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ModernizationoftheChineseAirForce
ByLtGenJSBajwa
Issue:BookExcerpt:ModernizationofChinesePLA|Date:28Dec,2014
OfallthePLA,PLAAFhasbeentheslowesttomodernize.Inmanyrespectsthisislinkedtoits
history.TheairforcescloseidentificationwithMinisterofDefenseLinBiaoandleftistradicals
duringtheCulturalRevolutionleftitpoliticallysuspectafterwards.Chinasdomesticturmoilinthe
aftermathofLinBiaosdeathin1971shreddedthePLAAFofficercorpsandseverelydisruptedthe
countrysaviationmanufacturinginfrastructure.
Inessence,theCulturalRevolutioncostthePLAAFalmosttwodecadesofdevelopmentandsharply
diminisheditspoliticalinfluence.This,inturn,hampereditstechnologicaldevelopment.50
Currently,theAirForcehasanestimatedstrengthof3,520combataircraft,organizedinto100
regimentsoffightersandabout12regimentsoftacticalbombersplusreconnaissance,transportand
helicopterunits.
TheprincipalroleoftheAirForcehasbeenthedefenseoftheChinesemainland.Thisdidnotstretch
theexistinginventoryorinfrastructurebeyonditslimitedcapabilities.Buttheprimarytrendinthe
developmentofthePLAAFforcestructureinthiscenturywassummedupbyitscommanderLiu
Shunyaoasaswitchoveroftheairforcefromairdefensetocombinedoffensiveanddefense.51
Administratively,thePLAAFschainofcommandisorganizedintofourlevels:HeadquartersAir
ForcesevenMilitaryRegionAirForce(MRAF)headquartersaircorpsandcommandpostsand
operationalunits(organizedintodivisions,regiments,groups,squadrons,andassociatedmaintenance,
logisticsandsupportunits).HeadquartersAirForceisorganizedadministrativelyintofourmajor
departments(firstlevel)generalstaff,political,logistics,andarmamentdepartments.ThePLAs
MR/MACheadquartersisresponsibleforcombinedoperationsandtheAFcommanderatthislevelis
alsotheMR/MACdeputycommander.
Currently,theAirForcehasanestimatedstrengthof3,520combataircraft,organizedinto100
regimentsoffightersandabout12regimentsoftacticalbombersplusreconnaissance,transportand
helicopterunits.TheequipmentinserviceincludesJ6(Mig19),J7(Mig21)interceptors,Q5
(evolvedfromMig19)fighterbombers,H5(IL28)bombers,H6(TU16)strategicbombersandJ8
(IandII)locallydevelopedfighterofwhich100areinservice.Productionoftheindigenously
developedfourthgenerationcombataircraftJ10isreportedlyprogressingwellwiththefirstaircrafts
beinginductedintoPLAAFin2005.TheChengdufactorymanufacturedJ10reportedlyhasafair
shareofforeigncomponents,namely,Israeliavionics,Russianengines(AL31FNturbofan),
Europeanlandinggearetc.TheAl31FNengineiseventuallytobereplacedbytheindigenousWS
10Aturbofanengine.52
ThePLAAFsweaponsystemsareacombinationofold,modified,andnewaircraft,andairdefense
(SAMandAAA)systems.AccordingtoseniorChineseofficials,therearethreetypesoffighter
aircraftbeingpreparedforoperationalservice,includingtheupgradedJ7(licensebuiltMig21)
airframe,theJ8III(combatradius800km)andthecompletenewJ9.53InJuly1998,Russianand
Chinesedefenseofficialsagreedtocooperateinjointresearch,developmentandproductionof
militaryequipment.PLAAFisreportedtohaveacquiredatotalof76Su27fighteraircraftdirectly
fromRussiawithanother80beingmanufacturedunderlicenseproduction.ThefirstJ11(Su27)
aircraftbuiltinChinawastestflowninJanuary1999.54
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ThedegreetowhichtechnologydoorsareopenforthePLA,particularlyfromRussia,giveample
reasontobelievethatifRussiahasittoday,itmaybeonsaletothePLAtomorrow.
