Selective Coordination of Power Systems

Qazvin Seminar on
Selective coordination
of power systems
Tehran, 26 27 January 2008
Lecturer:
Gerhard Ziegler
Siemens Erlangen
Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.
Seminar Contents:
1. Tasks and principles of power system protection
2. Typical protection schemes
3. Protection of MV and LV Distribution networks
4. Transformer protection
5. Basics of Current and Voltage transformers
Page 1
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Tasks and Principles

of
Power System Protection
Page 2
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Tasks of Power System Protection

Protection cannot prevent faults,
but:
minimise the consequences
by:
fast and selective tripping of the
faulted system component
automatic reclosing in case of
transient faults
providing information for fast fault
analysis and system restoration in
case of permanent faults
This would not have happened with appropriate protection!
Page 3
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Requirements on system protection
Fast means:
As fast as necessary,
i. e. tripping of short-circuit within the critical fault clearing time
(z. B. <100 ms in transmission networks)
to minimise damage and to ensure system stability
Negative example:
Reliable means:
New York dark (1965 u. 1977)
Reliable tripping in case of internal faults
(high availability,no under-function)
Reliable non-tripping, in case of load or external faults
(high security, no over-function)
Selective means:
Tripping of only faulty system components,
leaving the healthy parts in service to continue energy supply
Page 4
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Typical protection objects
Generators
< 1MVA to 1500 MVA
Transformers
0,1 MVA to 1000 MVA
Busbars
MV to EHV
Lines
1kV to 750 kV
Motors
Page 5
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
ca. 100 kW to ca. 20 MW

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Fault current, influencing factors

(three phase short-circuit as an example)
Infeed
Load
Line
Example (RF neglected):
1,1 110kV
= 70kV
3
110kV 2
= 2,4Ohm
ZS =
5000MVA
E=
ZS
E
E=
1,1 U N
3
ISC-3-ph
ISC
USC
2
U
ZS = N
SK ''
ZSC
RF
Z SC = z L ' [Ohm / km] l (km)
Z SC = 0,4[Ohm / km] 20(km)

= 8Ohm
70kV
(2,4 + 8,0)Ohm
= 6,7kA
ISC-3-ph =
E
=
ZS + ZSC + RF
Short-circuit power of the infeed (source impedance ZS)

Line impedance to fault location (short-circuit impedance ZSC)
Fault resistance (RF)
Neutral earthing (earth current limitation, e. g. to 2 kA)
Page 6
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Fault currents: Ph-Ph and Ph-E short-circuit
Generator
Transformer
Busbar
Load
Grid
In case of ph-ph faults, the short-circuit current is

normally much higher thn the load current.
The earth short-circuit current can be higher or lower
than laod current dependent on system neutral
earthing and the fault resistance.
High resistance neutral earthing: IE< 10% of nominal
CT current
Page 7
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
IE

PTD SE PTI
Earth fault System neutral earthing
ZE
ISC
Compen
sation
coil
ICE
Free
star point
ICE
ILE
Low impedance (solid) grounding

Earth fault = short-circuit
ZE=0: normal over-current
protection trips .
ZE>0 (IE < In):
Sensitive earth-current step
(0.1 to 0.5 x In) required
Page 8
2007-08
Compensated
Isolated system
Earth fault = no short-circuit

Small current service can be continued
Fault indication by sensitive directional earth
fault relays
Normally no tripping, only alarm
Manual tripping
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Capture of earth-current IE und and neutral displacement

voltage UE for earth-fault protection
IE
Core
balance
CT
60/1 A
IL1
IL2
IL3
ZE
IE
For sensitive
directional
earthfault relaying
IE
UE
I E = I L1 + I L2 + I L3
Page 9
2007-08
UL1
UL2
UL3
Mp
Author: G. Ziegler
U E = U L1 + U L2 + U L3
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Typical Fault criteria
Overcurrent I>
Earth-current IE>
Undervoltage U<
Unterimpedanz Z<
Overvoltage U>
Leakage (Differential) current I
Over- and Under-frequency
Current unbalance (negative sequence current I2>)
Special criteria for machine protection
Page 10
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Protection Criterion: Overcurrent

Applicable when:
ISC-min > 2,5 x Iload-max.

