Fundamental Engineering Maths 2

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GU
Chapter 2: LIMIT and CONTINUITY
AM
Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014
T.
PH
Fundamental Engineering Mathematics II for EEIT2014
D.
Vietnamese German University

Binh Duong Campus
September 30, 2014
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Outline
Limit of functions
Continuity
Derivative and rate of change
Derivative as a function
D.
T.
PH
AM
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Limit of a function
if x 6= 3
if x = 3
f (x)
4.98
4.998
4.9998
4.99998
4.999998
|5 f (x)|
0.02
0.002
0.0002
0.00002
0.000002
2.9999999
4.9999998
0.0000002
5+
5
5
D.
T.
PH
AM
x
2.99
2.999
2.9999
2.99999
2.999999
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(
2x 1
Consider f (x) =
6
3 3 3+
We say: f converges to 5 as x goes to 3, and we write

lim f (x) = 5
x3
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Limit of a function
Def: Let f be a function defined on some open intervals that contains a,

except possibly at a itself. Then
AM
lim f (x) = L
xa
PH
if for every > 0, there is a number > 0 such that

then
|f (x) L| < .
D.
T.
if 0 < |x a| <
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Limit of a function
Ex: Prove that lim (4x 5) = 7
x3
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Ans:
Guessing : given an arbitrary > 0, we need to find > 0 s.t.
if 0 < |x 3| < then |(4x 5) 7| < .
AM
We have
PH
|(4x 5) 7| < 4 |x 3| < .

We choose = /4.
D.
T.
Proof: For any > 0, there is = /4 satisfying that if

0 < |x 3| < , then
0 < |x 3| < /4
|(4x 5) 7| < .
This conclude that lim (4x 5) = 7

x3
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Limit of a function
Ex: Prove that lim (x 2 1) = 0
x1
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Ans:
Guessing : given an arbitrary > 0, we need to find > 0 s.t.

if 0 < |x 1| < then (x 2 1) 0 < .
T.
PH
AM

We have (x 2 1) 0 = |x 1| |x + 1| < (we want) .
We may choose = min{1/4, /3}.
Proof: For any > 0, there is = min{1/4, /3} satisfying that if
0 < |x 1| < , then |x 1| < < 1/4 3/4 < x < 5/4
7/4 < x + 1 < 9/4 7/4 < |x + 1| < 9/4 .
D.
Hence, if 0 < |x 1| < = min{1/4, /3}, we have

2

(x 1) 0 = |x 1| |x + 1| < |x + 1| < 9 < .
34
This conclude that lim (x 2 1) = 0
x1
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Left-hand and right-hand limits
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Def: We say that

lim f (x) = L
xa
AM
if for every > 0, there is a > 0 such that

then
|f (x) L| <
PH
a <x <a
if
Def: We say that
lim f (x) = L
T.
xa+
if
D.
if for every > 0, there is a > 0 such that
a<x <a+
then
|f (x) L| <
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Ex: Prove that
lim+
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x0
Ans:
PH
We may choose = 2 ?
AM
Guessing : Given > 0, we need to find a > 0 satisfying

if 0 < x < then x 0 = x < .
D.
T.
For every > 0, there is = 2 > 0 such that if 0 < x < = 2 then

x 0 = x < = 2 = .
Hence, lim+ x
x0
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Limit Laws
lim [f (x) + g (x)] = lim f (x) + lim g (x)
xa
lim [f (x) g (x)] = lim f (x) lim g (x)
xa
3
xa
xa
T.
lim [f (x)g (x)] = lim f (x) lim g (x)
xa
xa
lim f (x)
f (x)
= xa
xa g (x)
lim g (x)
lim
D.
xa
lim [cf (x)] = c lim f (x)
xa
4
xa
AM
xa
PH
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Limit Laws: Suppose that lim f (x) and lim g (x) exist and let c R.
xa
xa
Then
if
xa
lim g (x) 6= 0
xa
xa
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AM
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Limit Laws
D.
T.
PH
Proof:
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Some corollaries
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In the rest of this course, except when being asked to use the definition of
limit to prove, we can use the six Limit Laws and the following simple
limits without proving:
lim c = c
xa
2
lim x = a
AM
xa
sin x
=1
x
lim x n = an
xa
lim n x = n a
xa
q
p
lim n f (x) = n lim f (x) if the second limit exists and if n is even
lim
T.
xa
D.
PH
xa
xa
we assume further that lim f (x) 0