Between2000and2002,PLAAFreceivedatotalof76Su30MKK.TheSu30aircraftwillbearmed
withAA11/R73SRAAMs,AA12/R77activeradarBVRAAMs,AS17orKh31A1ASMs,AS
17/Kh31P1AntiRadiationMissiles(ARM),AS18/Kh59MKASMs,AA10/R27andR27E
BVRAAMs.TherearealsoreportsthatRussiahassuppliedChinawiththeRVVAE/R77(AA12
Adder)airtoairmissilesgivingPLAAFasignificantaircombatcapability.55TheSu30hasa
strongerairtosurfaceoperationcapabilitythantheSu27.Itindicatesitsaimtoenhancethe
PLAAFsgroundandshipattackcapability,aswellasenhanceitsallweatherstrikecapability.The
procurementfromRussiaofthesupersonicAS17Krypton(Kh31)antiradiationmissileandthe
AA10Alamo(R77)longrangeselfguidedairtoairmissileaspartoftheSu27dealgivesthe
necessaryimpetusforthePLAAFsmodernization.Itisassessedthatby2010,thePLAAFsfighter
forcewillmostlikelyconsistofbetween1,500and2,000aircraft.AlmosttheentireJ6andearly
modelJ7swouldhavebeenphasedoutandtheremainingforcewillbeofmodifiedJ7sandJ8s,J9,
J10,J11(indigenousSu27s)andSu30s.Itsfirstindigenouslydesignedcombataircraft(JH7and
JH7Aattackaircraft)hasenteredservicein2005.56
Thelatestversion,theJ8IIIisbelievedtohaveflybywirecontrolsandanIsraeliAircraftIndustry
suppliedfirecontrolradar.57Chinahassuccessfullymasteredthelicenceproductionofvarious
componentsofEuropeanhelicopterslikeDauphin2andanindigenouslydesignedmultirole
helicopter,theZ10isunderdevelopment.58
AccordingtoaJanesDefenseWeeklyarticle,thePLAAFhasalsooperationallydeployeditsfirst
generationoflocallydevelopedlongrangeELINTaircraftinearly1999.Accordingtothereport,
fourmodifiedTU154aircraft,fittedwithradomes,havebeendeployedintheNanjingMR.In
1990,thePLAAFupgradeditsdefense(nonaircraft)capabilities.Thisinvolvedthreeofitsbranches:
SAM,AAA,andradartroops.PLAidentifiedthelikelyproblemareasinanarticleinJiefangjunBao,
datedJuly14,1998.Thearticlestatedthat:
Airbattlesinthe21stcenturywillbeaformofcombatwhichshowsInformationWarfareatits
highest.Inordertoseizesuperiorityininformation,theattackingsidewilladoptelectronic
suppression,electronicdeception,androuteselectiontopreventthedefensivesidefromreactingon
time.Stealthplanes,inparticular,willgentlyreducethedetectionrange.ThePLAAFwillhaveto
advanceitsairdefenseearlywarningequipmentinordertobeabletodetectinvadingtargetsearly,
extendforearlywarningrange,andseizethenecessarytimeandspaceforfightingairdefense
battles.59
ThedegreetowhichtechnologydoorsareopenforthePLA,particularlyfromRussia,giveample
reasontobelievethatifRussiahasittoday,itmaybeonsaletothePLAtomorrow.60Someofthe
advancedtechnologiesthatareunderdevelopmentforthePLAFFarediscussedinthefollowing
paragraphs.
IntroductionoftheSu30MKKwithRussianPrecisionMunitionsGuidance(PMG)willmarka
greatersupportingroleforlasersinthePLAFF.
Lasers.Researchinlasertechnologyformultipleusesoflasersrangingfromtargeting,radar,
communicationsandkillweaponsisunderway.Butcurrently,lasersdonothaveamajorroleinthe
PLAAF.Thelimiteduseofthelasersisforlaserilluminationofatargetwiththehelpofanearly
indigenouslaserguidedbombandtotriggersomeshortrangeAAMwarheads.Introductionofthe
Su30MKKwithRussianPrecisionMunitionsGuidance(PMG)willmarkagreatersupportingrole
forlasersinthePLAFF.TheuseoflasersaskillweaponissuggestedbyPentagonsreportsince1998
thatthePLAmaybeusinglaserstodazzleloworbitimagingsatellites.61Alsoreportsindicatethat
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RussianmayhavesoldnuclearpumplasertechnologytoChina.Inthe1980s,theRussianBeriev
BureaumodifiedanIL76tocarryalargeairbornelaser.Thisaircraft,calledtheA60representsone
kindofadvancedkilllasertechnologythatcouldbemadeavailabletothePLAAF.62
StealthandCounterstealth.ThePLAisdevotinggreatresourcestothedevelopmentofbothstealth
andcounterstealthtechnologytoenhanceitsoffensivecapability.Atthe1998ZhuhaiAirShow,the
SeekOpticsCompanydisplayedinformationofitsstealthcoatingandsoftwareforstealthshaping.63
ThereissomereportthatanewvariantoftheJH7fighterbomberwillincorporatestealthcoatings.
