Professional Documents
Culture Documents
com
Abstract
This paper deals with the analysis of hybrid photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collectors under constant collection temperature mode
unlike constant ow rate mode. The analysis has been carried out in terms of thermal energy, electrical energy and exergy gain for two
dierent congurations namely case A (collector partially covered by PV module) and case B (collector fully covered by PV module). The
results are compared with the conventional at plate collector (FPC). The eect of collector area covered by PV module on the performance of hybrid PVT water collector has been studied. The characteristic equations have also been developed for both the cases.
It has been observed that case A is more favorable for thermal energy point of view, while case B is suitable for electricity generation.
On the basis of the numerical calculations the annual thermal energy gain is found to be 4167.3 and 1023.7 and annual net electrical
energy gain is 320.65 and 1377.63 for cases A and B respectively. The annual overall thermal energy gain is decreased by 9.48% and
an annual overall exergy gain is increased by 39.16% from case A to case B.
2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Photovoltaic thermal; Constant collection temperature; Energy and exergy; Characteristic equation
1. Introduction
Energy analysis based on the rst law of thermodynamics is traditionally used in industries to carry out performance comparisons and optimization, which is concerned
with transfer and conservation of energy. It has some
inherent limitations, such as not characterizing the irreversibility of processes within the system. However, the transferring direction condition and grade of energy are
identied in the second law of thermodynamics. To achieve
a high eciency, there is increasing interest in the combined utilization of the rst and second law of thermodynamics, using exergy to evaluate the eciency. Exergy
analysis can be used to better understand the quality and
also to quantify the energy. The analysis technique helps
Corresponding author. Tel.: +91 9717720464.
59
Nomenclature
A
C
F0
FR
h
PF1
PF2
I (t)
K
m_ f
Q_ u
T
Utc,a
UL,m
area, m2
specic heat, J/kg K
at plate collector eciency factor, dimensionless
ow rate factor, dimensionless
heat transfer coecient, W/m2
penalty factor rst, dimensionless
penalty factor second, dimensionless
incident solar intensity, W/m2
thermal conductivity, W/m K
rate of ow of water mass in collector, kg/s
rate of useful energy transfer, kW
temperature, C
total heat transfer coecient from solar cell to
ambient through glass cover, W/m2 K
an overall heat transfer coecient from blacken
surface to ambient, W/m2 K
Subscripts
a
ambient
c
solar cell
f
uid
inlet uid
fi
fo
outlet uid
g
glass
m
module
N
number of collectors
Greek letters
a
absorptivity
(as)e product of eective absorptivity and eective
transmittivity
b
packing factor
gi
an instantaneous thermal eciency
s
transmittivity
60
Tfi
PV module
Glazing surface
Thermal absorber
Tfo1
Cut section
of tube
Inlet
Outlet
Thermal Insulation
Metallic
Data of solar radiation and ambient temperature for different weather conditions of New Delhi have been taken
from Indian Metrological Department (IMD), Pune, India.
Tfo,1
61
Tfo,2
Outlet
Tfo,3
TfoN
3. Thermal analysis
For the present study, a conventional tube-in-plate-type
collector of an eective area of 2 m2 is considered.
Tfi
1st
2nd
3rd
Nth
Inlet
F 0 NAc U L;c
n
o
n
oi
asc;eff It
asc;eff It
log T o
C f log T fi
Ta
Ta
U L;c
U L;c
h
1b
T foN
where
AF R as1 1 K NK
It
1 KK
m_ f C f
AF R U L 1 1 K NK
T a T fi K NK
1 KK
m_ f C f
AF R U L 1
KK 1
m_ f C f
Ac F Rc U L;c
AF R as1 Am F Rm PF 2 asm;eff 1
m_ f C f
Ac F Rc asc;eff
and
Ac F Rc U L;c
AF R U L 1 Am F Rm U L;m 1
Ac F Rc U L;c
m_ f C f
In this case, the mass ow rate m_ f for a given constant
collection temperature (TfoN = To) have been obtained by
ITERATION method, due to the non linear behavior.
