SUMMARY

Present Status of the Study Area

1.

The agriculture sector is the largest economic sector in the province and the sector contributes
about 38 % of the provincial GRDP in 2001. Within the sector, the food crops sub-sector
accounts for about 41 % of the sector GRDP. South Sulawesi plays an important role in
supplying rice to provinces with rice deficits. The economic importance of the agriculture
sector in the project districts is more striking. The project districts agriculture sector accounts
for 54 % of GRDP and the food crops sub-sector is a leading sub-sector within the sector
followed by the fisheries sub-sector.

2.

The agricultural land use of the Objective Area1 can be classified into paddy field and
non-paddy field. The non-paddy field is sub-classified into home yard garden, upland field
and estate crops field. Paddy field occupies the largest share of 43% of total farmland
followed by upland field. The average holding sizes of irrigated paddy field per farm
household by district are: Enrekang 0.19 ha, Sidrap 1.11 ha, Wajo 0.38 ha, Soppeng 0.57 ha,
Bone 0.32 ha, Maros 0.47 ha.

3.

The cropping seasons of food crops in the Study Area are basically divided into the two
seasons of the 1st cropping season in rainy season from April to September and the 2nd
cropping season in dry season from October to March. Prevailing cropping patterns in
irrigated paddy field are paddy paddy and paddy fallow. The same in rainfed paddy field
is paddy fallow and paddy palawija.

4.

The project districts share nearly halves of planted areas of paddy, mungbeans and other food
crops in the province in 2001. This means the project districts have already been established
as the production base for food crops in South Sulawesi, especially for rice. Among the
project districts, Sidrap, Wajo and Bone can be defined as major producing districts of paddy
in the province. The seasonal planted areas of food crops in the Objective Area (except for
Maros) from 1997/98 to 2001/02 are as follows;

Crops
Paddy
Palawija
Total

1st Season
192,200 ha
61%
30,316 ha
29%
222,516 ha
53%

2nd Season
121,077 ha
39%
73,571 ha
71%
194,648 ha
47%

Demarcated by administrative areas of sub-districts located in the Study Area

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Annual
313,277 ha
75%
103,887 ha
25%
417,164 ha
100%

5.

The productions of paddy and maize in the Objective Area are as follows;
Annual Production (ton) 1/
Crops
Average
Range
Paddy
1,526,000
1,334,100 - 1,708,300
Maize
193,300
109,900 302,000
1/: Average of 1997 to 2001; paddy --- GKG; maize --- grains

6.

The overall annual cropping intensity of paddy in the irrigated paddy fields as a whole in the
Study Area is estimated at 168%; Enrekang 200%, Sidrap 158%, Wajo 187%, Soppeng 180%,
Bone 163% and Maros 146%.

7.

The government agricultural support institutions of the province include Food & Horticulture
Crops Agriculture Services Office, Estate Crops Services Office, Livestock Services Office
and Food Security Agency. The district agricultural development and support institutions in
the Study Area are placed under the jurisdiction of the district governor. There are some
differences in organization set-ups between central/province agencies and district agencies.
Such differences in organization set-ups among districts and between province and district
appear to present constraints for maintaining coordination and technical support or guidance
linkages between province and district.

8.

A number of farmers organizations involved in agricultural activities are formed in the Study
Area. Among the same, major ones are Farmer Group, Farm Machinery Hiring Service
Farmer Group (UPJA), KUD and Farmer Groups Cooperatives (KOPTAN). Further
strengthening of these farmers organizations to establish them as business entity will become
one of essential factors in the future promotion and development of regional agriculture and
for the establishment of agribusiness oriented agriculture in the Area.

9.

One of the main features of the decentralization policy in the agriculture sector is the
devolution of agricultural extension activities to the district government. The extension
services to farmers are basically provided by Field Extension Workers (PPLs) who belong to
district agricultural agencies. PPLs are assigned to the extension information offices in
Enrekang and Maros. In other districts PPLs are separately assigned to individual service
offices. In both cases, PPLs are deployed by sub-district basis to Rural Extension Center. The
number of PPLs deployed in the Objective Area totals 359 as a whole.

10.

The research institutes, seed farms and seed certification agency, farmer groups, private firms
and state firms are involved in food crops seed production in South Sulawesi. Currently
paddy and palawija seed balances indicate supply surplus to actual consumption in the
province as the adoption rate of quality seeds are substantially below targets estimated by
agricultural agencies. However, both the present paddy and palawija seed supply are far
below the said targets.

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Development Constraints
11.