AlsobeingmarketedatthisshowwastheJ231midrangesurveillanceradarhavinghighantistealth
capability,madebytheInstituteNo.23oftheformerChinaAerospaceCorporation.Reports
speculateofanewRussianChinesestealthfighterprogramandthatChinaisinterestedinpurchaseof
thenewSu32longrangestrikefighteraircraft.WithaerialrefuellingtheSu32,ortheSu30forthat
matter,couldundertakearmedlongendurancepatrolsovertheSouthChinaSea,orstrikeouttothe
SecondIslandChain.64ChinahasconductedatestrunforitslateststealthaircraftJ20onJanuary
5,2011andisdatedtobeoperationalby2017.TheJ20isasingleseat,twinengineaircraft.**
Thereisreportedlyafifthgenerationstealthaircraftalsounderdevelopment,namedtheXXJ1,which
isexpectedtoenteroperationalserviceby2015.65
UAVs.PLAhadreportedlyacquiredsomenumberoftheverypotentantiradarstrikeUAV,the
IsraelimadeHarpyin1994andsomeofthesehavebeensentbackin2004forupgradingwiththe
latestcapabilitieslikestrikingthetargetevenafterswitchingofftheemitter.ThereisChineseTV
reportofafewF7aircraftthathavebeenturnedintodronespossiblyforaircombattraining.Forthe
Army,thePLAfieldsaseriesofpropellerdriventargetdrones.TheAN206dronerevealedinthe
mid1990s,isafirstgenerationshortrangetacticalreconnaissancedronethatapparentlyhasbeen
developedfromIsraelitechnology.ChinaviewsUAVsasakeyfuturetechnology.TheZhuhai1998
ShowfeaturedtheChangChunInstituteofEmulationTechnologyanditsvirtualrealitycontrol
systems,atechnologyoftenassociatedwithfutureadvancedunmannedcombatairvehicles(UCAVs),
indicatinganotherareaofinterest.66
AntiairChallenge.Allofthecombatservicesaredevotinggreaterattentionandresourcestotheanti
airchallenge.Itisbelievedthatonlyoneortwotypesofairdefensemissilesarenotenoughtoforma
reliableairdefensesystemunderthecircumstancesofstrongelectronicjamming.Therefore,the
PLAFFistryingtoenhancethedevelopmentanddeploymentofgroundtoairmissilesystemsina
bigway.Itishopedthatamultitieredairdefensefirenetworkwillbeestablished.67Thereisalsoa
potentialfordepthactivedefenseofanewSRBMandlandbasedLACMs.ThePLAFFhassincethe
1990sacquiredtworegimentsofRussianFakelS300PMU(SA10),andoneregimentofAlmazTor
M1(SA15)whichwasdesignedtoprotecttheS300.NegotiationsforadditionaltwoS300
regimentsandoneTorM1werereported.ThesesystemsrepresentagenerationadvanceovertheHQ
2(SA2),whichitselfhasbeenprogressivelyimproved.
TheS300seriesofmissilesmeetlongrangeairdefense,antitacticalballisticmissile,andanticruise
missilerequirements,(thePatriotistheonlycurrentequivalent).68TheTorM1willalsobeableto
interceptsomePGMs.Chinaisalsolikelytodevelopitsownnewgenerationofairdefensesystems
withacombinationofmissilesandcannons.IfthePLAweretoacquirethenewRussianS400,it
wouldhavea250mile(400km)rangeSAMthatcoulddominatetheTaiwanStraitswithouthavingto
putitinvulnerablecoastalbases.69
ChinahasalsodevelopedtheFT2000antiradiationSAM.ThisSAMisbasedontheS300andis
designedtoengageradiatingaircraft,suchairbornejammersandAWACSaircraftandelectronic
fighterplanes.ChinafirsttestedthesysteminSeptember1998,andthenconductedthefirstfieldtrials
duringaseriesofexercisesin1999.70Atthesametime,thePLAhasbeendevelopingantimissile
systems.RichardDFisherJr.claimsthatChineseofficialsatthe1998ZhuhaiAirshowhad
mentionedthatfutureactiveguidedversionsoftheFT2000missilewouldeventuallyhaveananti
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ballisticmissile(ATMB)capabilitythecontroloftheseisnotknown,itcouldbeeitherthePLAAFor
theSecondArtillery.