xa
Proof:
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Limit Laws
Ex: Evaluate lim (3x 3 2x 2 + 10) and lim
x2
x2
Ans:
x +1
x 2 2x + 3
x2
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lim (3x 3 2x 2 + 10) = lim (3x 3 ) lim (2x 2 ) + lim 10
x2
x2
x2
= 3 lim x 3 2 lim x 2 + 10
x2
3
x2
2
lim (x + 1)
x +1
x2
=
x2 x 2 2x + 3
lim (x 2 2x + 3)
PH
and
AM
= 3 2 2 2 + 10 = 26
x2
D.
T.
lim
lim x + lim 1
x2
2
x2
lim x 2 lim x + lim 3
x2
x2
x2
2+1
= 2
=1
2 22+3
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Limit Laws
Proposition: If f (x) = g (x) for all x 6= a, then lim f (x) = lim g (x)
Ex: Find lim f (x) where
x2
if x 6= 2
if x = 2
PH
AM
(
x2 + 1
f (x) =
10
xa
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xa
T.
Ans: Since f (x) = x 2 + 1 for all x 6= 2, we have
D.
lim f (x) = lim (x 2 + 1)
x2
x2
=5
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Limit Laws
(x 2)2 4
x0
x
Ex: Evaluate lim
AM
Ans: We have
(x 2)2 4
= lim (x 4) = 4.
x0
x0
x
D.
lim
T.
Hence,
PH
(x 4)x
(x 2)2 4
=
= x 4 x 6= 0.
x
x
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xa
xa
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Theorem: lim f (x) = L
lim f (x) = L
lim f (x) = L
+
xa
Ex: Prove that lim |x| = 0
AM
x0
D.
T.
PH
(
x
if x 0
Ans: We have |x| =
x if x < 0.
Thus,
(
limx0+ |x| = limx0+ x = 0
limx0+ |x| = limx0+ (x) = 0
lim |x| = 0
x0
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|x|
does not exist
x0 x
x
if x > 0
|x| x = 1
Ans: We have
= x
x
= 1 if x < 0
x
Thus,
|x|
= limx0+ 1 = 1
limx0+
|x|
|x|
x
lim
6= lim+
|x|
x0 x
x0 x
limx0
= limx0 (1) = 1
x
D.
T.
PH
AM
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Ex: Prove that lim
|x|
does not exist.
x0 x
lim
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Limit of functions
Theorem: Let a (b, c). There holds
f (x) g (x) x (b, c)\{a}
xa
xa
lim f (x) lim g (x)
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lim f (x) and lim g (x) exist
)
xa
xa
Proof: Denote lim f (x) = L and lim g (x) = M. Suppose further that M < L
xa
AM
xa
= 0 := (L M)/3 > 0.
PH
lim f (x)=L 1 > 0 s.t. if 0 < |x a| < 1 then |f (x) L| < 0
xa
lim g (x)=M 2 > 0 s.t. if 0 < |x a| < 2 then |g (x) M| < 0
T.
xa
D.
Choose 0 = min{1 , 2 }. Then

if 0 < |x a| < 0 then
|f (x) L| < 0
=f (x) > g (x)
|g (x) M| < 0
Contradiction.
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Squeeze Theorem
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Theorem: Let a (b, c). There holds

f (x) g (x) h(x) x (b, c)\{a}
lim f (x) = lim g (x) = L
Ex: Evaluate lim x 2 cos

x0
1
x
AM
xa
lim g (x) = L
xa
PH
xa
T.
Ans: We have 1 cos x1 1 = x 2 x 2 cos x1 x 2 .

