1.

0 BACKGROUND

Heat transfer describes the exchange of thermal energy, between physical

systems depending on the temperature and pressure, by dissipating heat.
Systems which are not isolated may decrease in entropy. Most objects
emit infrared thermal radiation near room temperature. The fundamental
modes

of

heat

transfer

are conduction or diffusion, convection, advection and radiation.

The exchange of kinetic energy of particles through the boundary between
two systems which are at different temperatures from each other or from
their surroundings. Heat transfer always occurs from a region of high
temperature to another region of lower temperature. Heat transfer changes
the internal energy of both systems involved according to the First Law of
Thermodynamics. The Second Law of Thermodynamics defines the concept
of thermodynamic entropy, by measurable heat transfer.
Thermal

equilibrium is

surroundings

reach

tendency

matter

of

reached

the
to

same
change

when

all

involved

temperature. Thermal
in volume in

in temperature

bodies

and

the

expansion is

the

response

to

change

The fundamental modes of heat transfer are:

Advection
Advection

is

the

or conserved property

transport
from

mechanism

one

location

of

to

a fluid substance

another,

depending

on motion and momentum.

Conduction or diffusion
The transfer of energy between objects that are in physical contact. Thermal
conductivity is the property of a material to conduct heat and evaluated
primarily in terms of Fourier's Law for heat conduction.
Convection
The transfer of energy between an object and its environment, due to fluid
motion. The average temperature, is a reference for evaluating properties
related to convective heat transfer.
Radiation
The transfer of energy from the movement of charged particles within atoms
is converted to electromagnetic radiation.

2.0 PROBLEM STATEMENT

A non-insulated rod have been tested and positioned between two walls of
constant but different temperature at the end. The length of the rod is 10cm.
Given that, T0 = 400C, T5 = 2000C, and heat transfer coefficient of the rod is
0.01

3.0 OBJECTIVE
The objective is to find the temperatures along each nodes where the distances
between each nodes is 2cm. Noted that Ta = 200C
T1=? , X=2cm
T2=? , X=4cm
T3=? , X=6cm
T4=? , X=8cm

4.0 ANALYTICAL SOLUTION

Equation to solve the problem statement was given. By substituting value of x into
equation, T1, T2, T3, and T4 can be solved.

T = 73.4523e0.1x - 53.4523e-0.1x + 20
Given value for the parameters, boundary conditions, it can be used to
develop analytical solution. For example, if h = 0.01, Ta = 200C, T(0) =
400C and T(5) = 2000C, the solution is

1) T1=? , X=2cm

T1= 73.4523e0.12 - 53.4523e-0.12 + 20

T1= 65.9518

2) T2=? , X=4cm

T2 = 73.4523e0.14 - 53.4523e-0.1x4+ 20
8

T2= 93.7478

3) T3=? , X=6cm

T3 = 73.4523e0.1x6- 53.4523e-0.1x6+ 20
T3=124.5036

4) T4=? , X=8cm

T4 = 73.4523e0.18 - 53.4523e-0.18 + 20
T4= 159.4534
5.0 NUMERICAL SOLUTION
To solve problem statement, by using finite difference method approximations, it will
transform the differential equation into a linear algebraic equations which then can
be solve using numerical method for this steady state. Find the steady state
equation to each node. It mean, in this case I have 4 unknown temperature. So I
have 4 equation of steady state for each node. Form all equation into matrix form.
Then we will get all the value of temperature. Remember, no error to solve this
problem statement. A differential equation can be written as
Equation 1

Calculus was necessary to be use because it involved the second derivative.

Equation 2

By substituting equation 1 into 2,

Equation 3
Hence,

Thus, each node can be applied

Parameter:

h = 0.01
Ta = 20 0C, T0=40 0C T5=200 0C
Node 1

Node 2

Node 3

Node 4

Apply all the Parameter given:

x=2cm,
h = 0.01

Ta = 20 0C, T0=40 0C T5=200 0C

Value at fixed end temperature was substitute and moved to the right side
So, form those questions into matrix form:
NAVE GAUSS ELEMINATION

6.0 MATLAB
1) CODING
All equation is form into matrix form. Value of A and B was assumed to find
the temperature.
When then coding is done. We will get the value of T1, T2, T3, and T4.

2) RESULT (DATA AND GRAPH)

Data is shown the value of temperature, but graph shown the decreasing value form
200 0C to 40 0C.

DATA from MATLAB

GRAPH

7.0 DISCUSSION

By using the finite difference approximations, the temperature for the entire node
can be easily calculated:
Which,
T1= 65.9698 0C, T2= 93.7785 0C, T3= 124.5382 0C,
T4= 159.4795 0C
Based on the graph, it can see the true value of the temperature along the distance
between 0cm to 10 cm. It knows by using numerical approximate is the best way to
solve the problem in heat transfer. Simple step of numerical solution is very useful
to apply it. On the graph, it can see linear graph of the temperature slowing down
until T0. By using this method, it easy to find the true value along the distance
compared to the analytical solution. If using the analytical solution it needs to find
the equation first and it can solve the problem statement but it only can get the
temperature at the node only. Example, it can see how much reducing of
temperature from 0cm to 5 cm in term of temperature base on linear graph but if
use analytical solution it cannot find the temperature at 5cm unless apply the
equation and then repeat the same steps. If compared analytical method between
numerical methods to the value of temperature, it showed the difference value.
Example, at node 1, by using analytical solution, value of temperature T1 is 65.9518
compared to numerical method, value of temperature T1 is 65.9698. By using the
numerical method, it proved the value of the temperature more accurate compared
to analytical method.

8.0 CONCLUSION
Lastly, by using numerical method is the best way to solve heat transfer problem. It
can get the true value and more accurate value compared to analytical method.
Numerical method is easier to apply it. In numerical method, there are several types
of method can be used to solve heat transfer problem. But by using naive gauss
elimination is easier to apply and to understand of this method.

9.0 REFERENCES
1) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Numerical_analysis
2) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heat_transfer
3) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/thermo/heatra.html
4) http://www.efunda.com/formulae/heat_transfer/home/overview.cfm