3.2.2. Case B: Collectors are fully covered by
semitransparent PV module (Fig. 2c)
Following Dubey and Tiwari (2009), the outlet water
temperature (TfoN) is written as
PF 2 asm;eff It
NF 0 AU L;m
T oN
T a 1 exp
U L;m
m_ f C f
0
NF AU L;m
T fi exp
m_ f C f
3a
For, TfoN = To, one gets
Tfo,1
Tfo,2
Outlet
Tfo,3
Tfo,1
Tfo,2
Outlet
Tfo,3
TfoN
TfoN
Inlet
Inlet
Tfi
Tfi
1st
2nd
3rd
Nth
1st
2nd
3rd
Nth
62
m_ f
3b
E_ l;net
The rate of useful thermal energy obtained from N identical collectors connected in series can be given as
Q_ u;thermal m_ f C f T o T a
electrical
P con;pump
gm Am N m It
m_ f q g H
gpump
7a
7b
The open circuit voltage and the ll factor decrease substantially with temperature (as the thermally excited electrons begin to dominate the electrical properties of the
semi-conductor), while the short-circuit current increases,
but only slightly (Zondag, 2008). The combined eect is
given by the formula (Schott, 1985; Evans, 1981):
gc g0 1 bT c 25
6a
6b
6c
where
Tp
9a
where
6d
For known collection temperature (To), the plate temperature (Tp) and the corresponding solar cell temperature
(Tc) can be evaluated from Eqs. (6d) and (6c) respectively.
Then using the value of Tc in Eqs. (6a) and (6b) the instantaneous electrical eciency of PV module can be evaluated.
_ thermal Q_ u 1 T a 273
Ex
by Carnots efficiency
T fo 273
9b
and
_ electrical gc Ac N c I ex
Ex
where (Petela, 2003)
9c
"
4 #
4
Ta
1 Ta
I ex It 1
3
3 Ts
Ts
9d
4. Characteristic equations
An instantaneous thermal eciency and electrical eciency of hybrid PVT water collector for cases A and B have
T a
been plotted with respect to T mIt
as shown in Figs. 4a and 4b
respectively. Here, T m is considered as the average of module
temperature (Tm) and constant collection temperature (To).
The results obtained in gures have been used to develop
characteristic equation for constant collection temperature
mode of hybrid PVT water collector by using linear regression analysis. The characteristic equations for thermal and
electrical eciency are given as follows
For case A
gi;thermal % 45:95 427:2T m T a =It
10a
10b
and
gi;electrical % 10:48 18:70T m T a =It
11a
11b
For case B
gi;th % 28:29 290Tm Ta=It
12a
12b
and
gi;el % 10:04 11:25Tm Ta=It
13a
13b
T fi T a
It
63
5. Methodology
I(t)
Ta
1000
30
800
25
20
600
15
400
Ta,OC
I(t) (W/m2)
10
200
0
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Time (hour)
Fig. 3. Hourly variation of solar intensity and ambient temperature for a
typical day in the month of March.
64
Table 1
Design parameters of photovoltaic thermal (PVT) water collector.
Table 2
Gain factor and loss coecient for hybrid PVT water collector.
Parameters
S. no.
Cases
Gain factor
Thermal
Electrical
Thermal
Electrical
1
2
A
B
0.46
0.29
0.10
0.10
4.27
2.29
0.19
0.11
Loss coecient
0.04
0.03
0.02
2.0 m
0.605 m2
4190 J/kg K
0.968
0.95
0.94
0.96
1.7 m
5.7 W/m2
100 W/m2
0.357
0.965
204 W/m C
3.0 W/m2 C
3.44 W/m2 C
9.5 W/m2 C
1.0 m/s
75%
095
0.90
0.89
0.12
0.80
mf (kg/s)
AC
Am
Cf
F0
FRc1
FRc2
FRm
H
hc,p
hp,f
PF1
PF2
K
ULC
ULm
Utc,a
V
gpump
sg
ac
bc
go
ap
Values
0.01
0
8
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
Time (hour)
Fig. 5a. Hourly variation of mass ow rate for dierent collection
temperatures for case A.
m
m(F
FPC)
m(ccase A)
m
m(case
B
B)
Pm
m(casse A
A)
Pm
m(casse B)
0.04
0.03
mf
0.02
0.01
0
8.00
99.00
10.00
11.00
112.00
13.00
14.00
115.00
16.00
Time (hour)
Fig. 5b. Hourly variation of mass ow rate and power consumed by the
water pump for dierent congurations (N = 3 and Tfo = 40 C).