x0
D.
Moreover, lim (x 2 ) = lim x 2 = 0

x0
by Squeeze Theorem, limx0 x 2 cos x1 = 0.
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Infinite Limit
Ex: Prove that limx0
1
= .
|x|
then f (x) > M
AM
if 0 < |x a| <
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Def: Let a (b, c). Then lim f (x) = means that for arbitrary
xa
positive number M, there exists > 0 satisfying
PH
Ans: Let M be an arbitrary positive number . We need to find > 0 s.t.
T.
if 0 < |x| <
then
1
>M
|x|
D.
1
1
But |x|
> M |x| < 1/M. Therefore, we choose = M
, then clearly
we have
1
1
if 0 < |x| < =
then
> M,
M
|x|
finishing the proof.

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Infinite Limit
AM
Def: Let a (b, c). Then lim f (x) = means that for arbitrary
xa
negative number N, there exists > 0 satisfying
then
f (x) < N
D.
T.
PH
if 0 < |x a| <
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Exercises
2.3:
D.
T.
1, 2; 1925; 36, 37, 44.
PH
2.4:
AM
120; 3438; 46 48;
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Continuity
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Def: Let a (b, c) and let f be a function defined on (b, c). Function
f is continuous at a if
lim f (x) = f (a)
f (a)
D.
T.
f (x)
approaches
f (a)
PH
AM
xa
a
As x approaches a
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(
1x
Ex: Given f (x) =
x2
if x 1
if x > 1.
y
4
PH
AM
f (1) = 1 1 = 0
T.
D.
1
1
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Continuous functions
lim f (x) = lim+ x 2 = 1
x1+
x1
lim f (x) = lim+ (1 x) = 0
x1
x1
= lim f (x) does not exist

x1
f is NOT continuous at x = 1
x
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Def: Let f be a function defined on [a, c). Function f is continuous

from the right at a if
AM
lim f (x) = f (a)
PH
xa+
D.
T.
Def: Let f be a function defined on (b, a]. Function f is continuous

from the left at a if
lim f (x) = f (a)
xa
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if x 1
if x > 1.
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Ex: Consider again
(
1x
f (x) =
x2
Known: f is NOT continuous at

x =1
lim f (x) = 1; lim f (x) = 0;
AM
x1+
x1
PH
and f (1) = 0
T.
D.
1
1
lim f (x) = f (1)
x1
f is continuous from the left

at x = 1
lim f (x) 6= f (1)
x1+
f is NOT continuous from

the right at x = 1
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Continuous on intervals
AM
A function f is said to be continuous on an open interval (a, b) if it

is continuous at any point x (a, b),
D.
T.
PH
A function f is said to be continuous on an closed interval [a, b] if

it is continuous at any point x (a, b), and continuous from the
right at a and from the left at b.
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Continuous on intervals
Ex: Show that function f (x) = 1
1 x 2 is continuous on [1, 1].
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Ans:
Let 1 < a < 1. Then
Besides,
PH
= f is continuous at a.
AM
p
q
lim f (x) = lim (1 1 x 2 ) = 1 1 lim x 2
xa
xa
xa
p
2
= 1 1 a = f (a)
x1
D.
T.
p
q
lim + f (x) = lim + (1 1x 2 ) = 1 1 lim + x 2 = 1= f (1)
x1
x1
x1
p
q
2
lim f (x) = lim (1 1x ) = 1 1 lim x 2 = 1= f (1)
x1
x1
= f is continuous at 1 from the right and at 1 from the left.

f is continuous on [1, 1].
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f +g
f g
fg
f
if g (a) 6= 0
g
cf where c is a constant
Proof:
T.
D.
PH
AM
Theorem: If f and g are continuous at x = a. Then the following

functions are continuous at x = a:
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Theorem:
T.
PH
Any polynomial f (x) = an x n + . . . + a1 x + a0 is continuous on

