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Alex T.

Zhao
Gregg Kerr
IB Chemistry HL 1B
January 16, 2013
Titration Lab
Part I: Preparation of Standard sodium carbonate solution.
Aim: To accurately prepare a primary standard of 0.5mol dm-3 sodium
carbonate.
Equipment:
Balance
Volumetric flask (500 mL)
Bunsen
Desiccator
Beaker (250 mL)
Washbottle
Storage bottle (approx. 500 mL)
Distilled water
Anhydrous sodium carbonate
[Na2CO3] (4g)
Procedure:
1. Calculate the mass of anhydrous
Na2CO3 required to make up 500 mL
of 0.05 mol dm-3 solution.
2. Heat a little more than the required
Figure 1-Preparation of Sodium
Carbonate
amount to remove any water
3. Accurate weigh out into a beaker a
mass of Na2CO3 approximately equal to that calculated but the mass
must be known precisely so that the exact concentration can be
calculated
4. Dissolve the solid in about 100 mL of distilled water
5. Transfer this solution to a 500 mL volumetric flask. Rinse the beaker
several times with about 20 mL portions of distilled water, adding
each washing to the volumetric flask
6. Make up the solution to precisely 500.0 mL with distilled water,
adding the last few milliliters drop-wise from a washbottle.
7. Place the stopper in the volumetric flask and mix the solution
thoroughly by repeatedly inverting the flask.
8. Transfer the solution to a clean storage bottle which should first be
rinsed with a little of the Na2CO3 solution. Label the storage bottle
with the type of solution and its date of preparation.
Processing of results, and questions:
1. Amount of Na2CO3 used: 2.65 grams 0.01 grams

IB Chemistry HL Lab 6

January 16, 2013

m 2.65

0.025004... mol
M 105.98
n 0.025004...
CNa2CO3
0.50009 0.500mol / dm3
V
0.05
2. Some possible sources of inaccuracies may include:
a. Not ALL the Na2CO3 is transferred to volumetric flask due to
the compounds powdery nature
b. Parallax error, resulting in slightly more/less than 500mL of
solution produced
c. Inherent uncertainties of equipment used
n

Part II: Preparation and standardization of hydrochloric acid


solution
Aim: (a) To make an approximate 0.1 mol dm-3 HCl solution and (b) to
Standardize hydrochloric acid solution.
Equipment:
Concentrated hydrochloric acid [HCl] (6mL)
Graduated cylinder (10 mL)
Volumetric flask (500 mL)
Storage bottle (approx. 500 mL)
Beakers (two 100 mL)
Burette and stand
Funnel
Pipette (20 mL)
Conical flask (250 mL)
Standard sodium carbonate solution from Part I
Methyl orange or bromophenol blue (a few drops)
Distilled water
Setup:

IB Chemistry HL Lab 6

January 16, 2013

Figure 2-Standardization of Hydrochloric Acid solution

Procedure (a):
1. Calculate the volume of concentrated HCl that would be required to
prepare 500 mL of 0.1 mol dm-3 solution.
2. Measure out this volume of concentrated HCl in a graduated
cylinder and transfer to a 500 mL volumetric flask which is about
half filled with distilled water. Make the solution up to the mark.
3. Mix well
4. Transfer solution to storage bottle
5. Label solution with concentration and date of preparation.
Procedure (b):
1. Place about 100 mL of the standard Na2CO3 solution into a clean
beaker. If the beaker is wet, rinse with a little of the solution first.
2. Rinse a clean 25 ML pipette with some of the Na2CO3 solution.
Pipette 25 mL of the Na2CO3 solution. Add 2-3 drops of your chosen
indicator to the flask.
3. Place about 100 mL of HCl into a clean beaker. Again, if necessary,
rinse the beaker with a little of the solution first.
4. Rinse a clean burette with some of the HCl and then fill the burette
with the solution
5. Run a rough titration
6. Record approx. volume of acid used.
7. Run a few trials of accurate titrations
8. Record accurate titrations
Data Collection:
Amount of Hydrochloric Acid used
Rough
Estimate

IB Chemistry HL Lab 6

Accurate titrations
1

January 16, 2013

Avg.