ISC-min
Infeed
I>, t2
I>, t1
Iload-max.
Add-on criterion: Time (t) (to gain selectivity)
Protection methods:
Fuse
Definite time (DT) over-current relay
Inverse time (IT) overcurrent relay
Page 11
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
DT
Fuse
IT
ISC

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Typical fault causes
Line faults
Atmospheric impact (lightning, icing, wind)
Growing plants (trees, bush fire)
Mechanical impact (crane, flying objects)
Thermal overload (too large sag of line conductors)
Cable faults
Insulation flash through (for example due to water treeing, water in cable sealings)
Mechanical damage (for example during digging works )
Thermal overload
Power transformer faults and instrument transformer failures

Insulation failure (due to aging, transient overvoltages)
External short-circuits
Thermal overload
Busbar faults
Short-circuits caused by foreign objects (dropping line conductors, animals)
False switching actions (e. g. switching to earth, opening an isolator under load)
Page 12
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Causes of Faults
German Disturbance Statistics, 1986
20 kV:
110 kV:
380kV
18042
2385
357 disturbances
(13 per 100 km) (4,9 per 100 km) (3,4 per 100 km)
of which:
of which:
of which:
60 %
31 %
51 %
11 %
4%
4%
foreign impact
2%
5%
8%
internal reasons
23 %
40 %
11 %
no obvious reason
4%
20 %
26 %
reaction from other networks
Page 13
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
atmospheric impact

PTD SE PTI
Fault types
3-phase short-circuit
3-phase interruption
HV
EHV
5%
1%
2-phase short-circuit
25 %
6%
1-phase earth short-circuit

70 %
Page 14
2007-08
93 %
Author: G. Ziegler

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Requirements on system protection

Fast means:
As fast as necessary,
i. e. tripping of short-circuit within the critical fault clearing time
(z. B. <100 ms in transmission networks)
to minimise damage and to ensure system stability
Negative example:
New York dark (1965 u. 1977)
Reliable means:
Reliable tripping in case of internal faults
(high availability,no under-function)
Reliable non-tripping, in case of load or external faults
(high security, no over-function)
Selective means:
Tripping of only faulty system components,
leaving the healthy parts in service to continue energy supply
Page 15
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Overcurrent protection,
Fuses, Current limitation
Maximum possible assymetric peak

on bolted fault without fuse
Fault occurs
Peak let through current
Time
b
c
Page 16
2007-08
a = Melting time
b = arcng time
c= Total clearing time
Author: G. Ziegler

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Fuses, Coordination
Minimum melting time
Time
Infeed
Maximum clearing time

Fuse
t2
Fuse 2
Fuse 1
t1
Fuse 1
I
Current
Criteria for fuse-fuse coordination: t1< 0.75 t2
The maximum clearing time of main fuse 1 should not exceed 75% of the minimum
melting time of the backup fuse 2.
Page 17
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Current-Time graded Protection : (Example definite time)
20 MVA
20 kV
100 kV
Grid
1700 A
0,7 s I>, t
Time
grading
1700 A
0,4 s
I>,t
6000 A
350 A
3500 A
0,3 s
I>,t
1 MVA
M
I>,t
0,7 s
1700 A
0,1 s I>>,t0
150 A I>,t
1,0s
0,1 s
I>>,t
0,3 s
I>,t
I>>,t
Current
grading
3500 A
ISC
1700 A
350 A
A
Page 18
2007-08
B
Author: G. Ziegler
150 A
I>>C,
I>A, I>B
I>C

PTD SE PTI
Protection criterium Impedance
The relay determines the impedance:
Z = U/I
from voltage and current at the relay location.
In the fault case, the
measured impedance
corresponds to the fault
distance
I
Grid E
Page 19
2007-08
ZL
RF
Z2, t=0,4 s
Time is used as
additional criterion
(for selectivity and
backup)
ZS
Z1, t=0
Operating
characteristic:
Author: G. Ziegler
Fault
area
Load
area

PTD SE PTI
Distance protection: Graded zones
Infeed
Z<
Z<
Z3
t3
Z2
t2
Z1
t1
A
Page 20
2007-08
B
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Line protection using communication (Signal transmission)

Absolutely selective! Instantaneous fault clearance on 100% line length
Forward
U
N
D
ZOR-A
Forward
Protection
Relay A
Protection
Relay B
Communication
(Signal transmission)
ZOR-B
ZOR-B
U
N
D
ZOR-A
Protection range
ZOR-A
ZOR-B
Page 21
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Options for signal transmission
Wire
- Short distances up to 20 km (50/60 Hz oder voice frequency),
(Influence of ground short-circuit currents to be considered)
- Pilot wire differential protection, distance teleprotection, protection command transmission
PLC (Power Line Carrier))