(, )
g (x)
Any rational function f (x) =
, where g and h are polynomials,
h(x)
is continuous at wherever it is defined.
AM
D.
Proof:
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x 2 + 2x 3
x2 (x 3)(x + 3)
lim
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Ex: Find
Ans:
x 2 + 2x 3
is continuous at any point x 6= 3 and
(x 3)(x + 3)
AM
Function f (x)
PH
x 6= 3
D.
T.
= It is continuous at x = 2
x 2 + 2x 3
(2)2 + 2 (2) 3
= lim
= f (2) =
x2 (x 3)(x + 3)
(2 3)(2 + 3)
3
=
5
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Theorem: The following types of functions are continuous at every number in their domains:
polynomials
AM
rational functions
PH
root functions
trigonometric functions
T.
inverse trigonometric functions

exponential functions
D.
logarithmic functions
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Composition of continuous functions
PH
AM
Theorem: Let f be continuous at a and let g be continuous at f (a).

Then, the composition g f is continuous at a
D.
T.
Proof:
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The Intermediate Value Theorem
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Theorem: Let f : [a, b] R be continuous on [a, b]. Let be any

number between f (a) and f (b), where f (a) 6= f (b). Then, there exists a
c (a, b) such that f (c) = .
AM
y = f (x)
PH
f (b)
D.
T.
f (a)
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Ex: Prove that the equation x 3 x + 2 = 0 has a root between 2 and 0.

Ans:
AM
The function f (x) = x 3 x + 2 is continuous on [2, 0]. Moreover,

f (2) = 4 and f (0) = 2.
PH
Number 0 satisfies 2 < 0 < 2. By using Intermediate Value Theorem,

there is a c (2, 0) such that f (c) = 0 .
D.
T.
In other words, the equation: x 3 x + 2 = 0 has a solution c (2, 0).
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y = x3 x + 2
AM
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D.
T.
PH
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Exercises
2.5:
AM
16; 7, 9, 1012, 1520, 3132;
PH
35, 37, 38, 40, 42
D.
T.
4750; 55, 62, 63
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Limits at infinity
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GU
lim
1
y=
x
1
=
x
D.
T.
PH
AM
x
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Limit at Infinity
Def: Let f be a function defined on some interval (a, ). Then
lim f (x) = L
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GU
if for all > 0, there exists a number N such that
1
=0
x
|f (x) L| <
PH
Ex: Prove that lim
then
AM
if x > N
D.
T.
Ans:
Let > 0 be an arbitrary positive number.
We choose N = 1 > 0 . Then

1 1 1
1
if x > N = then = < = .
x
x
x N
Hence, limx 1/x = 0.
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Limit at Infinity
Def: Let f be a function defined on some interval (, a). Then
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lim f (x) = L
if for all > 0, there exists a number N such that

then
|f (x) L| <
PH
AM
if x < N

lim f (x) =
T.
D.
if for all positive number M, there exists a number N such that

if x > N
then
f (x) >
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Limit at Infinity

lim f (x) =
then f (x) > M
T.
PH
if x > N
AM
if for all positive number M, there exists a number N such that
D.
Remark: Note that similar definitions apply when we replace by .
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Horizontal Asymptote
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Def: The line y = L is called a horizontal asymptote of the curve y =

f (x) if either
lim f (x) = L or
lim f (x) = L
x
PH
x2 1
.
Ex: Consider y = 2
x +1
2
x 1
=
Since
lim 2
x x + 1
x2 1
lim 2
= 1, the
x x + 1
line y = 1 is a horizontal
asymptote of the curve.
AM
D.
T.
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Exercises
2.6:
AM
1, 3, 4, 11, 13, 14
PH
1530; 3744
D.
T.
53, 55, 57, 61, 68, 69, 71.
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Tangent line
y =
xQ a
(x a) + f (a)
f (xQ ) f (a)
xQ a
(x a) + f (a)
AM
y = f (x)
D.
T.
f (a)
f (xQ ) f (a)
y =
PH
f (xQ )
lim
xQ a
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xQ
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Tangent line
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Def: The tangent line to the curve y = f (x) at the point P(a, f (a)) is
the line through P with slope
f (x) f (a)
xa
x a
m = lim
AM
provided this limit exists.
PH
Ex: Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x 2 at the

