Modeling and Stability Analysis of A DFIG

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 3, JULY 2009
Modeling and Stability Analysis of a DFIG-Based

Wind-Power Generator Interfaced With a
Series-Compensated Line
Amir Ostadi, Student Member, IEEE, Amirnaser Yazdani, Member, IEEE, and Rajiv K. Varma, Member, IEEE
AbstractThis paper deals with modeling and stability analysis

of a doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG)-based wind-power
unit that is interfaced with the grid via a series-compensated
transmission line. A detailed mathematical model is developed in
this paper that takes into account dynamics of the flux observer,
phase-locked loop (PLL), controllers of the power-electronic
converter, and wind turbine. Using the model and based on
eigenvalue/participation-factor analysis, the system and controller
parameters that substantially influence the system stability have
been identified. The developed model is validated through a comprehensive set of simulation studies in the Matlab/Simulink and
PSCAD/EMTDC software environments.
Magnetizing inductance.
Index TermsControl, doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG),

eigenvalue analysis, participation factor, power electronics, series
compensation, small-signal analysis, wind power.
Transmission line resistance.
Stator resistance.
Rotor resistance.
Effective ac-side resistance of the grid-side
converter.
Effective ac-side inductance of the grid-side
converter.
Transmission line inductance.
Series compensation capacitance.
Wind-power unit shunt (filter) capacitance.
Dc-link capacitance.
I. NOMENCLATURE
Turbine mechanical power.

Stator flux.
Drive-train friction coefficient.
Stator current.
Y-to-
Rotor current.
side turns ratio of the transformer
-to-Y side turns ratio of the transformer
Stator voltage.
Gearbox ratio.
Rotor voltage.
Effective moment of inertia.
Ac-side terminal voltage of the grid-side converter.

Ac-side current of the grid-side converter.
Grid current.
Stator real power.

Stator reactive power.
Rotor real power.
Grid voltage.
Rotor reactive power.
Series capacitor voltage.
Grid-side converter terminal real power.
Stator flux phase-angle.
Grid-side converter terminal reactive power.
Stator flux angular frequency.
Real power delivered by the grid-side converter.
PLL reference frame angle.
Reactive power delivered by the grid-side converter.
PLL reference frame angular frequency.
Peak value of the stator line-to-neutral voltage.
Stator leakage inductance.
Steady-state angular frequency of the grid.
Rotor leakage inductance.
Subscript denoting the direct-axis component of a

variable.
Manuscript received May 06, 2008. Current version published June 24, 2009.
Paper no. TPWRD-00324-2008.
The authors are with the University of Western Ontario, London, ON, Canada
(e-mail: aostadi@uwo.ca; ayazdani@eng.uwo.ca; rkvarma@eng.uwo.ca).
Digital Object Identifier 10.1109/TPWRD.2009.2013667
Subscript denoting the quadrature-axis component