- up to 400 km
- for transmisiion of binary (YES/NO) signals
- distance teleprotection, protection command transmission
S/R
S/R
Microwave 2 - 10 GHz (digital)

- up to about 50 km (Sight connection)
- Digital communication (n times 64 kbit/s), Line differential protection,
Digital line differential protection, Distance teleprotection, protection command transmission
- Optic Fibers
- Digital communication (n times 64 kbit/s), PCM coded data transmission
Save against electromagnetic interferance,
- Direct relay-to-relay communicatin up to ca 100 km with dedicated fibers
- Communication via data communication networks
-Digital line differential protection, Distance teleprotection, protection command transmission
Page 22
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Principle of Differential Protection

Detection of a leakage (current difference)
I1
i1
I2
Protected
object
I>
2007-08
Protected
object
i2
i1
I=I1 - I2
=0
I>
I=I1 + I2
i2
External fault or load

(Through flowing current)
Page 23
I2
I1
i1
i2
Leakage
current
Author: G. Ziegler
Internal fault

PTD SE PTI
Stabilised Differential Protection
Node criterion (Kirchhoffs law): I1 + I2 + I3 + ... In = Idiff = 0;

I 0 Fault
In creased security by current dependent restraint:
|I1|+|I2|+ ... |In| = Irestraint
Operating characteristic:
Iopertion = Idiff kIrestraint
Idiff
Protection
objekt
Trip
Istab
Advantage: Absolute zone selective (zone borders are CT locations)

Disadvantage: No backup protection for external faults
Application:
Differential protection for Generators, Motors, Transformers,
Lines/Cables and busbars
Page 24
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Pilot wire differential protection
I1
I2
Current differential
I2
Three pilot wires
up to ca. 15 km
I1
I1
Two pilot wires

(Twisted pair)
up to ca. 25 km
Page 25
2007-08
I2
Voltage comparison
I
U1
Author: G. Ziegler
I
U2

PTD SE PTI
Digital line differential protection

using data communication
Line differential
relay
87L
I1
I2
O.F.
Modem
Dedicated optic fibers

up to ca. 100 km
Communication
options
G703-Interface
Other
Services
Page 26
2007-08
PCM
MUX
Line differential
relay 87L
O.F.
Modem
G703-Interface
Data communication
network
Author: G. Ziegler
PCM
MUX
Other
Services

PTD SE PTI
Transformer differential protection
I
*)
ZweiwickelTrafo
87T
87T
87T
*)
*)
Zweiwickel-Trafo
mit doppelter Einspeisung
DreiwickelTrafo
*) Intermediate CTs for ratio- and vector group adaptation (not necessary with digital relays,
as they perform these functions internally by numerical calculation )
Page 27
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Transformer Differential Protection

Three-phase function diagram
UA
L1
IA1
IB1
L2
IA2
IB2
L3
IA3
IB3
(110 kV)
UB
(20 kV)
Digital relays contain:

Adaptation of
I
7UT6
Voltage ratio(s)
UA / UB
vector group(s)
e.g. Ynd1
Numerical adaptation
Page 28
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Busbar differential protection
Digital Protection 7SS52
Electromechanical and
static relays 7SS10/11/13
I Central Unit
Optic
fibers
BU
BU
BU
BU
0
BU: Bay Unit
M
Grid
infeed
Page 29
Consumers
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
M
Grid
infeed
Consumers

PTD SE PTI
Protection of multiple busbar configurations

Double busbar as an example
Bus 1
Bus 2
Isolator
Replica
I1
I2
Page 30
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
The digital busbar protection (7SS5)

uses a software based isolator replica.
Contact switching is therefore no more
necessary!
PTD SE PTI
High impedance differential protection: Principle

Behaviour during external fault
with CT saturation
with ideal current transformers
RCT
ISC
RCT
ISC
ISC
ISC
UR
ECT 1 = (RL + RCT ) iSC
ECT 1 = 2 (RL + RCT ) iSC
UR = 0
ECT 2 = (RL + RCT ) iSC
Page 31
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
U R = (RL + RCT ) iSC