The constraints for agriculture development in the Study Area are categorized into technical,
socio-economic, institutional and agricultural support services aspects as follows;
Technical Constraints

Uneven and instable rainfall distribution, unstable irrigation water availability at on-farm
level, especially in downstream areas of irrigation schemes and O&M of irrigation
system in many cases in unsatisfactory conditions,

Seasonal inundation in low lying areas,

Adoption rate of recommended farming practices still not satisfactory,

Farmers preference for paddy still presents constraints for the promotion of crop
diversification and the rational utilization of irrigation water in dry season,

Agri-business development appears to be a key word selected as a direction or strategy

for agriculture development. However, it appears that no concrete practical approaches
for the development have been developed yet, and

Shortage of farm machinery (especially tractors); while there is a number of deserted

unoperational farm machinery.

Socio-economic Constraints
Marketing issues such as: 1) products prices (low, instability and seasonal fluctuations), 2)
products quality, 3) market information system, 4) limited farmers awareness in the issues,
5) partnership arrangement between farmer groups and private sectors (kemitran) still
very limited and 7) lack of marketing & processing facilities, and

Financial capability of farmers (limitation in farming capitals and farm inputs prices).

Institutional Constraints

Financial constraints of agricultural institutions, especially short of operation funds to

implement guidance, supervision and monitoring,

Coordination, collaboration and integration of activities of institutions concerned at

district level yet to be institutionalized and established,

Government agricultural institutions (BPPs or branch office of agriculture support

services) at sub-district level yet to be established both physically and institutionally,

Farmers organizational issues including: 1) activities and managerial capability of farmers

organizations limited, 2) anticipated economic activities of organizations such as group
purchase and marketing extremely limited, 3) existing of plural farmer organizations
with similar constituents and having different activities registered by different
institutions;

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Constraints in Agricultural Support Services

Extension services issues including: 1) limitation of funds for implementation of
extension services and programs, 2) insufficient number and capabilities of extension
staffs (specifically on post-harvest and marketing issues), 3) system, methods, materials
and facilities yet to be improved, 4) lack of coordination and collaboration among
extension agencies under different jurisdiction to introduce holistic approaches for
extension,

Despite the volume of agricultural development projects/programs (extension programs

or projects), planning processes are more or less top-down and participation of
implementers (extension staffs) and farmers in the program planning are not
institutionalized yet,

Major seed production and supply issues include:1) unstable seed market (demand for
quality seeds), 2) unavailability of quality palawija seeds (beans) and 3) weak financial
and technical capability of seed growers,

Besides the prices of farm inputs, a constraint for supply of farm inputs reported is delay
of supply timing,

Agricultural credit issues represented by restricted accessibility to institutional credits,

and

Research-extension linkage still limited.

Direction of National and Regional Agricultural Development

12.

National Agricultural Development Policy.

Sustainability of agricultural development and Food Security guarantee the sustainability of
the national industry. The main part of the economical democracy system, as agriculture and
national food security involve the micro and small public business, currently have been the
most weakened link in national economic system. Further, agriculture and food development
will be oriented to increase the income and prosperity of farmers. Agriculture and food
development programs have to increase agricultural productivity and farmers especially for
the small farmers.1/

13.

The directions of provincial food crops agricultural development directions /2 are defined as
follows:
Vision

- Promotion of efficient agribusiness oriented and environmentally sound food

1/Propenas, 2000-2004 2/ Profil Dinas Pertanian Tanaman Pangan dan Hortikultura, Provinsi Sulewesi
Selatan, 2002

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& horticulture crops production.

Mission

- Establishing South Sulawesi as the center for development of modern food

crops agriculture in East Indonesia,
- Establishing South Sulawesi as food supply base to support national food
security,
- Production of food crops competitive in the global market,
- Development of sustainable and environmentally sound agriculture through
promotion of rural self-reliance, and
- Development of agri-business and advanced food & horticulture crops
agriculture to increase farm income and strengthen farmers economy.

The major project districts of Sidrap, Wajo, Soppeng and Bone are designated as the producing
districts of food crops, especially paddy, as the constituent districts of BOSOWASIPILU. The
direction of food crops agricultural development of the project districts set in the Strategic Plans
are similar to those of the province, and the agri-business oriented crops production is envisaged.
Agriculture Development Potential and Opportunities
14.

The Walanae-Cenranae River Basin has big water resources with about 8,000 km2 of
catchments. In spite of the scale of the catchments, the utilization of water sources is still low
at present and yet to be rationally developed and utilized through the integrated water
resources development, conservation and management as envisaged under the present Study,

15.

The land resources of the Study Area have also large potentials for irrigation development.
Within the Objective Area, irrigated paddy field is estimated at 50% of the total paddy fields
and the remaining areas (50%) are under rainfed conditions. Irrigation water development or
rational and efficient irrigation water use will realize the expansion of highly productive
paddy

fields in short time,

16. The communities in the Objective Area are agricultural communities employing more than
70% of labor forces and the agriculture sector contribute about 60% of GRDP as a whole.
Such well experienced human resources in the sector are essential resources for future
agricultural development in the Area,
17.