FPC
C
case A
casse B
600
400
800
A
Annuual
FPC=
= 72245.69 kkWhh
Wh
caase A
A= 41667.3 kW
caase B
B=110233.7 kkWhh
200
0
A
SEP OCT
O NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
Month of year
Fig. 6a. Monthly variation of thermal energy gain for dierent congurations (N = 3 and Tfo = 40 C).
casse A
case B
A
Annnual
ccasee A=
= 3220.655 kW
Wh
ccasee B=
=13777.663 kW
Wh
120
Ei
80
FPC
600% pparttiallyy coovered
fuully ccoveeredd
4.0
Q , thermal (kWh)
160
65
330% parrtiallly coveered
9
90%
parrtiallly coveered
3.0
2.0
1.0
40
0.0
8.00
Time (hour)
JAN FEB MAR APR M
MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP O
OCT N
NOV DEC
Fig. 8a. Hourly variation of thermal energy gain for dierent coverage
rates of PVT collector (N = 3 and Tfo = 40 C).
Month of year
Fig. 6b. Monthly variation of net electrical energy gain for dierent
congurations (N = 3 and Tfo = 40 C).
400
300
200
500
30%
% cooverred
% cooverred
90%
0.6
A
Annuual
ccase I= 50988.8 kkWh
ccase II=44615.100 kW
Wh
600
660%
% covvereed
ffullyy covvereed
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0.0
100
8.00
Time (hour)
0
O N
NOV D
DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
Fig. 8b. Hourly variation of electrical energy gain for dierent coverage
rates of PVT collector (N = 3 and Tfo = 40 C).
Month of year
Fig. 7a. Monthly variation of overall thermal energy gain for dierent
congurations (N = 3 and Tfo = 40 C).
casse A
case B
A
Annnuall
180
120
90
60
E x,Overall (kWh)
150
30
0
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG S
SEP OCT NOV DEC
Month of year
Fig. 7b. Monthly variation of overall exergy gain for dierent congurations (N = 3 and Tfo = 40 C).
66
9. Recommendations
On the basis of the present studies, following recommendations have been made:
References
Agrawal, S., Tiwari, G.N., 2011. Energy and exergy analysis of hybrid
micro-channel photovoltaic thermal module. Solar Energy 85, 356
370.
Barnwal, P., Tiwari, G.N., 2008. Design, construction and testing of
hybrid photovoltaic integrated green house dryer. International
Journal of Agriculture Research 3 (2), 110120.
Chow, T.T., 2003. Performance analysis of photovoltaicthermal collector
by explicit dynamic model. Solar Energy 75, 143152.
Chow, T.T., 2010. A review on photovoltaic/thermal hybrid solar
technology. Applied Energy 87, 365379.
Chow, T.T., He, W., Ji, J., 2006. Hybrid photovoltaicthermosyphon
water heating system for residential application. Solar Energy 80, 298
306.
Dincer, I., 2002. The role of exergy in energy policy making. Energy Policy
30, 137149.
Dubey, S., Tiwari, G.N., 2008. Thermal modeling of a combined system of
photovoltaic thermal (PV/T) solar water heater. Solar Energy 82 (7),
602612.
Dubey, S., Tiwari, G.N., 2009. Analysis of partially covered PV/T at plat
collectors connected in series. Solar Energy 83 (9), 14851498.
Due, J.A., Beckman, W.A., 1991. Solar Engineering of Thermal
Processes. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
Evans, D.L., 1981. Simplied method for predicting PV array output.
Solar Energy 27, 555560.
Huang, B.J., Lin, T.H., Hung, W.C., Sun, F.S., 2001. Performance
evaluation of solar photovoltaic/thermal systems. Solar Energy 70 (5),
443448.