ItisapparentthatPLAAFwillgraduallybuildanindigenousaerialrefuellingcapabilitythatcouldbe
supplementedbyRussiantankeraircraft.
Intermsofitsradartechnology,theChinesehaveusedvariablefrequencyfortheirgroundtoair
missilesandsuchmissileswithamultiguidancesystemastheFM90thathavecomeintobeing.For
lowaltitudesearchcapability,ChinaplanstoinductIsraelimadeearlywarningradar.71Today,
ChinasmissileprogramshighlightisthePL12/SD10AntiAircraftMissile(AAM),itsfirstactive
radarAAM,oneofthefewsuchsystemsavailableanywhereintheworld.72Chinahasreportedly
acquiredsamplesofRussianKh55GranatorTomahawks`kiairlaunchedlongrangecruise
missiles(LRCMs)fromUkraineforreverseengineering.73
LongRangeBombers.ThePLAhasalsobeenreportedlynegotiatingforsurplusTupolevTu22M3
BackfireandTu95MSBearstrategicbomberaircraftsavailablewithRussia.TheBackfiresare
capableofcarryingavarietyofnuclearandconventionalmissilesandbombsincludinglaserguided
andotherprecisionguidedweaponsincludingantishipandantiaircraftcarriermissiles.The
Backfiresreportedlyhaveflownverylittlesofarandtheirlifecouldextendupto2040.74Thereare
alsounconfirmedreportsofanH9bomberprojectthatmayinvolvesomeRussiantechnical
assistance.
EW/ELINTandAWACS.ThecurrentmodesteffortoftheChinesetoequipthePLAFFwith
EW/ELINT/AWACSbeliesamoreintensiveeffortinthisarea.Chinahascontractedforthree,
possiblysix,A50Mainstay(basedonIL76aircraft)AirborneEarlyWarningandControl(AEW&C)
aircraft,withdeliverycommencingsince2005.AreportbytheInternationalAssessmentandStrategy
CenterindicatesthatthefirstthreeA50sarebeingequippedwithanindigenouslybuiltphasedarray
radarsystemnamedBalanceBeam.75TheBalanceBeamradarisreportedtohavearesemblancein
appearancetotheSwedishEricssonErieyeradar,whichcouldgiveitadetectionrangeofabout300
450km.76ThedealwithIsraeltoputthePhalcon200milerangeairborneearlywarningradaronthe
IL76mayhavebeenstalledduetotheUSpressureonIsrael.Israelwasalsocontractedforelectronic
intelligencetechnology.Inthelastseveralyears,fourTu154Mweremodifiedtocarryaverybasic
EWsuite.
TheuseofcivilaircraftisnotnewtothePLAAF.Duringthe1989Tiananmensituation,civilaircraft
wereusedtotransportPLAtroopstoBeijing.
Thesecondbatchof22xSu27importedfromRussiawereequippedwiththeSorbitsyaECMpod.