of a variable.
Differentiation operator
0885-8977/$25.00 2009 IEEE
OSTADI et al.: MODELING AND STABILITY ANALYSIS OF A DFIG-BASED WIND-POWER GENERATOR
Complex frequency.
Superscript denoting the small-signal perturbation
of a variable.
: Transfer function of a generic PI
.
controller
Wind speed.
Turbine pitch angle.
II. INTRODUCTION
N recent years, penetration of wind energy into the power
grid has been increasing worldwide, at a significant rate
[1]. Presently, the majority of wind farms have been based on
the constant-speed technology, for its simplicity, low cost, and
ruggedness. However, many recent and planned installations are
adopting the variable-speed technology due to its better energy
capture, smoother operation, lower flicker, and superior controllability.
One important class of variable-speed wind-power systems is
that based on the doubly-fed induction generator (DFIG). This
class has gained significant attentions due to its technical and
economical advantages. However, control of the DFIG rotor circuit through an electronic power converter, direct connection
between the DFIG stator and the grid, and existence of a sophisticated, multi-loop, control structure makes a DFIG-based
wind-power system prone to undesirable dynamic interaction
with the grid and/or similar units in a farm [2]. This is especially of concern since wind farms are typically located in remote areasdue to favorable wind conditionsand are therefore connected to the power system via weak transmission lines.
In addition, to evacuate large amounts of electrical power from
the wind farms, it is quite likely that the transmission lines will
be series-compensated [3]. Thus, to avoid financial and technical complications, issues need to be identified, fully understood, and systematically addressed during the planning and design phases of a wind-power system. Although some issues are
already observed through simulation studies [3], [4], systematic
analysis and design frameworks are required to ensure stability,
desired performance, and robustness; the analysis is required to
identify and quantify the impacts of controllers, grid stiffness,
system characteristics, and internal interactions on the stability
of the wind-based generating units [5].
Thus far, a few published works have dealt with the modeling and behavior of the DFIG-based wind-power systems. In
[6] a state-space model has been developed for a DFIG-based
wind-power system, and a participation-factor analysis has been
conducted on the model to reduce the model order. However, a
stiff grid has been assumed. In [7] a state-space model has been
developed, and the (open-loop) electrical, electromechanical,
and mechanical modes of the DFIG-based wind-power system
are identified. Further, impacts of the machine parameters, operating point, drive-train parameters, and grid strength on the
system eigenvalues are investigated. The analysis however does
not consider the controllers and their impacts on the system
modes. Moreover, a constant turbine power has been assumed.
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This paper investigates the stability of a DFIG-based

wind-power system that is connected to a series-compensated
transmission line. The analysis is based on a linearized model
obtained from a nonlinear mathematical model of the system.
The model takes into account the flux observer, phase-locked
loop (PLL), controllers of the back-to-back voltage-sourced
converter (VSC), and wind-turbine dynamics. Eigenvalue and
participation-factor analyses are carried out to identify the controller and network parameters that exhibit significant impacts
on the system (closed-loop) stability.
The rest of this paper is organized as follows. Section III introduces the structure of the DFIG-based wind-power system. In
Section IV, a mathematical model is developed for the DFIGbased wind-power system. In Section V, the small-signal analysis on the developed model is presented. The linearized model
is validated in Section VI. Section VII concludes the paper.
III. STRUCTURE OF DFIG-BASED WIND-POWER SYSTEM
Fig. 1 illustrates a schematic diagram of a DFIG-based
wind-power unit, interfaced with the grid through the interface
and a transmission line. The high-voltage
transformer
, i.e., where the transmission line and
meet,
side of
is referred to as the Point of Common Coupling (PCC). The
DFIG stator circuit is directly connected to the low-voltage side
. However, the DFIG rotor circuit is interfaced with the
of
same side through an acdcac, electronic, power converter.
provides
For the electronic converter, the transformer
primarily prevents
voltage matching. The shunt capacitor
the switching harmonics generated by the power converter from
entering the transmission system. However, it also provides
a modest reactive-power support. The transmission line is
represented by a series - branch, and is series-compensated
by the capacitor . The grid is represented by the ideal voltage
.
source
Fig. 1 also shows that the ac-dc-ac converter consists of the
back-to-back connection of the rotor-side converter VSC1
and the grid-side converter VSC2. The rotor-side and gridside converters are paralleled from their dc sides with the dc-link
. The function of VSC1 is to control the DFIG
capacitor
; the control
torque through the control of the rotor current
is exercised in the DFIG stator-flux coordinate system. How, by controlling
ever, VSC2 regulates the dc-link voltage
the real power component . VSC2 can also control the reand thus be employed for power-factor reguactive power
lation. VSC2 is controlled in a -frame synchronized to the
.
voltage
IV. CONTROL OF DFIG-BASED WIND-POWER SYSTEM
To avoid time-varying inductances in the DFIG model, to deal
with dc signals in the feedback/control loops, to decouple the
DFIG torque and flux, and to independently control the real and
reactive power of the grid-side converter, the rotor-side and the
coordigrid-side converters are controlled in two respective
nate systems, as detailed in the following subsections. It should
be pointed out that the 0-axis components and the corresponding
equations are disregarded due to the three-wire configuration of
the system.
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Fig. 1. Schematic diagram of the study DFIG-based wind-power system.
A. Rotor-Side Converter Control