PTD SE PTI
High impedance differential protection: Principle

Behaviour during internal fault
Em
10%
UKN
RCT
ISC
RCT
ISC
50%
URS
Relay set point

= IR-pick-upRR
ImR
Im
CT requirement:
UKN 2 times URS
E CT 1 = U KN
Page 32
U R U KN
2007-08
E CT 2 = U KN
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
High impedance differential protection:

Calculation example (busbar protection)
Given:
n = 8 feeders
rCT = 600/1 A
UKN = 500 V
RCT = 4 Ohm
ImR = 30 mA (at relay pick-up value)
Pick-up sensitivity:
RR = 10 kOhm
Ivar = 50 mA (at relay pick-up value)
Stability:
I F min = rCT I R pick up + IVar + n I mR
I F min =
RL= 3 Ohm (max.)

IR-pick-up.= 20 mA (fixed value)
600
(0.02 + 0.05 + 8 0.03)
1
I F min = 186 A (31% )
I F through max < rCT
I F throuh max <
RR
I R pick up
RL + RSW
600 10,000
0.02
1
3+ 4
I F through max < 17 kA = 28 I n
Page 33
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
High impedance differential protection:

Application notes
HI protection can only be used for a galvanically connected circuit
(not for transformer differential protection!)
Other protection relays cannot be connected in series as the CTs
saturate heavily in case of internal faults
Special CT requirements:
CTs must all have the same ratio and construction, normally Class
PX according to IEC 60044-1 with low secondary resistance and
leakage reactance
A voltage limiting device (varistor) may be necessary because high
voltage occurs in case of internal faults
Preferred Application cases:
Restricted earth fault protection (winding earth-fault protection)
Differential protection of single busbars
Differential protection of motors and generators
Page 34
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Backup protection
Remote backup
Infeed
Protection
Protection
Backup zones
Local backup
Infeed
Protection
Protection
Protection
Protection
Local
Backup protection
Page 35
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Breaker
failure
protection

PTD SE PTI
Local backup protection
If the circuit breaker fails,

the infeeding CB is tripped after tBFP
t BFP=100-200ms
dependent on CB time
and I> reset time
I>, t
I>, t
I>, t
BFP
BFP
BFP
I>
AUS
&
t BFP
Trip
Page 36
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
BFP
Logic

PTD SE PTI
Protection system
CTs and VTs
Circuit breaker
600 A
110
kV
Wiring
1A
100
V
Distance protection
Battery
Protection relay
S
R
Remote end
Communication
Each system is only as strong as its weakest component !
Page 37
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Current and Voltage transformers
i1
i1 w1 = i2 w2
Load
w1
w1
u1
w2
u2
w2
u1 u 2
=
w1 w2
i2
Protection relay
Page 38
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Current transformers for protection
Current transformers
transform from primary to 1 or 5 A secondary
define the position of the relay
Relays can be connected

in series to the CT cores
define the border of the protection range

87 BB
21
CT burden in operation:
POB = Pleads +
On transmission level, each main protection

is connected to a separate CT core (redundancy),
for example 87BB and 21
CT cores
Page 39
PRe lays
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Current transformer:
Principle, transformation ratio, polarity
i1
i2
i1
w1
u1
i2
u2
i1 w1 = i2 w2
Function principle
i1
u2
u1 u 2
=
w1 w2
w2
u1
Polarity marks
P1
P2
i2
i1
u1
i2
u2
S1
Equivalent electrical circuit
Page 40
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
S2
Designation of CT terminals
according to IEC 60044-1
PTD SE PTI
Design of protection CTs
CT standard: IEC 60044-1: 5P oder 10P

CT specification:
300/1 A
Pi = I sec .2 R CT
5P10, 30 VA RCT 5 Ohm
Ratio: In -prim. / In -sec.
Rated power (Rated burden) PRB
5% Accuracy
up to I= ALF x In
Accuracy limit factor ALF
The accuracy limit factor in operation depends

on the actually connected burden:
Pi + PRB
Accuracy limit in operation:
ALF' = ALF
Pi + POB
Auslegungskriterium:
I
ALF' SC max . K TF
In
KTF (Transient overdimensioning factor) considers the dc offset of the

short-circuit current ISC, (Relay specific requirements, as provided by the manufacturer)
Page 41
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Voltage transformes for protection
Voltage transformers (VTs)

are necessary for
Direction determination
Impedance measurement,
Distance to fault location
100
V
110 kV / 100 V / 100 V /
3
Open delta winding
Micro circuit breakers
Power measurement
Synchro-check
and Synchronising
U<, U>, f<, f> protection
Earth fault relaying