The Study Area is already established as the food crops production center of South Sulawesi
province, and further the national food crops producing base. In addition, the average paddy
yield attained in 2001 in the project districts was reported to be 5.2 t/ha compared to that of
5.1 t/ha in Java Island. This means certain levels of intensive paddy cultivation technologies
are already applied and could be rather easily disseminated to less intensive areas soon after
the irrigation development,

18.

Some embryos of agri-business oriented agricultural development activities, envisaged in the

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direction of provincial and district agricultural development directions, have already been
formed,

(for

example:

export

quality

rice

production

under

partnership

arrangement/kemitraan). In addition, approaches of foreign investors for large-scale

production of maize are reported by

district agricultural agencies. This means the

possibility of expansion of palawija production in the Study Area, especially in irrigated

paddy fields in dry season. Further, some private firms have become involved in agricultural
support services activities under the partnership arrangement.
19.

As stated above, the Study Area is blessed with substantial positive potentials for
water resources related agricultural development. However, farmers basic preference for
crops in paddy fields is paddy. This hampers the attempt to promote efficient use of irrigation
water and to increase land use intensity by introducing palaiwja in dry season.

Basic Agriculture Development Concepts

20.

The Study Area has already been established as the national food crops producing base.
However, the Area should be further developed as the competitive food crops producing base
and the quality products supply base in the country. The agriculture sector is the primary
economic sector in all the districts and almost all the sub-districts and the development of the
sector will directly contribute to the districts and sub-districts economic development. Among
the sector, the food crops sub-sector is the mainstay in the district and sub-district economy
and majority of the population in the Study Area rely on the sub-sector. Therefore, the
agricultural development under the present M/P should be directed to the food crops
agriculture development,

21.

The most serious technical constraint for food crops agriculture in the Area is the unstable
distribution of rainfall and resultant insufficient natural (rainfall) or artificial (irrigation)
water availability to crops. In the context of the present water resources development and
management study, the development priority should be placed on the irrigation (food crops)
agriculture development and the areas supported by water resources development potentials,

22.

Priority of irrigation development should be given to rainfed paddy fields and not to other
land use categories since land development works involve huge amount of investment and it
takes a substantial time for the new paddy fields to become matured,

23.

As discussed in paragraph 11, a number of constraints for agriculture development in the

Study Area are identified. The present agriculture development plan should also be studied to
address such constraints and the plan should cover the institutional issues, socio-economic
issues and agricultural support services. In the present Study, the plan covering these issues
will be formulated as the Regional Agriculture Promotion Programs (RAPP), which will
be a component of the integrated development of the WalCen River Basin. ,

24.

In addition to the said two agriculture development plans, the plan for the improvement of

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watershed management is necessary, and that it will be studied separately, and

25.

Accordingly, the agricultural development plan under the present Master Plan should cover
the irrigation agriculture development plan, the regional agriculture promotion plan and the
land conservation areas agriculture development.

Development, Conservation and Management Plan

Proposed Agriculture Development Approaches
26.

Proposed development approaches to major development constraints are:

Major Development Constraints/Requirement
Water resources/Irrigation issues

Major Development Approaches

- Irrigation development & rehabilitation
- Irrigation agriculture development
- Strengthening of extension services
- Farmer organizations empowerment
- Partnership promotion
- Marketing & marketing facilities improvement
- Partnership promotion
- Agri-business & agro-industry promotion
- Institutional strengthening
- Farmer organizations empowerment
- Strengthening of extension services
- Strengthening of seed production & supply
- Partnership promotion for inputs supply/credit
- Farmer organizations empowerment
-Land
Conservation
Areas
Agriculture
Development

Other technical issues

Socio-economic constraints
Institutional constraints
Constraints in agricultural support services

Land Conservation
Development

Areas

Agriculture

Conceived Agriculture Development Plans

27.

The conceived agricultural development plans corresponding to the proposed development

approaches are:
Development Approaches
Irrigation Development Plan

Conceived Development Plan

- Irrigation Agriculture Development Plan

Regional Agriculture Promotion Programs

(RAPP)

- Agr. Support Services Strengthening Package Program

- Institutional Strengthening Package Program
- Marketing Improvement Package Program
- Agri-business Promotion Package Program
- Agro-industry Promotion Package Program

Land
Conservation
Development

- Land Conservation Areas Agr. Development Plan

Areas

Agr.

Irrigation Agriculture Development Plans

28.

The irrigation development plans formulated and their action plans proposed in accordance
with the irrigation development plans are shown in the project description sheets 1 to 4
attached to this summary. The overall features are summarized in the following table.