In an arbitrary -frame making an angle of with the -axis
and rotating with an angular frequency of , the - and -axis
components of the generator stator voltage are expressed in
, and
as [8]
terms of
(1)
where
(2)
. The DFIG torque is
and
(3)
To maximize the turbine power, the DFIG torque must be conand . However, based on (3),
trolled through the control of
and
are also functhis is not a straightforward task since
and . To simplify the control, the reference-frame
tions of
angle
is selected in such a way that
. Hence,
and
, and (1) can be rewritten as
(4)
On the other hand, based on (2),
and
can be expressed as
Fig. 2. Block diagram of the stator flux observer.
is the stator time-constant. Equation (6)

where
constitutes the base for the stator flux observer of Fig. 2 that
calculates and delivers for the PWM scheme of the rotor-side
converter [9].
, and the magnitude of the stator
In a steady state,
, assumes the constant value
voltage, i.e.,
of
. On the other hand, if
is small, based on (4) one
concludes that
and thus
. It also follows
. Hence, (3) can be simplified
from (4) that
to
(7)
(5)
Eliminating
and
between (4) and (5), one obtains
(6)
Equation (7) shows that, approximately, the generator torque

if the control is exercised in the
is linearly proportional to
stator-flux reference frame. Equation (7) is used to calculate
the reference for the rotor -axis current, based on the desired
must be changed in
torque. To maximize the turbine power,
proportion to the square of the rotor speed [10], as
(8)
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B. Grid-Side Converter Control

The grid-side converter is controlled in a -frame synchro. The angle for the frame is
nized to the stator voltage
calculated by the PLL of Fig. 4. It is shown that,
is first
frame to the frame, using the transtransformed from the
processes the
formation angle . Then, the compensator
-axis component of
, i.e.,
, and adjusts
to force
to zero [11]. If the stator voltage is considered to have the
and the amplitude
, its - and -axis compoangle
nents assume the forms
Fig. 3. Block diagram of the rotor current-control scheme.
(14)
then, in a steady state,
Based on (14), if
and
. Thus,
and
become, respectively,
and .
proportional to
It should be noted that the - and -axis voltage components
in the PLL coordinate system are different than those in the
stator-flux coordinate system. However, the components are related to each other through
Fig. 4. Block diagram of the phase-locked loop (PLL).
where
is a constant whose expression is given in [10]. Thereis calculated as
fore, based on (7) and (8),
(9)
(15)
Equation (11) suggests that the command

can be calculated based on the desired stator reactive power, as
Fig. 5 illustrates a block diagram of the current-control

scheme of the grid-side converter which enables independent
and
through their respective reference comcontrols of
and
are included in
mands [12]. Fig. 5 shows that
the control process as feed-forward signals. The outputs of
and
, are converted
the current-control scheme, i.e.,
to their
-frame equivalents, using the angle
(see Fig. 4), and fed to the PWM scheme of the grid-side
to
converter, as shown in Fig. 1; the reason for adding
is to compensate for the phase difference between the primary
and secondary voltages of
.
In the wind-power system of Fig. 1, the dc-link voltage is
. This is based on
controlled by , through the control of
the principle of power balance, as
(12)
(16)
The stator reactive power
is expressed as
(10)
It then follows from substitution of

that
in (10) (from (5)) and
(11)
In this paper,
is set to zero, and therefore
.
Once
and
are calculated, respectively, from (9)
and (12), they are delivered to the decoupled current-control
scheme of Fig. 3. Thus, the outputs of the current-control
and
, are transformed to their
-frame
scheme, i.e.,
equivalents and fed to the PWM scheme of the rotor-side
in
converter, as shown in Fig. 1. It should be noted that
Fig. 3 is defined as
(13)
where
are the control input and the disturbance input,