point P(1, 1).
T.
Ans: The slope of the tangent line at the point P(1, 1) is
D.
f (x) f (1)
x2 1
= lim
= lim (x + 1) = 2
x1
x1 x 1
x1
x 1
m = lim
The tangent line is

y 1 = 2(x 1)
(y = 2x 1)
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Tangent line
y
D.
T.
PH
AM
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y = 2x 1
Graph of function f (x) = x 2

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Derivative
PH
AM
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Def: The derivative of a function f at a number x = a, denoted by f 0 (a),

is
f (x) f (a)
f 0 (a) = lim
xa
x a
if this limit exists
T.
Remark: The limit in the above definition can be replaced by
D.
f 0 (a) = lim
h0
f (a + h) f (a)
h
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Derivative
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Ex: Find the derivative of f (x) = x 2 + 2x + 3 at the number x = a
f (a + h) f (a)
h
(a + h)2 + 2(a + h) + 3 (a2 + 2a + 3)
= lim
h0
h
(a + h)2 a2 + 2h
(2a + h)h + 2h
= lim
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
= lim (2a + h + 2)
f 0 (a) = lim
D.
h0
T.
PH
AM
h0
= 2a + 2
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Derivative
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Corollary: The tangent line to to the curve y = f (x) at the point (a, f (a))
is given by
y f (a) = f 0 (a)(x a)
AM
Ex: Find an equation of the tangent line to the parabola y = x 2 + 2x + 3

at the point (0, 3)
PH
Ans: In the previous example, we have found that
T.
f 0 (a) = 2a + 2.
D.
Thus, f 0 (0) = 2. Applying the above corollary, the desired tangent line is
y 3 = 2(x 0) or
y = 2x + 3
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Rate of change
AM
and the correponding change in y is
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Given a function y = f (x), if the variable x change from x1 to x2 ,

then the change in x is
x = x2 x1
y
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
=
x
x2 x1
D.
T.
The difference quotient
PH
y = f (x2 ) f (x1 )
is called the average rate of change of y with respect to x over

the interval [x1 , x2 ]
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Rate of change
The instantaneous rate of change of y w.r.t. x at x = x1 is

instantaneous rate
of change
= lim
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
y
= lim
x2 x1
x
x2 x1
PH
AM
x0
Note here that
T.
f 0 (x1 ) = lim
y
f (x2 ) f (x1 )
= lim
x2 x1
x
x2 x1
D.
x0
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Exercises
AM
2.7:
D.
T.
PH
1, 38, 11, 13, 18, 21, 2530, 3138, 5152
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Derivative
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Def: Given f : D R, denote D := {x D such that f 0 (x) exists}.

The mapping
f 0 : D R
x 7 f 0 (x)
is a function of x and called the derivative of f
AM
Ex: Given f (x) = x 3 x. Find f 0 (x).
PH
Ans: We have
f (x + h) f (x)
(x + h)3 (x + h) (x 3 x)
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
h[(x + h)2 + (x + h)x + x 2 ] h
= lim
h0
h

2
= lim (x + h) + (x + h)x + x 2 1
D.
T.
f 0 (x) = lim
h0
2
= 3x 1
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Derivative
y
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y = 3x 2 1
D.
T.
PH
AM
y = x3 x
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Differentiable functions
AM
Def: A function f is differentiable at x = a if f 0 (a) exists.

