DIGICOMMS

1. phase shift keying The phase of the carrier is changed in response to

information and all else is kept fixed. To transmit 0, we shift the phase of the
sinusoids by 180. Phase shift represent the change in the state of the
information signal.
2. phase shift keying
3. Phasor diagram A phasor diagram is used to show the phase relationships
between two or more sine waves having the same frequency.
4. Quarternary or QUADRATURE PHASE SHIFT KEYING (QPSK) With QPSK, four
output phases are possible for a single carrier frequency. The binary input data
for QPSK are combined into groups of 2.
5. Eight-Phase PSK (8-PSK) Eight-phase PSK is an M-ary encoding technique
where M=8.
6. Research ASSIGNMENT: 1 whole sheet of paper -16-PSK -QAM -BANDWIDTH
EFFICIENCY -TRELLIS CODE
7. TRELLIS code modulation Transmission rates of 56 kbps require a signal-tonoise ratio of 53 dB, which is virtually impossible to achieve over a standard
telephone circuit. Data transmission rates in excess of 56 kbps can be achieved,
however, over standard telephone circuits using an encoding technique called
trellis code modulation (TCM). Dr. Ungerboeck at IBM Zuerich Research
Laboratory developed TCM, which involves using convolutional (tree) codes,
which combines encoding and modulation to reduce the probability of error, thus
improving the bit error performance. I WILL CERTAINLY INCLUDE THIS IN THE
3RD QUARTER EXAMINATION. PLEASE STUDY, ITS FOR YOUR OWN GOOD NOT
MINE. RESEARCH MORE IF NECESSARY.
8. QUADRATURE AMPLITUDE MODULATION (QAM) Is a form of digital
modulation similar to PSK except the digital information is contained in both the
amplitude and the phase of the transmitted carrier.
9. 8-QAM Truth table Binary Input Output Phase Output Amplitude Q I C 0 0 0
-135 0.765 V 0 0 1 -135 1.848 V 0 1 0 -45 0.765 V 0 1 1 -45 1.848 V 1 0 0
135 0.765 V 1 0 1 135 1.848 V 1 1 0 45 0.765 V 1 1 1 45 1.848 V Research
for the concept of 16-QAM.
10. BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY Is often used to compute the performance of one
digital modulation technique to another. In essence, bandwidth efficiency is the
ratio of the transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth required for a
particular modulation scheme.

11. ::: For 16-PSK and a transmission system with a 10 kHz bandwidth,
determine the maximum bit rate.
12. CARRIER RECOVERY Is the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference
carrier from a receiver signal. I WILL CERTAINLY INCLUDE THIS IN THE 3RD
QUARTER EXAMINATION. PLEASE STUDY, ITS FOR YOUR OWN GOOD NOT MINE.
RESEARCH MORE IF NECESSARY.
13. Squaring loop A common method of achieving carrier recovery for BPSK is
the squaring loop. The received BPSK waveform is filtered and then squared. The
filtering reduces the spectral width of the received noise. The squaring circuit
removes the modulation and generates the second harmonic of the carrier
frequency. I WILL CERTAINLY INCLUDE THIS IN THE 3RD QUARTER EXAMINATION.
PLEASE STUDY, ITS FOR YOUR OWN GOOD NOT MINE. RESEARCH MORE IF
NECESSARY.
14. COSTAS LOOP A second method of carrier recovery is the Costas, or
quadrature loop. This recovery scheme uses two parallel tracking loops (I and Q)
simultaneously to derive the product of the I and Q components of the signal
that drives the VCO. I WILL CERTAINLY INCLUDE THIS IN THE 3RD QUARTER
EXAMINATION. PLEASE STUDY, ITS FOR YOUR OWN GOOD NOT MINE. RESEARCH
MORE IF NECESSARY.
15. Remodulator A third method of achieving recovery of a phase and frequency
coherent carrier is the remodulator. The remodulator produces a loop error
voltage that is proportional to twice the phase error between the incoming signal
and the VCO signal. The remodulator has a faster acquisition time than either
the squaring or the Costas loops. I WILL CERTAINLY INCLUDE THIS IN THE 3RD
QUARTER EXAMINATION. PLEASE STUDY, ITS FOR YOUR OWN GOOD NOT MINE.
RESEARCH MORE IF NECESSARY.
16. probability of error and bit error rate Probability of error is a theoretical
expectation of the bit error rate for a given system. Bit Error Rate is an empirical
record of a systems actual bit error performance.
17. EXAMPLE::: For a QPSK system and the given parameters, determine: a.
Carrier power in dBm. b. Noise power in dBm. c. Noise power density in dBm. d.
Energy per bit in dBJ. e. Carrier-to-noise ratio in dB. f. Eb/No ratio. C= 10-12 W N
= 1.2 x 10-14 W fb = 60 kbps B= 120 kHz
18. Pulse modulation: Pulse modulation consists essentially of sampling analog
information signals and then converting those samples into discrete pulses.
19. Sampling The signal is sampled at regular intervals such that each sample
is proportional to the amplitude of signal at that instant. This technique is called
sampling.

20. Sampling There are 3 sampling methods: Ideal - an impulse at each

sampling instant Natural - a pulse of short width with varying amplitude Flat
top - sample and hold, like natural but with single amplitude value 20
21. Sampling Rate Nyquist showed that it is possible to reconstruct a bandlimited signal from periodic samples, as long as the sampling rate is at least
twice the frequency of the of highest frequency component of the signal 22
22. PAM The amplitude of a constant width, constantposition pulse is varied
according to the amplitude of the sample of the analog signal.