where and
and
respectively. If the power exchanged with the inductor
are ignored,
is approxithat dissipated in the resistor
mately equal to . Thus,
(17)
Therefore, as shown in Fig. 6(a),
can be controlled by
, based on (17). Fig. 6(a) also shows that a filtered measure of
is included in the control as a feed-forward signal to
on
.
mitigate the impact of
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The equations of the uncontrolled system can be written as
(18)
where
is vector of output(s), and

(19)
where the vectors

variables
, and
include the system state
Fig. 5. Block diagrams of the grid-side current-control scheme.
(20)
where
(21)
are, respectively, the vector of disturbances/
In (18), and
reference-commands and the vector of controllers outputs, as
(22)
The control signals are the outputs of the following dynamic
system:
(23)
where
is the vector of the controllers state variables, and
where we have
Fig. 6. Block diagrams of: (a) dc-link voltage regulator and (b) reactive-power
reference generator.
(24)
Fig. 6(b) shows that
is calculated based on the reference
. In this paper,
is set to a constant value,
command
corresponding to zero net reactive-power exchange between the
may
wind-power unit and the transmission line. However,
be actively determined by a feedback control mechanism to regulate the power-factor, reactive-power flow, or PCC voltage.
In (24), depends on the orders of the linear transfer functions

that process signals in different control schemes of the windpower unit.
Substituting for from (23) in (18), one deduces the equations of the closed-loop system as
V. STABILITY ANALYSIS
(25)
A. Model Linearization
The nonlinear equations describing the wind-power system
of Fig. 1, although accurate, offer little insight about the system
stability and sensitivity to parameters variations. Moreover, it
can not be easily understood from the nonlinear equations how
each mode is influenced by the controllers and/or network parameters. Therefore, a linear system analysis is conducted on a
linearized model of the overall system.
where
(26)
TABLE I
PARTICIPATIONS OF STATE VARIABLES IN THE DOMINANT MODE WHEN
and is the number of entries of , while is the number of

.
outputs. The total number of the state-variables is
The equilibrium point is the solution of
(27)
and
in which is constant. Linearizing (25) around
obtains the following set of linear equations [13]:
, one
(28)
where
and
are, respectively, the Jacobian matrices
and with respect to . Similarly,
and
,
of
and with rerespectively, are the Jacobian matrices of
spect to . The Jacobian matrices are evaluated at
and
.
It should be pointed out that (18) [and therefore (25)] embed
the following equation for the drive-train dynamics:
(29)
describes the power-speed

where the nonlinear function
characteristic of the wind turbine. The linearization process inat the operating point, which is
volves calculation of
on
cumbersome due to the highly nonlinear dependence of
. However, in our case, the task is straightforward since the
.
power maximization strategy of (8) implies that
For the DFIG-based wind-power system of Fig. 1,
and
. Therefore, the linearized system has 29 eigenmodes.
B. Participation-Factor Analysis
The linearized model of Section IV provides a basis for
stability analysis and parameters selection for the DFIG-based
wind-power system. To that end, the behavior of the dominant
axis, is studies. Moreeigenvalue, i.e., the one closest to the
over, the contribution of each state variable in the dominant
mode is evaluated through a participation-factor analysis [8],
[14], [15]. The analysis permits identification of system and
controllers parameters that have major impacts on the dominant
1509
K = 2; K = 333:33, AND X =R = 9
mode. Table I presents participations of the state variables