Ineld, D., Mei, L., Eicker, U., 2004. Thermal performance estimation of
ventilated PV facades. Solar Energy 76 (13), 9398.
Ji, X., Chen, G.Q., 2006. Exergy analysis of energy utilization in the
transportation sector in China. Energy Policy 34, 17091719.
Ji, J., Lu, J.P., Chow, T.T., He, W., Pei, G., 2007. A sensitivity study of a
hybrid photovoltaic/thermal water-heating system with natural circulation. Applied Energy 84, 222223.
Jones, A.D., Underwood, C.P., 2001. A thermal model for photovoltaic
systems. Solar Energy 70 (4), 349359.
Kalogirou, S.A., 2001. Use of TRYNSYS for modeling and simulation of
a hybrid PVthermalsolar system for Cyprus. Renewable Energy 23,
247260.
Kumar, Shiv, Tiwari, G.N., 2009. Estimation of internal heat transfer
coecients of a hybrid (PV/T) active solar still. Solar Energy 83, 1656
1667.
67
Nayak, S., Tiwari, G.N., 2008. Energy and exergy analysis of photovoltaic/thermal integrated with a solar greenhouse. Energy and Buildings
40, 20152021.
Norton, B., Philip, C., Tapas, K.M., Huang, M.J., McCormack, S.J.,
Mondol, J.D., Yigzaw, G.Y., 2010. Enhancing the performance of
building integrated photovoltaics. Solar Energy 85, 16291664.
Petela, R., 2003. Exergy of undiluted thermal radiation. Solar Energy 74
(6), 469488.
Robles-Ocampo, B., Ruz-Vasquez, E., Canseco-Sanchez, H., CornejoMeza, R.C., Tra paga-Martnez, G., Garca-Rodriguez, F.J., Gonzalez-Hernandeze, J., Vorobiev, Y.V., 2007. Photovoltaic/thermal solar
hybrid system with bifacial PV module and transparent plane collector.
Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 91, 19661971.
Rosen, M.A., Dincer, I., 2003. Exergy methods for assessing and
comparing thermal storage systems. International Journal of Energy
Research 27 (4), 415430.
Schott, T., 1985. Operational temperatures of PV modules. In: Proceedings of 6th PV Solar Energy Conference, pp. 392396.
Sodha, M.S., Shukla, S.N., Tiwari, G.N., 1981. Transient analysis of
forced circulation solar water heating system. Energy Conversion and
Management 22, 5562.
Tiwari, G.N., 2002. Solar Energy: Fundamentals, Design, Modeling and
Applications. Narosa Publishing House, New Delhi.
Tiwari, G.N., 2003. Green House Technology for a Controlled Environment. Alpha Science International, Oxford, United Kingdom.
Tiwari, A., Sodha, M.S., 2006a. Performance evaluation of hybrid PV/
thermal water/air heating system: a parametric study. Renewable
Energy 31 (15), 24602474.
Tiwari, G.N., Mishra, R.K., Solanki, S.C., 2011. Photovoltaic modules
and their applications: a review on thermal modelling. Applied Energy
88, 22872304.
Tripanagnostopoulos, Y., Nousia, T.H., Souliotis, M., Yianoulis, P.,
2002. Hybrid photovoltaic/thermal solar system. Solar Energy 72 (3),
217234.
Zakharchenko, R., Licea-Jimenez, L., Perez-Garcia, S.A., Vorobiev, P.,
Dehesa-Carrasco, U., Perez-Robels, J.F., 2004. Photovoltaic solar
panel for a hybrid PV/thermal system. Solar Energy Materials and
Solar Cell 82 (12), 253261.
Zondag, H.A., 2008. Flat-plate PVThermal collectors and systems: a
review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews 12 (4), 891959.
Zondag, H.A., de Vries, D.W., van Helden, W.G.J., van Zolengen, R.J.C.,
Steenhoven, A.A., 2002. The thermal and electrical yield of a PV
thermal collector. Solar Energy 72 (2), 113128.