Protection 1
Protection 2
Measurement
Practice:
In distribution: VTs only at the busbar(s)
In HV and EHV: VTs at each feeder
Sezification according to IEC60044-2
1% accuracy sufficient for protection
Page 42
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Auto-reclosure
Fast clearance of transient faults
Trip
1-pole
3-pole
Close Open
Close
Open
finally
CB On
Distribution:
Further 40 %
successful
CB Off
tSC-1
Short ARDead time
tK2
Long ARDead time
2nd shot
1st shot
Page 43
2007-08
Tgrading time
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Success rate of Auto-reclosure

(German utilities, 1986)
In Germany:
Disturbances
per 100 km line length
68,5%
15
10
MV:
3-pole AR ( multi-shot)
HV:
3-pole AR
EHV:
1-pole AR
Self extinguishing earth faults
59,1%
Unsuccessful AR
85,3%
Successful AR
89,1%
Page 44
2007-08
95,1%
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
History of applied protection technology
Electromechanical Technology
Analog electronic Technology
Digital Technology
1950
Page 45
1960
2007-08
1970
1980
Author: G. Ziegler
1990
2000

PTD SE PTI
Historic development of relay design (HV)
statisch
StaticAnalog
(analog
electronic)
digital
digital
elektromechanisch
electromechanical
Page 46
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Legacy relaying technology

Rectifier bridge comparator
with moving coil relay
Induction relay
I1
I2
Protection
object
I1
i1
I Re s
i1
i2
Page 47
2007-08
Op
Author: G. Ziegler
i2
IOp
I Re s = k (I 1 I 2 )
I = I
I2
Protection
object
I Op = I 1 + I 2
+
Re s

PTD SE PTI
Digital relay structure
Tripping
A
AI
BO
MP
Alarms
System
BI
Serial
interfaces
Signal from
remote line end
Page 48
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Capture of measuring data (principle)

1ms
IN=1A oder 5A
UN=(100...125V)/3
1
Input
data
S&H
L1
L2
L3
E
2007-08
Digital values
1 1 1 0 1 1 0 1 1 0
A
Analog
Page 49
UL1
UL2
UL3
UE
MUX
UL1
UL2
UL3
UE
L1
L2
L3
E
1kHz
clock
1
1
S&H Sample & Hold

MUX Multiplexer
A/D Analog/Digital-Converter
Digital
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Sampling theorem
Requirement: fmax <
a) Spectra
fS
2
x(f)
x(f)
- f S/ 2
fS/ 2
fA
- f S/ 2
f S/ 2
fS
Sampling theorem violated!
Sampling theorem fulfilled!
b) Sampling of different waveforms (fS = 400Hz)

x(t)
x(t)
x(t) = sin (f50,t)
x(t) = sin (f 350,t)
t/ms
t/ms
Page 50
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

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Dynamic range of A/D conversion

15 bit + sign A/D converter 15 Bit= 215 =32.768 steps resolution
The measuring error corresponds to LSB (Last Significant Bit)
Currents:
15
Voltages:
32.768 steps = 100 x IN
15
234 steps = 1.0 V

Error: 0.2 % of the measuring
value
33 steps = 0.1 x In
Error: 1.5 % of the measuring
value
Page 51
1 step = 0.00305 x IN = 0.3 % x IN
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
32.768 steps = 140 V
1 step = 0.00427 V

PTD SE PTI
Fourier analysis of measured values
Processing with two

orthogonal filters
Sampled signal i(t)
I(k) = IS(k) + j IC(k)
10,000
8,000
6,000
4,000
IS =
1
2
2,000
I ( t) sin t dt
- 360
0,000
0
20
40
60
80
100
-2,000
-4,000
-6,000
1
IC =
2
Page 52
2007-08
I ( t) cos t
dt
- 360
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Fourier analysis: Filtering characteristics
Half cycle (10 ms at 50 Hz)
Full cycle (20 ms at 50 Hz)

1
0.8
0.8
0.6
0.6
0.4
0.4
0.2
0.2
Page 53
50 100
200
2007-08
300
400
500Hz
Author: G. Ziegler
50 100
200
300
400
500Hz