in the dominant mode, under different series-compensation
levels. The series-compensation level (percentage) is defined as
where
and
are respectively the capacitive
and inductive reactances of the transmission line, at 60 Hz. For
, and
; the other
the study,
controllers are introduced in Appendix. The wind speed and
the dc-link voltage are 13 m/s and 1200 V, respectively.
The first row of Table I presents different levels of series compensation; the second through the ninth rows show the participation of each state variable in the dominant mode, corresponding
to a series-compensation level. As shown in Table I, the state
, and
exhibit remarkable
variables
participations in the dominant mode, whereas the other state
variables weakly participate in the dominant mode. Table I indicates that the dominant mode is predominantly affected by
and . As understood from Fig. 2, these two state variables are
and
closely related, through the flux estimation process, to
which themselves actively participate in the dominant mode.
It is, therefore, expected that the parameters of the rotor-side
and
, exhibit significant impacts
current controller, i.e.,
and
on the location of the dominant eigenvalue. In addition,
, i.e., the and -axis voltage components of the series capacitor, indicate the largest participations in the dominant mode.
Hence, one expects that the series-compensation level has a considerable impact on the system stability. Furthermore, Table I
and
in the domindicates a considerable participation of
inant mode, suggesting that the grid stiffness affects the dominant mode to a considerable extent.
To verify the findings, the real part of the dominant eigenvalue is plotted in Figs. 7 and 8, where the line series compensation percentage and rotor-side current-controller gains are
used as the parameters. The grid stiffness of the transmission
ratio of the transmission line.
line is characterized by the
Figs. 7(a) to (c) provide the real parts of the dominant eigenvalue
ratios of 3, 5 and 9, respectively. Each curve correfor
sponds to a value of
, i.e., the proportional gain of the PI
controller of the rotor-side current controller. However, for all
is kept unchanged at 333.33. As ilcurves the integral gain
lustrated in Fig. 7, the dominant eigenvalue of the system moves
towards the right-half plane as the series-compensation level increases. It is further observed that, for a given series-compensation level, the dominant eigenvalue moves to right as the
ratio becomes larger. It is also observed that, for a given level of
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Fig. 9. Real part of the dominant eigenvalue as a function of: (a)

(b)
, for different values of compensation percentage.
Fig. 7. Real part of the dominant eigenvalue as a function of the compensation

and different values of
; (a)
,
percentage, for
, (c)
.
(b)
K = 333:33
X =R = 5 X =R = 9
X =R = 3
Fig. 8. Real part of the dominant eigenvalue as a function of the compensation

percentage, for
; (a)
and different values of
, (b)
, (c)
.
X =R = 5
K =2
X =R = 9
X =R = 3
series compensation, an increase in

renders the dominant
mode unstable.
Figs. 8(a) to (c) demonstrate the effect of the integral constant
on the real part of the dominant eigenvalue, for three
ratios of 3, 5, and 9, respectively. The curves suggest that an
increase in the compensation percentage moves the dominant
eigenvalue towards the right-half plane. It is observed that up
to a certain series-compensation percentage, an increase in
renders the dominant mode more stable; and beyond that level
the trend is reversed. This level itself is a function of
and
ratio and becomes lower as