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Status
With Project
Without Project
Increment

Irrigated
Paddy Field
143,211 ha
79,975 ha
63,236 ha

Annual
Cropped Area
288,219 ha
188,336 ha
99,883 ha

Annual
Crop. Intensity
225 %
144 %
81 %

Crop Production
Paddy
Palawija
1,544,966 t
85,600 t
833,381 t
21,485 t
711,585 t
64,115 t

As shown in the table, under the present Master Plan, the increase of: 1) irrigated paddy field
of some 63,236 ha, 2) cropped area of paddy of some 85,000 ha, 3) cropped area of palawija
of some 15,000 ha, 4) annual cropping intensity of 81%, 5) annual production of paddy of
about 711,585 tons and 6) annual production of paddy of about 64,115 tons; are planned.
Regional Agriculture Promotion Package Programs (RAPP)
29.

Under RAPP, the development package programs of Agricultural Support Services

Strengthening (Project Summary Sheet 5), Institutional Strengthening (Project Summary
Sheet 6), Marketing

Improvement, Agri-business Promotion, and Agro-industry Promotion

are formulated.
30.

The overall framework for the implementation of the programs and the proposed action plans
for the RAPP are presented in the attached Figure and Table to this Summary.

31.

The overall program costs for RAPP are estimated at Rp. million 70,168. The overall
program cost for the individual RAPP programs are estimated as shown in the following
table.
Overall RAPP Action Plans
Estimated Costs
Program
Rp. million
Proportion (%)
1. ASSPP (Agr. Support Services Package Program)
24.302
34
2. ISPP (Institutional Strengthening Package Program)
22,903
33
3. MIPP (Marketing Improvement Package Program)
6,150
9
4. ABPP (Agri-business Promotion Package Program)
10,615
15
5. AGPP (Agro-industry Promotion Package Program)
6,198
9
Overall RAPP
70,168
100
Note: MIPP, ABPP and AGPP are discussed in Sectoral Report (K): Agro-economy

Land Conservation Areas Agriculture Development Plan

32.

The land conservation areas agriculture development plans have been formulated in
accordance with the land conservation management plans, and are shown in the project
description sheet 7 attached to this summary. The planned development features are
summarized below.

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Target Area
Sub-river Bain
Area (ha)
Present Land Use
Cenranae
132
Village land
3,518
Grass land
634
Upland field
Sub-total
4,284
Gilirang
1,517
Village land
Minraleng
479
Village land
1/: At full maturing stage

Annual
Production (ton) 1/
3,697
4,222
1,775

Commodities
Mango
Cacao
Mango
Mango
Coffee

4,248
287

Proposed Action Plan

Action Plans for Irrigation Agriculture Development
33.

The short-term plan irrigation agriculture development plan includes 33 irrigation schemes
and the total planned irrigated paddy fields are 66,325 ha, and the development targets by
districts are as follows:
Increment of Irrigated Area & Production

Item

Enrekang
Sidrap
Wajo
Soppeng
Bone
Irrigated Area (ha)
218
14,842
13,846
21,381 14,834
Paddy Production 1/
2,289
178,939
150,789
239,224 133,676
Palawija Production 1/
320
8,296
4,595
15,984 13,151
1/: Production at full development attained in 2008; Unit 1,000 t

34.

Maros Overall
1,204 66,325
13,412 718,329
3,115 45,461

The medium-term irrigation development plan includes 13 irrigation schemes and the
development targets by district are as follows:
Increment of Irrigated Area & Production
Sidrap
Wajo Soppeng Bone
Maros

Item

Enrekang
0
7,755
2,879
910
Irrigated Area (ha)
0
91,185
30,230
9,555
Paddy Production 2/
0
3,584
1,720
329
Palawija Production 2/
1/: Production at full development attained in 2013; 2/ Unit 1,000 t

35.

Overall

5,903

1,300

18,747

61,892

13,650

206,602

4,260

455

10,348

The long term irrigation development plan includes 7 irrigation schemes and the total
planned irrigated paddy fields are 56,842 ha, and the development targets by districts are as
follows:
Item
Irrigated Area (ha)
Paddy Production 2/
Palawija Production 2/

Enrekang
0
0
0

Increment of Irrigated Area & Production

Sidrap
Wajo
Soppeng
Bone
Maros
11,939
134,935
6,707

27,470
288,435
14,630

5,500
57,750
1,265

13,230
138,915
7,189

0
0
0

Overall
58,139
620,035
29,791

1/: Production at full development attained in 2028; 2/ Unit 1,000

36

The summary of overall irrigation agricultural development action plan are as follows:
Item
Irrigated Area (ha)
Paddy Production (1000t)
Palawija Production (1000t)

Enrekang

Increment of Irrigated Area & Production

Sidrap
Wajo
Soppeng
Bone
Maros

Overall

218

34,536

44,195

27,791

33,967

2,504

143,211

2,289

405,059

469,454

306,529

334,573

27,062

1.544,966

320

18,587

20,945

17,578

24,600

3,570

85,600

1/: Production at full development attained in 2028

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