PTD SE PTI
Fourier transform
Determination of Voltage and current phasors
Time
domain
diL (t)
uL (t) = RL iL (t)+ LL
dt
1
Re{UL } =
T
+T/2
uL(t) cos(0 t )dt
T/2
+T/2
1
Im{U L } = uL (t) sin(0 t )dt
T T/2
U L = Re{UL }+ jIm{UL }
T
2
T
2
+T/2
1
Re{I L } = iL (t) cos(0 t )dt
T T/2
+T/2
1
Im{I L } = iL (t) sin(0 t )dt
T T/2
I L = Re{I L }+ jIm{I L }
UL = UL [cos( t + U ) + jsin( t + U )] = UL e j(t+U)

IL = IL [cos( t + I ) + jsin( t + I )] = IL e j(t+I )
t=0
Data window
U L = U L e j U = U L e j t U
Frequency
domain
U = tU
I L = I L e j I = I L e j t I
I = t I
t=0
Page 54
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Fault impedance calculation

from complex U- and I-phasors for distance protection
Impedance plane
U L = U L e j U = U L e jt U
IL
UL e
t =0
jU
I L e jI
U L j(U I )
e
IL
2007-08
R L = Re{Z L } =
X L = Im{Z L } =
= R L + jXL
Page 55
XL
Z = U I
I =tI
ZL =
ZL
I L = I L e jI = I L e jt I
U = tU
UL
RL
Author: G. Ziegler
UL
cos( U I )
IL
UL
sin ( U I )
IL

PTD SE PTI
Differential protection with current phasors (principle)

A
IA
IB
Protection
Object
I
trip
I
IA
jIAS
restraint
I>
I
Operating quantity :
I = I A + I B
Restrainin g quantity : I = I A + I B
IBC
IAC
jIBS
IB
Page 56
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Power System Protection:

Digital relay design (different manufacturers)
Page 57
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Modern digital protection relay, design
Modem
Modem
Page 58
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Relay series SIPROTEC 4

Communication interfaces (1)
PC-interface,
front side
electric RS 232
Analog output 20 mA or
teleprotection interface
electric or optic
System interface
electric or optic
IEC60870-5-103,IEC61850, Profibus FMS,
DNP3.0 or Modbus;
alternatively analog output 20 mA
Page 59
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Service interface
electric RS232 / RS485
DIGSI 4 / modem
Time synchronisation
GPS (IREC-B)
or DCF-77

PTD SE PTI
Relay series SIPROTEC 4

Communication interface (2)
Teleprotection 1
Teleprotection 2
IEC 870-5-103
61850, Profibus
DNP, Modbus,
Local
control
Remote
operation
Local
operation
Page 60
2007-08
GPS Synchr.
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Main processing bord

and communication interface modules (SIPROTEC 4 relay series)
O.F.
Double
ring
Exchangeable
communication
modules
Wired
IEC61850
Ethernet
100 Mbit
Page 61
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Development of relay processing hardware
Begin of
delivery
Relay
generation
Memories
RAM/EPROM
Bus
width
Clock
frequency
Processing
power
1992
SIPROTEC 3
256/512 k
16 bit
16 MHz
1.0 MIPS *)
2000
SIPROTEC 4
32 bit
80 MHz
35 MIPS *)
512k/4MB
+ 4MB D-RAM
*) MIPS: Million Instructions per second
Page 62
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Digital Relay, Data aquisition

SIPROTEC 4 relay series
Sampling rate:
1000 Hz (1200 Hz at 60 Hz nominal frequency)
Samples per period:
20
Anti-aliasing filter:
500 Hz (600 Hz) limiting frequency
A/D-conversion:
16 bit, corresponding to 65536 steps
Measuring value storage:
15 s
Program language:
C/C++
Page 63
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Multi-function digital relay

Example Feeder protection
Close
Trip
Backup
prot.
59
25
79
ST
21
FL
FR
49
67N
85
59
25
79
ST
21
FL
FR
M
49
67N
85
Overvoltage
Synchro-check
Auto-reclosure
Control
Distance protection
Fault locator
fault recording
Measurement
Overload
Directional EF protection
Teleprotection supplement
Modem
Remote
line end
Page 64
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Combined Protection and Control devices
Scope of functions:
Protection
Monitoring
Measuring (Load monitoring)
Control
Automisation
Data capture and storage
Communication
Page 65
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Distribution Switchgear Innovation