Evidenceofamoreextensiveeffortwererevealedatthe1998ZhuhaiAirShow,whenforthefirst
timetheSouthwestChinaResearchInstituteofElectricalEquipmentdisplayeditsKG300Gairborne
jammingpod,itsKZ900ELINTpod,anditsKZ800ELINTsystemforlargeraircraftliketheTu
154.ItwasalsoinformallyrevealedthatanEWvariantoftheJH7strikefighteraircraftwasin
development.Itislikelythatthisaircraftmaybeequippedwiththesepodsthathavebeen
developed.77
AerialRefuelling.ItisapparentthatPLAAFwillgraduallybuildanindigenousaerialrefuelling
capabilitythatcouldbesupplementedbyRussiantankeraircraft.TheH6bombersconvertedfor
aerialrefuellingarenowenteringactiveservice,initiallytoserviceJ8IIDfighters.Thiscouldthen
alsoextendtherangeoftheSu30strikefightersnowbeingprocuredorinthefuture,Su27andJH
7sbeingmodifiedforaerialrefuelling.InSeptember2005,itwasreportedthatPLAhassuccessfully
negotiatedwithRussiaforpurchaseofeightIL78MKaerialrefuellingaircraft.78
TransportForces.TheuseofcivilaircraftisnotnewtothePLAAF.Duringthe1989Tiananmen
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situation,civilaircraftwereusedtotransportPLAtroopstoBeijing.Additionalreportsalsomaintain
thatthePLAusedcivilaircrafttoferrytroopstoTibetduringanexercisein1999.Forbothintensive
theatreandbeyondtheatreoperations,thePLAwillrequireafarmorerobustairbornetransportforce.
ItisunlikelythatthePLAwouldremainsatisfiedwithitssmallnumberofIL76andXianY8
transports,albeit,augmentedbyalargefleetofciviljettransportsintheairlineslinkedtothePLA.
TherehavebeenoccasionalsuggestionsofPLAinterestinthelargeAN124.Chinamayalsobe
interestedingreatercooperationwithUkrainesAntonovBureau,whichhasthemodernAN70
tacticaltransport.ThistransportcancarryalmostasmuchasanIL76,asfaraswell.
ShortTakeOff&Landing(STOL)transportonitsdrawingboardsappearingtobeanadvanced
developmentoftheY8indicatesimpressiveforwardthinkingonthepartofthePLA.SuchSTOL
transportwouldaddmuchgreaterflexibilitytoairborneforcesandgivemoreoptionsforSpecial
Forcesactivities.ItwouldalsoeaselogisticsupportofSouthChinaSeaareasthatcouldinfuturehave
smallstrips.AlsosignificantisthepurchaseoftheRussianBerievBe200amphibiousturbofan
poweredtransport.Withanimpressiverangeanda7.5tonne/60personnelliftcapability,theBe200
hasthepotentialtotransformPLAsSouthChinaSeaoutpostactivitygivingitmorepoliticaloptions
orimperativesinthisregionasitwillenhanceitsabilitytoundertakegreatereconomicactivitiesin
thesedisputedregions.79InSeptember2005,itwasreportedthatPLAhassuccessfullynegotiated
withRussiaforpurchaseof30IL76MDtransportaircraft.80
TheIL76transportaircraftwillreducethedeploymenttimeofthe15thAirborneArmyandisalso
intendedtosupportanewformation,the16thAirborneArmy,whiletheIL78Mwillprovideaerial
refuelingcapabilityforSu30MKKandotherprobeequippedcombataircraft.TheIL76MDversion
iscapableoflifting47tonnesofcargoor190fullyequippedtroops.TheIL78willaugmentthe
existingrudimentaryaerialrefuelingcapabilityofthePLAAFbasedonatotalof10obsoleteXian
H6Us(Tu16),whichareessentiallyH6bombersfittedwithunderwinghoseanddroguepods.81
RapidReactionForce.TheAirborneTroopsofthe15thAirborneArmyaredesignatedasRRF.
AccordingtoanOctober1993JanesDefenseWeeklyreport,theArmyinitiallyhadthreebrigades,
whichwereconvertedtodivisionsizeforceswithanapproximatetotalstrengthof10,000troopseach.
Airborneunitsarecomposedofeighttypesoftroops:scouts,infantry,artillery,signals,engineers,
antichemicalwarfarecorps,andautomobilecorps.AccordingtothePLAFFcommanderLiu,since
theforcebeganreceivingRussian10xIL76transportaircraftin1992,thisforcehasacquiredanall
terrain,allweather,omnidirectionalcombatcapability.82
Inordertoadapttovariousadverseoperationalconditions,theairborneunitshaveconducted
exercisesinthesnowfieldsoftheGreaterKhninganMountains,thejunglesontheShiwanMountains
inGuangxi,andtheKunlunPlateaulocated4,600metersabovesealevel.83Airbornetrooptraining
overthepastfewyearsappearstohavefocusedprimarilyinandaroundTibet.ThePLAsrapid
reactionstrategyisbasedonthepremisethatChinawillonlybeengagedinlocalwarsforthe
foreseeablefuture,andthatthePLAmuststrikequicklytoendthewarandmeetBeijingspolitical
objectives.84
Notes:
50KenGause,opcit,p.10.
