ADVANCE BUILDING

SERVICES
LECTURE-2
05-11-2013

ROHINI NANDA

HANDLING CAPACITY
total number of passengers that the system can transport within a certain period
of time
usually 5 minutes i.e. 300 seconds
H = Handling capacity (percent)
Q = Average No. of Passenger carried in a Car 80% of it
T = Interval (seconds)
P = Number of passengers on a round trip

INTERVAL TIME
It represents the longest time between elevator dispatch from the main lobby

Where
T= Interval Time
RTT = round trip time for one elevator
N = number of elevators in the group

Round Trip Time - RTT

RTT - (single lift) is defined as the average period of time for
a car-trip around a building
Measured from the instant the car doors start to open at first
landing

RTT =
Entry + Exit time of the passengers on each floor +
Acceleration time + Stopping time + Single floor
flight time

Round Trip Time RTT

Basic assumptions :
1. All Passengers arrive uniformly in time
2. All floors equally populated
3. All cars load to 80%
4. Other operating time (like dwell time) ignored
5. Traffic controller is ideal

H is inversely proportional to T
T turn is proportional to RTT

LIFT COMPONENTS

LIFT COMPONENTS

PLAN

SECTION

LIFT COMPONENTS

pit depth of the lifts will normally accommodate ropes, pit depth shall be
increased for all loads and speeds
Buffers in a Lift PIT :
For slower lifts spring-type buffers
For higher-speed lifts oil loaded buffers
Depth of pit varies from min 1.5 to 3.0 m depending on lift specification
provision shall be made for permanent drainage
The lift machine, controller and all other equipment of a lift installation placed in
the machine room, adequately lighted and fire-proof
Machine room floor shall be provided with a trap door
Min - 2 m clearance

MACHINE ROOM

LIFT COMPONENTS

CAR
IN PLAN

LIFT COMPONENTS

MACHINE/ MOTOR ROOM

Major Component:
Motor
Traction sheave
Control panel

Section through lift motor room

TYPES OF ELEVATORS

CLASSIFICATION

Operation Types

Hydraulic & Traction

Utility Types

Passenger Lifts
Observation Lifts
Service Lifts
Dumbwaiters
Fire Fighting Lifts
Paternoster lift
Double-deck
Stair Lifts

OPERATION TYPES

OPERATION TYPES 1. TRACTION ELEVATORS

Most popular form
of elevator designs
Consist of elevator
car &
counterweight held
together by steel
ropes looped
around SHEAVE
Sheave - pulley
with grooves
around its
circumference
It is driven by a
motor

TRACTION ELEVATORS - Roping Arrangements

One to One roping (1:1) or Traction Drum
Arrangement
hoist ropes runs from car hitch over machine
sheaves to counterweight hitch
elevator car & counterweight each run in their
own sets of guide rails

Cable at a speed directly proportional to the

speed of the car

TRACTION ELEVATORS - Roping Arrangements

Two to One Roping (2:1) or Lifting Drum
Arrangement
one end passes from dead-end hitch in the
overhead, under a car sheave, up over the drive
sheave, down around a counterweight sheave
and up to another dead-end hitch in the
overhead
car speed is one-half the rope speed
Counterweight - adds accelerating force when
car is moving up & retarding effort when car is
moving down

TRACTION ELEVATORS - Roping Arrangements

HOIST MECHANISMS
Geared and Gearless types
Geared type: motor turns a gear train/ gear box that rotates
sheave
medium-speed applications - 0.5 m/s to 2.0 m/s
<10 stories
Gearless type: motor turns the sheave directly
A brake is mounted between motor & drive sheave
high-speed applications - 2.5 m/s to 10.0 m/s
>10 stories
In terms of energy performance, gearless type has no
transmission loss thus 100% efficiency

2. HYDRAULIC ELEVATORS
lift a car using a hydraulic pump
a fluid-driven piston mounted inside a cylinder

Parts
1. A tank
(fluid reservoir)
2. Pump, powered
by electric motor
3. Valve between
the cylinder &
reservoir

Choice between Hydraulic and Traction Elevators

HYDRAULIC ELEVATOR

TRACTION ELEVATOR

operate at slower speeds &

serve up to 14m
light usage low height

serve mid-rise buildings speeds

ranging 0.5 to 2.0 m/s
serve buildings of any height

BENEFITS

BENEFITS

Lower ownership costs;

Quick installation;
Doesnt need machine room

Faster and smoother ride;

More energy efficient
Cost little more

DRAWBACKS

Noisy, slow
High on energy consumption

Geared traction passenger

elevators up to 10 storey's
Gearless traction passenger
elevators above 10 storey's.

OPERATION TYPES
MACHINE ROOM-LESS ELEVATORS MRL
Elevators require machine room to
store large electric motors
Located above the hoistway or below,

Significant - Motor Room Less

(MRL) elevators
based on gearless technology
machinery is installed in elevator
shaft itself

UTILITY TYPES

Utility Types

Passenger Lifts
Observation Lifts
Service Lifts/Hospital Lifts
Dumbwaiters
Fire Fighting Lifts
Paternoster lift
Double-deck
Stair Lifts

2ft

PASSENGER LIFTS

PASSENGER LIFTS

PASSENGER LIFTS

SERVICE LIFTS

SERVICE LIFTS

HOSPITAL LIFTS

HOSPITAL LIFTS

HOSPITAL LIFTS

DUMB
DUMB-WAITERS

A small box elevator designed for the carriage of

lightweight is called a DUMB WAITER

DUMB
DUMB-WAITERS

OBSERVATION LIFTS

OBSERVATION LIFTS

OBSERVATION LIFTS

Wall climber lift or Capsule Lifts

Mobile observation platform
Very popular in atrium malls, complementing the glass
architecture
Provide a focus of interest for the casual observer
Lightweight structures - hydraulic lifts system, freeing
the building designers from motor room loadings