One IED replaces a conglomeration of black box devices
Traditional panels
with mechanical relays and control
Page 66
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Modern panels with

digital multifunction relays

PTD SE PTI
Relays as components of Substation Automation
Remote relay
opertion
Substation
control
Office
DIGSI
DIGSI
central relay
opertion
Telefon/Modem
connection
Ethernet, IEC 61850
Modem
RUN
7SJ61-0000ERRORDE
RUN
7SJ61-0000ERRORDE
DIGSI
Local relay
opertion
F1
F2
F3
F4
Page 67
2007-08
7
4
1
.
8
5
2
0
9
6
3
+/-
Author: G. Ziegler
F1
F2
F3
F4
7
4
1
.
8
5
2
0
9
6
3
+/-

PTD SE PTI
Relay communication options
Protection using
communication
Mobile Service
50 100
%
I
O
V
50 100
%
I
O
V
Intranet
ISDN, Internet
Engineering
Office
0
50 100%
Substation control
I
O
V
Local operation
Page 68
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
PC controlled relay operation
Page 69
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Software marshalling matrix
Page 70
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
PLC (Progammable logic control)
Page 71
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Digital relays: Fault reporting
Detailed information
for fault analysis
Fault history
Time tagged event recording
Fault recording
Distance to fault
Fast fault clearance

SIGRA
Fault analysis Programm
Short outage times
Page 72
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Protection examples
Page 73
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
ANSI Device function numbers

(Selection of most important functions)
51, 51N
Time delayed phase and earth overcurrent protection
50, 50N
Instantaneous phase and earth overcurrent protection
21, 21N
Phase and earth fault distance protection
85
Supplement (Logics) for teleprotection
87
Differential Protection
87N
Earth differential protection (Restricted E/F protection)
27
Undervoltage protection
59
Overvoltage protection
79
Automatic reclosing
81
Frequency protection
49
Overload protection
46
Unbalanced load protection
Page 74
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Line protection, Overview
OH-lines
Cables
MV:
Radial: I>, t 51
Ring: I>-directional, t 67
Meshed: Z< 21
IL+ I>, t
HV:
Z< with communication 21

+ I>-directional, t 67
EHV:
2 x Z< 21 + 21
or IL + Z<
87
+ 21
51
if signalling links available,
else as OH-lines
IL + Z< 87
21
with communication
IL + Z<
87
21
each with communication
each with communication

Page 75
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Earth fault protection
Solid grounding
Earth fault current Phase short-circuit current:

Earth overcurrent, distance, differential protection
Sensivity IE>: 0.25 to 0.5 x In
Impedance grounded
Same as above
but higher sensivity: 0,1 to 0,2 x In
High impedance grounded

Special earthfault protection necessary!
isolated
Page 76
Compensated
(Peterson coil)
2007-08
UE> for alarming (20 to 50% of 3xU0)

Sensitive directional earth current relays (10 to 50 mA)
Core balanced CTs required
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Application of Time-Overcurrent Protection

Example: Radial feeders with Definit Time O/C relays
0.4 kV
20 kV
1 MVA
1 MVA
3 MVA
100 kV
30 MVA
I>, t
t = 1,0 s
I>>
I>, t
I>, t
I>, t
t = 0,7 s
t = 0,4 s
tI>> =0,1 s
tI> =tLV+ 0,4 s
Fuse
Page 77
Advantage: Simple relays, no VTs required
I>, t
51
Disadvantage: Tripping time increase in

infeed direction
I>>
I>, t
50
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
51

PTD SE PTI
Application of Directional O/C Protection

Example: Ring network
x
I>>
I>, t
x
x
I>, t
t = 1,2 s
x
I>, t
I>, t
t = 0,0 s
x
x
I>, t
t = 0,0 s
I>, t
t = 0,8 s
x
I>, t
t = 1,2 s
tI>> =0,1 s
tI> =tLV+ 0,4 s
t = 0,4 s
x
I>, t
I>, t
t = 0,4 s
t = 0,8 s
x
I>>
I>, t
Page 78
2007-08
tI>> =0,1 s
tI> =tLV+ 0,4 s
Author: G. Ziegler
x
I>>
I>, t
tI>> =0,1 s
tI> =tLV+ 0,4 s
I>, t
I>, t
I>>
I>, t
50
I>, t
I>, t
51
51
67