51Ibid.AlsoseeKaunChoChia,MilitaryRegionalCommandersExpressSupportforJiangZemin.
MilitaryworksoutdevelopmentPlansforthe21stCentury,KuangChiaoChing,No300,September
16,1997.
52StockholmInternationalPeaceResearchInstitute(SIPRI)Yearbook2005,pp.422425.
53Ibid.
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54EastAsianStrategicReview2000,TheNationalInstituteforDefenseStudies,Japan,p.223.
55Aimingforthehighground,JanesDefenseWeekly,August10,2005,pp.2428.
56DouglasBarrieandJasonSherman,ChinaSeeksBritishEngine.
57EvanSMedeiros,et.al,ANewDirectionforChinasDefenseIndustry,SantaMonica,RAND
Corporation,2005,p.423.
58Ibid.
59MinZengfuandHanJibing,AirDefensePatternofthe21stCentury:LargeAreaDynamicJoint
AirDefense,JiefangiunBao,July14,1998.
60RichardDFisherJr.,QuestionsAbouttheAirBattleDimensionofthePLAsInformationStrike
Combine,www.ndu.edu/inss/Chinacentre,p.8.
61Ibid.
62Ibid.
63Ibid.
64Ibid.,p.11.
65Dr.SrikanthKondapally,ChineseAirForceTowards2015,availableat
http://www.freerepublic.com/focus/news/761528/posts,lastaccessedonApril15,2006DrRichard
FisherJr.,PLAAFEquipmentTrendspaperpresentedatNationalDefenseUniversityConference
onPLAandChineseSocietyinTransition,publishedonOctober30,2001,availableat
http://www.strategycenter.net/research/pubID.8/pub_detail.asp,accessedonFebruary14,2006.
66Ibid.,p.9.
67YihongZhanginPLAArticles4,HowDidthePersianGulfWarAffecttheChineseArmyAt
www.kanwa.com/english/981230b.html.
68AsianMilitaryReview,March/April2001,p.22.
69Ibid.,p.10.
70Ibid.,pp.223224.
71YihongZhang,n.67.
72CrouchingTiger:HowChinaisquietlyevolvingitsmissilesystems,JanesInternational
DefenseReview,February,2006,pp.2831andN25,RichardFisher,Jr.
73ToptenChinesemilitarymodernizationdevelopments,InternationalAssessmentandStrategy
Center,March25,2005,p.10,athttp://www.strategycenter.net,lastaccessedonFebruary20,2006
SIPRIYearbook2005etc.
74DrCarloKopp,BackfiresandthePLAAFsNewStrategicAirForce,InternationalAssessment
andStrategyCenter,September22,2004,athttp://www.strategycenter.net,lastaccessedonFebruary
21,2006.
75RichardFisher,Jr.,ChineseDimensionsofthe2005MoscowAerospaceShow,publishedon
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September12,2005.
76AllChinaSpecialMissionsPlatformMakesAppearances,JanesDefenseWeekly,December
14,2005,p.7SpecialMissionAircraft,ChineseDefenseToday,athttp://www.sinodefense.
com/airforce/specialaircraft,lastaccessedonFebruary15,2006.
77Ibid.
78RobertHenson,ChinaboostsitsairassetswithIlyushinaircraft,JanesDefenseWeekly,
September21,2005,p.16RichardFisher,Jr.,ChineseDimensionsofthe2005MoscowAerospace
Show,InternationalAssessmentandStrategyCenter,September12,2005,at
http://www.strategycenter.net,lastaccessedonMarch13,2006.
79Ibid.,p.13.
80RobertHenson,n.78.,p.16andRichardFisher,Jr.,n.78.
81Ibid.
82KennethWAllen,PLAAirForceOperationsandModernization,inSusanMPuska,ed.,
PeoplesLiberationArmyAfterNext,p.199.AlsoseeSunMaoquing,MakeEffortstoBuild
ModernizedPeoplesAirforceInterviewwithAirForceCommanderLieutenantGeneralLiu
Shunyao,BeijingLiaowang,FBISApril14,1997,No.15,pp.2021.
83Ibid.
84Ibid.,p.200.
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