increases. For example, for
, the level in question falls beyond 100%; it however
ratios of 5 and 9, respectively,
is about 70% and 50% for
as Figs. 8(b) and (c) indicate.
As already discussed, among the controllers of the
DFIG-based wind-power unit, the rotor-side controller shows
the largest impact on the dominant mode and thus the system
stability. By contrast, as Table I indicates, the state variables
of the PLL, the grid-side current controllers, and the dc-link
voltage regulator do not exhibit major participations in the
dominate mode. Consequently, the parameters of the aforementioned building blocks are expected to have insignificant
impact of the system stability. Figs. 9(a) and (b) plot the real
part of the dominant eigenvalue as a function of, respectively,
and
, for different series-compensation levels. It is
observed that, at any given series-compensation percentage, the
real part of the dominant eigenvalue is almost independent of
or
.
Fig. 10 illustrates the impact of the line inductance, as a measure of the grid strength, on the real-part of the dominant eigenvalue. For this case study, a wind speed of 13 m/s and a
ratio of 5 are assumed, with
p.u. corresponding to
a line length of 10 km. Fig. 10 shows that the dominant mode
becomes less stable as the series-compensation level increases.
It is further observed that at low series-compensation levels, the
increases. Howdominant mode becomes more stable as
ever, beyond a certain level of series compensation, an increase
renders the dominant mode less stable and more sensitive
in
.
to
Fig. 11 illustrates the patterns of variations of the real part of
the dominant eigenvalue as a function of the series-compensation percentage, for different wind speeds. Figs. 11(a), (b), and
, and
,
(c) correspond to
respectively. The following can be deduced from Fig. 11:
in general, the dominant mode tends to become more unstable as the wind speed decreases;
at higher wind speeds, the real part of the dominant eigenvalue becomes less sensitive to the variations of the wind
speed;
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Fig. 10. Real part of the dominant mode as a function of compensation per.
centage for different values of
Fig. 12. Responses of the rotor speed and dc-link voltage for a step change
imposed on the grid voltage amplitude; (a) linearized model, and (b) detailed
model.
Fig. 11. Real part of the dominant mode versus compensation percentage for
different wind speeds; (a)
, (b)
, (c)
.
X =R = 3
X =R = 5
X =R = 9
the dominant mode becomes more unstable as the seriescompensation percentage increases.
VI. MODEL VERIFICATION

In this section, the linearized model developed for the
DFIG-based wind-power system of Fig. 1 is verified by means
of simulation studies. The linearized model is implemented
in the MATLAB/Simulink environment and its results are
compared with those obtained from a detailed, nonlinear,
averaged model of the overall system in the PSCAD/EMTDC
environment. The accuracy of the linearized model is evaluated
for various disturbances and operational scenarios. For the
simulations, a wind speed of 13 m/s is assumed. The system
and controllers parameters are given in the Appendix.
A. Step Change in Grid Voltage
In this case study, at
s, a 10% step change
is introduced in the grid voltage amplitude, while the
system is in a steady-state condition. For this study,
, and the line
is not compensated. Figs. 1215 illustrate the responses of
Fig. 13. Responses of the flux and torque for a step change imposed on the grid
voltage amplitude; (a) linearized model, and (b) detailed model.
and . In each figure, the columns

(a) and (b) show the results of the linearized and the detailed
models, respectively. It can be observed that the results obtained
from the linearized model closely agree with those from the
detailed model. Fig. 12 shows the responses of the per-unit rotor
speed as well as the dc-link voltage. As shown in Fig. 12,
reduces subsequent to the disturbance. In addition, the dc-link
voltage undergoes excursions, but retrieves its pre-disturbance
value in about 150 ms.
Fig. 13 shows the responses of the stator flux and the electrical torque, and that a 10-percent increase in the grid voltage
amplitude causes the stator flux to increase by approximately
10%. The reason is that the steady-state value of the stator flux is
proportional to the stator voltage magnitude. Fig. 13 also shows
that, subsequent to the disturbance, the electrical torque settles
at a higher steady-state value.
Fig. 14 illustrates the responses of the real power delivered by
the rotor-side and grid-side converters and that the magnitude
of the rotor real power decreases subsequent to the disturbance.
This is because the shift of the operating point to a lower-speed
value results in a suboptimum power capture. The real power of
the grid-side converter also exhibits a similar response since, in
the steady state, it is approximately equal to the real power of
and .
the rotor. Fig. 15 illustrates the responses of
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Fig. 14. Responses of the real power components of the rotor-side and gridside converters for a step change imposed on the grid voltage amplitude; (a)
linearized model, and (b) detailed model.
Fig. 15. Responses of the reactive power components of the rotor-side and gridside converters for a step change imposed on the grid voltage amplitude; (a)
linearized model and (b) detailed model.
B. Step Change in the DC-Link Voltage Reference