FIRE-FIGHTING
FIGHTING LIFTS

For rapid emergency access

Manufactured from noncombustible material
Require Independent fire-fighting
lifts > 18 m height

Minimum internal dimensions : 1.1 m wide 1.4 m deep : 2.0 m high

FIRE-FIGHTING
FIGHTING LIFTS

Provision of an emergency escape hatch in the car roof

Top floor access time : maximum 60 seconds
An intercommunications system installed
Door dimensions at least 0.8 m wide
Two power supplies : mains and emergency generator
Minimum distance of firefighting lift shaft to any part of a floor is 60 m
Fire- fighting Hydrant outlets should be located in the firefighting lobby

NO. OF LIFTS
Buildings without sprinklers : 1 per 900 m2 floor area
Buildings with sprinklers < 900 m2 floor area = 1
900 to 2000 m2 floor area = 2
> 2000 m2 floor area = 2 + (1 for every 1500 m2)

LIFTS FOR DISABLE

LIFTS FOR DISABLE

Sufficient landing space

Control/call panel should be prominent
Sufficient time delay on door opening
Audible announcement of the floor levels
Visual display of floor levels served to assist people with
hearing disabilities
Emergency telephones provided with inductive couplers
for the benefit of hearing aid users
Support Rail on all 3 sides

PATERNOSTER LIFTS

elevator which consists of open compartments (each usually

designed for two persons) that move slowly in a loop up and
down inside a building without stopping

PATERNOSTER LIFTS

PATERNOSTER LIFTS

Passengers who are agile enough, can step on or off at

any floor they Like
Speed is limited to 0.4 ms-1 for safety reason
Not suitable in public buildings
- And locations where elderly & disabled are likely
to gain access
Most suited to single occupancy buildings such as offices,
where familiarity with the system

STAIR LIFTS

STAIR LIFTS
pulled by ropes arrangements, or chains, along
staircase guide rails on an inclined path at an angle
between 15 and 45
cars and running frames travel on tracks, or
tensioned wire cables, and use wheels, or rollers.

DOUBLE-DECKER
DECKER LIFTS

two elevator cars attached one on

top of the other
Allows passengers on two
consecutive floors to be able to
use elevator Simultaneously
significantly increasing the
passenger capacity of an
elevator shaft

LIFT DRIVES &

CONTROLS

DRIVE OPERATIONS
The method of prompting the control of lift machine are:

1. Single Automatic Control

2. Down collective
3. Directional collective
4. Group collective
5. Programmed control

SINGLE AUTOMATIC CONTROL

simple and inexpensive
1 button at each landing
`in use' indicator
lift responds to one call from either car or
landing on a "first come first serve" basis
most suited to light traffic conditions in
low rise buildings: maximum of about 3floors
Results in unsatisfactory long waiting
times

DOWN COLLECTIVE
As car
- landing calls are
answered in floor sequence
As car
- lift responds to calls
made inside the car in floor sequence
After satisfying highest registered
call, car automatically descends to
answer all landing calls
one call button provided
most suited to flats & small hotels,
where the traffic is mainly between
the entrance lobby and specific
floors.

DIRECTIONAL COLLECTIVE
Two call buttons are provided
lowest & highest landings require
one button
A full set of destination buttons are
provided in the car
Landing callers simply press
direction button & call is stored
- lift stops at all floors where
downward callers are waiting or
where passengers want to go
- operating in sequence in
response to stored calls

GROUP COLLECTIVE
Each car operates individually on a full
or down collective control system
When the cars- at rest, one is stationed
at lobby & other- floor which has call
priority
priority car will answer
from any floor except
lobby. If the priority car
answer the other car if
respond

landing calls
the entrance
is unable to
available will

similar system may also apply to 3 cars

SUPERVISORY CONTROL SYSTEMserves dedicated zone

PROGRAMMED CONTROL
This is an improvement of the group collective
system, incorporating time-controlled functions, where demand
is known to be particularly high on some floors at certain times
micro-processor determines traffic demand & locates cars
accordingly to each operating zone
The lift cars can be programmed to be available at the ground
floor during arrival times and at upper floors during departure
times
This lends itself to routines found in office blocks

SAFETY ISSUES
PASSENGER SAFETY GADGETS:
Door open and door close buttons
A stop switch - to halt the elevator
Keeping an elevator stopped for too
long may trigger an alarm. Often, this
will be a key switch.
An alarm button or switch to signal
in case trapped
Call buttons- to choose a floor
Power Black Out / Emergency power
operation (EPR)

STANDARDS

Bureau of Indian Standards BIS

www.bis.org.in

www.kone.com

KONE Escalator and Autowalk Design Tools

KONE Elevator toolbox
Quick traffic (elevator traffic calculator)
KONE Planulator - allow you to quickly access and compare the
space required by different elevator systems

REFERENCES
National Building Code of India, 2005, Part-8 Building Services, Section-5
Installation of Lifts and Escalators
Fred Hall & Roger Greeno ,Building Services Handbook, Fourth Edition 2007
A. Bhatia, Building Elevator Systems , Course No: A06-001 , Continuing
Education and Development, Inc. 9 Greyridge Farm Court Stony Point, NY
Open Courseware, Vertical Transportation, UTM Malaysia
ISR-University of Coimbra (Portugal), Energy efficient elevators and
escalators manual, March 2010
John Bashford, CIBSE Guide D, Transportation systems in buildings

KONE Elevator tool box :URL <www.kone.com>