Final Reading (mL)

28.2

27.32

27.54

27.46

27.44

Initial Reading (mL)

Titration volume (mL)

28.2

27.32

27.54

27.46

27.44

Processing of results, and questions:


1. Write the equation for the reaction:
Na2CO3(aq) 2HCl(aq) 2NaCl(aq) H 2 0 (l ) CO2(g)
a.
2. Number of mols of Na2CO3 used:
a. n CV 0.500 0.025 0.0125mols
3. Determine the number of moles of HCl which reacts with each mole
of Na2CO3:
a. Ratio of Na2CO3 to HCl is 1:2, thus, 2*0.0125=0.025 mols of
HCl is used in the titration.
4. Calculate the average volume of HCl used in the titrations. Use only
those results that are reasonably consistent. From this determine
the concentration of the HCl. Mark this information on the label of
the storage bottle.
Average Volume=27.44 mL 0.02744dm3

n
0.025

0.911mol dm 3
V 0.02744
a.
5. Distinguish between the equivalence point and the end point of a
titration.
a. The equivalence point is the point where the number of moles
of the base used is equal to that of the acid. On the other
hand, the end point is the point where the indicator being
used changes color (also called 'indication point)'.
6. In the background it was stated that the solution at the
equivalence point is somewhat acidic. Explain why this is so.
a. This is because we are titrating a weak base with a strong acid
7. Suppose that phenolphthalein, whose color change is in the vicinity
of pH 9, had been used instead of one of the indicators
recommended.
a. Would the volume of acid required for the titration be more or
less than that obtained?
i. As we gradually add HCl to Na2CO3, the solution
becomes more acidic. Since solution with pH 9 is more
basic than one with pH 3.5, less hydrochloric acid
would be needed to change the pH value to 9 than to
3.5.
b. Would the calculated concentration of the HCl be higher or
lower than the result obtained?
i. The concentration would be higher. Since C=n/V, when
V decreases and n remains the same, C increases.
CHCl

IB Chemistry HL Lab 6

January 16, 2013

PART C: Preparation and standardization of sodium


hydroxide solution
Aim: Accurately determine the concentration of a sodium hydroxide
solution.
Setup

1: Conical flask
holding Na2CO3
solution with
indicator
2: Na2CO3 solution
ready to be used.
3: HCl solution in
Burette
4: Ring stand
5: Clamp
6: Chul Ou

3
5

4
2

Figure 3-Standardization of Sodium Hydroxide


solution

Data Collection:
Amount of Hydrochloric

Acid used:
Rough
Estimate

Accurate titrations
1

Avg.

Final Reading (mL)

25.7

25.4

25.4

25.2

25.33

Initial Reading (mL)

Titration volume (mL)

25.7

25.4

25.4

25.2

25.33

Processing of results, and questions


1. From the equation for the reaction, the volume of NaOH used, and
the volume and concentration of the standard HCl, calculate the
concentration of the NaOH. Mark this on the label of the NaOH
storage bottle

IB Chemistry HL Lab 6

January 16, 2013

a. Equation:
NaOH (aq) HCl(aq) NaCl(aq) H 2O(l )
Mole ratio of NaOH to HCl=1:1
Thus,
CHClVHCl CNaOH VNaOH

0.911 0.02533 CNaOH 0.025

Figure 4- One drop can change


the color completely

CNaOH 0.923mol dm 3
2. What is meant by deliquescence? Why is a
substance that is deliquescent unsuitable for use as a primary
standard?
a. Deliquescence is a substances tendency to absorb moisture
from the air. Thus, a substance that is deliquescent is
unsuitable for use as a primary standard because it would
absorb moisture from the air, causing its concentration to
change constantly.

IB Chemistry HL Lab 6

January 16, 2013

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