In this case study, the dc-link voltage reference is subjected
s. The conto a step change from 1200 to 1350 V, at
troller parameters are the same as those in the previous case
study, and the line is not compensated. Figs. 16 and 17 pro, and . The columns (a) and
vide the responses of
(b) show the results of the linearized and the detailed models,
respectively. As with the previous case, a close agreement between the models is noticed.
As Fig. 16 illustrates, subsequent to the reference change, the
dc-link voltage rises and settle at 1350 V, in about 150 ms. This
requires that real power be drawn by the grid-side converter.
Therefore, undergoes an undershoot as illustrated in Fig. 16.
The power surge disturbs the DFIG stator voltage (not shown)
unwhich, in turn, impacts the DFIG torque. Consequently,
dergoes transient excursions as shown in Fig. 17. The stator
voltage disturbance also impacts the estimated flux through the
flux observer of Fig. 2. The disturbance in the estimated flux, in
turn, impacts the rotor voltage generated by VSC1 which results
in a transient excursion in , as illustrated in Fig. 17. Once the
retrieve their
dc-link voltage settles at its final value, and
corresponding pre-disturbance values.
Fig. 16. Responses of the dc-link voltage and real power of the grid-side converter, for a step change imposed on the dc-link voltage reference; (a) linearized
model and (b) detailed model.
Fig. 17. Responses of the rotor speed and real power of the rotor-side converter,
for a step change imposed on the dc-link voltage reference; (a) linearized model
and (b) detailed model.
TABLE II
REAL AND IMAGINARY PARTS OF THE DOMINANT EIGENVALUE FOR DIFFERENT
SERIES-COMPENSATION LEVELS
C. Introduction of Series Compensation

In this case study, the impact of series compensation is simulated for three compensation percentages of 50%, 63%, and
. The PI controller gains are
70%, while
and
. Table II provides the real and imaginary
parts of the dominant eigenvalue, for three aforementioned series-compensation levels. Table II indicates that the system is
stable for 50% of compensation, is oscillatory for 63% of compensation, and is unstable for 70% of compensation. In the next
sections, the validity of the developed model is demonstrated by
comparing the simulation results with those of the eigenvalue
analysis.
1) 50% Compensation: For 50% of series compensation, a
F (0.034 p.u.) is switched in
series capacitor of
Fig. 18. Responses of: (a) the stator flux and (b) the q-axis component of the
stator voltage, for 50% of compensation.
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Fig. 20. Responses of: (a) the stator flux, and (b) the q-axis component of the
TABLE III
TURBINE AND GENERATOR PARAMETERS
Fig. 19. Responses of: (a) the stator flux and (b) the q-axis component of the
the transmission line, at

s. Fig. 18 shows that and
start to oscillate subsequent to the disturbance. However,
the oscillations decay in about 1.1 s. This duration should correspond to about four times the time-constant of the dominant
mode, i.e., the inverse of (the absolute value of) the real part of
the eigenvalue. In other words, the simulation result suggests
, which is close to the result
that
reported in Table II. In Fig. 18, the frequency of the oscillations
is measured as about 35.09 Hz, corresponding to an imaginary
rad/s of the dominant eigenvalue.
part of
This also agrees with the result of Table II.
2) 63% Compensation: This level of series compensation is
F (0.043 p.u.) in the line, at
realized by inserting
exhibit sustained oscillations with a period of about 0.0313 s, corresponding to an anrad/s of the dominant
gular frequency of
eigenvalue. This confirms the close agreement with the results
of Table II.
3) 70% Compensation: For 70% of series compensation, a
F (0.048 p.u.) is switched on,
series capacitor of
at
become oscillatory and
unstable. In this case the period of oscillations is 0.0331 s, which
corresponds to an angular frequency of
rad/s. This closely agrees with the results of Table II for 70% of
compensation.
VII. CONCLUSION
In this paper, stability of a DFIG-based wind-power system
connected to a series-compensated transmission line is studied.
First, a nonlinear mathematical model is developed taking into
consideration dynamics of the DFIG flux observer, PLL, controllers of the back-to-back VSC system, and wind turbine. An
eigenvalue and a participation-factor analysis are conducted on
a linearized model of the overall system to identify the impact
of the network parameters, controllers, and wind speed on the
system stability. It is demonstrated that the parameters of the
rotor-side current-control scheme exhibit the most significant
impacts on the system stability. It is further shown that at a
given series compensation level, the system stability margin is
ratio increases. It should be pointed out
reduced as the line
that high-voltage (HV) and extra high-voltage (EHV) transmisratios. Thus, the study resion lines typically have large
ported in this paper is relevant in view of the fact that large-scale
1514
TABLE IV
POWER-ELECTRONIC INTERFACE AND LINE PARAMETERS
wind farms are more likely to be connected to EHV lines which

