagta hai ke Court ne
kisi expression ka ghalat Interpretation kardia to Lagislature ek
Declaratory Statute pass karke uska sahi interpretation kar deta
hai taaki koi controversy na reh jai. Generally Declaratory Statute
men Preamble the world declared saath hi saath enacted bhi
mention hota hai. ek Declaratory Act retrospective (poorviyapi)
operation hai lekin pehle se decided matters ko is Act ke and
reopend nahi kia ja sakta hai. Jo appeals pending men hongi wo
appeals passed declaratory act per decide ki jayengi. for Example :

d.

e.

f.
g.

h.

i.

j.

k.

l.

1. India men Income Tax (Amendment) Act, 1985 ke Section 40

men Explanation 2 added ki gayi.
Remedial Statute Ek remedial Statute wo Statute hain jissey ek
nayi remedy conferred (dee jaati) ki jaati hain. Iss statutes ke pass
karne ka main object former law se mistake ya defects ko remove
karke improve kiya jata hai is ko bahut se log Socia-economic
Legislation ke term se bhi jaante hain. Bahut se remedial Acts men
Enactment ki Language se theek pehle ek Expression for remedy
whereof (kisika) use karte hain. for Example: 1. Remedial Acts
in Maternity Benefits Act 1961 etc.
Enabling Statute Ek enabling statute wo statute hote hain jo
jahan common law narrow hota hai usko enlarge karte hain. yeh
kisicheez unlawful cheez ko lawful banate hain but usmen public
benefits hone chahiye.
Disabling Statute ek disabling statute wo statute hain jo common
law se conferred rights se remove ya restricts kar deta hain.
Penal Statute Penal Statute wo statute hain jo certain acts ya
wrongs ya disobedience per Fine, Imprisonment aur deth tak ke
penishment lagate hain.
Taxing Statute ek taxing statute wo hote hain jo income, wealth,
sales, fits ya kisi transaction per tax imposes kar ke public welfare
ke purpose se paisa collect karte hain.
Explanatory Statute Ek explanatory Statute wo hote hain jo law
ko explain karte hain agar unmen openly omission hain ya kisi
expression ka double meaning nikal raha hai to unko clarify or
recatify kiya jata hai
Ameding Statute ek amending statute wo statute hote hain jo
Original law ke purpose ko aur effective banane ya improve karne
ke liye kuch addition ya change karte hain. lekin amending statute
ko repealing statute nahi kaha ja sakta hai.
Repealing Statute Ek repealing statute wo statute hote hain jo
earlier statute ka revocation ya termination ker dete hain aese hi
statute repealing statute kehlate hain.
Curative or Validating Statute ek curative or validating statute wo
statute hote hain jinmen prior law ke defect ke liye cure passed
karte hain agar wo defect ko curried nahi kara jaye to wo void ho
jate hain for Example agar kisi legal proceeding ya instrument
ya act ya public ya private administrative authorities ke defects ko
na curried kiya jaye to wo void ho jaenge.

m. Revival Statute Revival Statute wo statute hote hain jo Actions,

wills, legal effects and documents ka renewal karte hain sare
defect hataane ke baad.

4- According to Extent of Application:

a. Public Statute Public Statute wo statute hote hain jinmen public
ke General, local and personal nature ke interest ya policy secured
kiye jaate hain.
b. Private Statute Private Statute kisi individual ke General, local
and personal nature ke interest or policy secured kiye jaate hain.

Statute must be read as a whole in its context

1. Indian Context men yeh Interpretation of Statute ka pehla rule hai. Yeh
Reserve Bank of India vs. Peerless Generalf Finance and Investment
Company ke case men define kiya gaya hai ki Interpretation ki art text
and context per depand karti hai kiyunki Indian jurisdiction text and
context per based hai.
2. hum jaante hain ki ek statute best interpreted jab mana jata hain jab
haum hum yeh jante hon ki wo statute kiyun enact kiya gyaa thaa uski
full knowledge aur statute ko poora padha jana chahiye word by word
section by section, clause by clause, phrase by phrase
3. Jisne statute ko banaya hai hamen se uske glasses se uska context nahi
dekhna chahiye bulki humen uske glasses ke baghair bhi staute ke
context ko dekhna chahiye ta ki usmen improvement ke chance rahen.
4. Supreme Court apne ek case men observe kiya ki interpretation
legislature ke competence (salahiyat) men hona chahiye aur is regard
men ut res magis valeat quam pereaf application ya doctorine bahut
important hai.
5. Court kehta hai yeh bahut important rule ki interpretation aesi honi
chahiye jo ki Statute ko Null na kare isiliye Indian context men hardly koi
aesa example miley jisne Statute ko Clearly Void kardiya ho.
6. Court further kehta ha ki interpretation do tarah ki hoti hain pehli wali
narrower aur doosri wider pehli wali interpretation bahut jald apna

manifesto achive karne men failed ho jati hai tabki doosri definition lean
hoti hai isliye apni achievement ko aasani se cover karleti hai.