PTD SE PTI
Application of Distance Protection

Example: HV Double circuit lines
x
Z<
Z<
Z<
x
Z<
Z<
t1 = 50 ms
t1 = 50 ms
Z<
x
Z<
t1 = 50 ms
Z<
t1 = 50 ms
Advantage:
Instantaneous fault clearance on protected line

and backup for folloeing lines
Disadvantage: Higher cost
Page 79
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Application of line differential protection

Example: Cable feeders
Backup
Backup
x
x
Backup
Backup
t = 0ms
I>, t
I
87L
Backup
Page 80
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Pilot wire differential

or
Digital differential with
optic fibers
MV:
I>, t
51
HV:
Z<
21

PTD SE PTI
Protection of distribution transformers
> ca. 500 kVA
< ca. 500 kVA

Short-circuit and
overload protection
HH-Fuse
Type: GTr
Short-circuit and
overload protection
I>>
I>, t
2
Relay
I t
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Page 81
LV-Fuse
or
?
LV-CB with I>, t
LV-Fuse
or
LV-CB with I>, t

PTD SE PTI
Protection of larger transformers
I>>
I>, t
50
51
Main protection:
Current differential
>
Overload protection
I>, t
Backup protection
Time-overcurrent
>
Thermal monitoring
BU
Gas pressure relay

(Buchhulz relay)
>
>
BU
49
87T
Page 82
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Busbar protection
Single busbars
without feedback
Single busbars
with feedback
Multiple busbars
MV:
I>, t
with reverse
interlocking
Busbar
differential
Busbar
differential
HV/
EHV:
Busbar differential
Busbar differential
Busbar differential
High impedance type
High impedance type

or
Low impedance type
Low impedance
type
High impedance differential protection requires special Class X current transformers!
Page 83
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Busbar protection
Reverse interlocking method
Infeed
I>, t
Blocking
t0= 50ms
t2= 0.3 s
I>, t1
+
I>
I>, t1
+
I>
I>, t1
+
I>
Feeder protection blocks 50 ms element of infeed protection and trips faulted feeder
Infeed 50 ms step trips bus as there is no protection pick-up in the feeders
Page 84
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler

PTD SE PTI
Dual service with transformation

Choice of protection ranges
Infeed 1
Page 85
2007-08
Author: G. Ziegler
Infeed 2

PTD SE PTI
Dual service with transformation

Protection functions
79
79
A
Infeed 1
87L
87B
50
50N
21
87N
51
51N
51
51N
T>
T>
BU
BU
D
51
51N
87B
51
51N
2007-08
50
50N
21
87T
87N
51
51N
51
51N
Author: G. Ziegler
Infeed 2
87L
87B
87T
Remote
end
Page 86
Remote
end
51
51N
87B
51
51N
51
51N

PTD SE PTI

Selective Coordination of Power Systems

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Selective Coordination of Power Systems

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Qazvin Seminar on

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Tasks and Principles

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Tasks of Power System Protection

This would not have happened with appropriate protection!

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Requirements on system protection

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Typical protection objects

< 1MVA to 1500 MVA

0,1 MVA to 1000 MVA

ca. 100 kW to ca. 20 MW

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Fault current, influencing factors

Example (RF neglected):

Z SC = z L ' [Ohm / km] l (km)

Z SC = 0,4[Ohm / km] 20(km)

Short-circuit power of the infeed (source impedance ZS)

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Fault currents: Ph-Ph and Ph-E short-circuit

In case of ph-ph faults, the short-circuit current is

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Earth fault System neutral earthing

Low impedance (solid) grounding

Earth fault = no short-circuit

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Capture of earth-current IE und and neutral displacement

Typical Fault criteria

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Protection Criterion: Overcurrent

ISC-min > 2,5 x Iload-max.

Add-on criterion: Time (t) (to gain selectivity)

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Typical fault causes

Power transformer faults and instrument transformer failures

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

reaction from other networks

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

1-phase earth short-circuit

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Requirements on system protection

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Maximum possible assymetric peak

Peak let through current

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Minimum melting time

Maximum clearing time

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Protection criterium Impedance

The relay determines the impedance:

from voltage and current at the relay location.

In the fault case, the

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Distance protection: Graded zones

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Line protection using communication (Signal transmission)

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.

Options for signal transmission

PLC (Power Line Carrier))

Microwave 2 - 10 GHz (digital)

Copyright Siemens AG 2007. All rights reserved.