could also be series-compensated. In addition, it is shown that
even at realistic levels of series compensation, stability of such
DFIG-based wind plants can be of a concern, and appropriate
choice of controllers parameters is necessary.
APPENDIX
SYSTEM AND CONTROLLERS PARAMETERS
The controllers of the wind-power system of Fig. 1 are
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Amir Ostadi (S05) received the B.Sc. degree in
electrical engineering, from Sharif University of
Technology, Tehran, Iran, in 2005 and the M.E.Sc.
degree in electrical engineering from the University
of Western Ontario (UWO), London, ON, Canada,
in 2008.
His research interests include wind power generation, power system restructuring, and power system
stability.
Amirnaser Yazdani (S02M05) received the

Ph.D. degree in electrical engineering from the
University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada, in
2005.
He was with Digital Predictive Systems (DPS)
Inc., Mississauga, ON. Presently, he is an Assistant
Professor with the University of Western Ontario
(UWO), London, ON. His research interests include
dynamic modelling and control of switching power
converters, distributed generation, and microgrids.
The parameters are presented in Tables III and IV.

REFERENCES
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from emerging renewable sources in canada, in Proc. IEEE EIC Climate Change Technology Conf., May 2006, pp. 19.
[2] R. Piwko, N. Miller, J. Sanchez-Gasca, X. Yuan, R. Dai, and J. Lyons,
Integrating large wind farms into weak power grids with long transmission lines, in Proc. CES/IEEE 5th Int. Power Electronics and Motion Control Conf. (IPEMC 06), Aug. 2006, pp. 17.
[3] P. Pourbeik, R. J. Koessler, D. L. Dickmander, and W. Wong, Integration of large wind farms into utility grids (part 2Performance
issues), in Proc. IEEE Power Engineering Society General Meeting
(PES 2003), Jul. 2003, pp. 15201525.
[4] T. Ackermann et al., Wind Power in Power Systems. New York:
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modelling for power system stability analysisA system operator perspective, IEEE Trans. Power Syst., vol. 22, no. 3, pp. 929936, Aug.
2007.
Rajiv K. Varma (M96) received the B.Tech. and

Ph.D. degrees in electrical engineering from Indian
Institute of Technology (IIT), Kanpur, India, in 1980
and 1988, respectively.
He is currently an Associate Professor at the
University of Western Ontario (UWO), London,
ON, Canada. He was a faculty member in the Electrical Engineering Department at IIT Kanpur from
1989 to 2001. While in India, he was awarded the
Government of India BOYSCAST Young Scientist
Fellowship in 19921993 to conduct research on
flexible ac transmission systems (FACTS) at the UWO. He also received
the Fulbright Grant of the U.S. Educational Foundation in India, to conduct
research in FACTS at Bonneville Power Administration (B.P.A.), Portland, OR,
during 1998. His research interests include FACTS, power systems stability,
and grid integration of wind and photovoltaic solar power systems.
Dr. Varma is the Chair of the IEEE Working Group on FACTS and HVDC
Bibliography and is active of several IEEE working groups. He has received
several Teaching Excellence Awards, both at the Faculty of Engineering and at
the university level at UWO.

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IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON POWER DELIVERY, VOL. 24, NO. 3, JULY 2009