It is differentiable
on an interval (a, b) or (, a) or (a, ) or

(, ) if it is differentiable at every point in the interval
PH
Remark: The following notations can be used to indicate the the

derivative of a function y = f (x) at the number x:
T.
df
d
dy
=
=
f (x) = Df (x) = Dx f (x)
dx
dx
dx
D.
f 0 (x) = y 0 =
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Ex: Determine when f (x) = |x| is differentiable?
AM
x > 0: then f (x) = |x| = x and for sufficiently small |h|, we have x + h > 0.
Thus
f (x + h)f (x)
|x + h| |x|
x + hx
f 0 (x) = lim
= lim
= lim
= lim 1= 1
h0
h0
h0
h0
h
h
h
PH
= f is differentiable on (0, )
D.
T.
x < 0: then f (x) = |x| = x and for sufficiently small |h|, we have
x + h < 0. Thus
|x + h| |x|
(x + h)(x)
f 0 (x) = lim
= lim
= lim (1)= 1
h0
h0
h0
h
h
= f is differentiable on (, 0)
September 30, 2014
55 / 59
-V
GU
Ex: Determine when f (x) = |x| is differentiable?

x = 0: then
h
f (0 + h)f (0)
|0 + h| |0|
= lim+ = lim+ 1= 1
lim
= lim+
h0 h
h0
h0+
h0
h
h
h0
f (0 + h)f (0)
|0 + h| |0|
h
= lim
= lim
= lim 1= 1
h
h
h
h0
h0
h0
PH
lim
AM
and
We note here that
D.
= limh0
f (0 + h)f (0)
f (0 + h)f (0)
6= lim
h
h
h0
T.
lim
h0+
f (0+h)f (0)
h
does not exist f is NOT differentiable at x = 0
Conclusion: f is differentiable in (, 0) (0, ).
September 30, 2014
56 / 59
Differentiability = continuity?
Theorem: If f is differentiable at a then f is continuous at a
Proof:
T.
PH
AM
Then
-V
GU
f (x) f (a)
exists ( = L )
xa
x a
f (x) f (a)

lim [f (x) f (a)] = lim
(x a)
xa
xa
x a
f (x) f (a)
= lim
lim (x a)
xa
xa
x a
= L 0 = 0.
f is differentiable at a = lim
lim f (x) = lim [f (x) f (a) + f (a)]
xa
D.
Thus,
xa
= lim [f (x) f (a)] + lim f (a)

xa
xa
= 0 + f (a) = f (a).
= f is continuous at a.
September 30, 2014
57 / 59
Higher derivatives
AM
Ex: Given f (x) = x 3 x. Find f 00 (x).
-V
GU
If f is a differentiable function, then f 0 is also function. If f 0 also has a derivative,

we then denote f 00 = (f 0 )0 , and f 00 is called the second derivative of f . We can

write
d 2f
d df
= 2
f 00 =
dx dx
dx
Ans: On slide 52, we have found that f 0 (x) = 3x 2 1. Thus
PH
f 0 (x + h) f 0 (x)
3(x + h)2 1 (3x 2 1)
= lim
h0
h0
h
h
3h(2x + h)
= lim [3(2x)]
= lim
h0
h0
h
= 6x
D.
T.
f 00 (x) = lim
Def: The third derivative f 000 is defined to be the derivative of f 00 , i.e., f 000 = (f 00 )0
and so on ...
September 30, 2014
58 / 59
-V
GU
Exercises
AM
2.8:
D.
T.
PH
1, 13, 17, 18, 1924, 31, 4546, 54
September 30, 2014
59 / 59

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Chapter 2: LIMIT and CONTINUITY

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

Fundamental Engineering Mathematics II for EEIT2014

Vietnamese German University

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Derivative and rate of change

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

We say: f converges to 5 as x goes to 3, and we write

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Def: Let f be a function defined on some open intervals that contains a,

if for every  > 0, there is a number > 0 such that

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

|(4x 5) 7| <  4 |x 3| < .

Proof: For any  > 0, there is = /4 satisfying that if

This conclude that lim (4x 5) = 7

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Hence, if 0 < |x 1| < = min{1/4, /3}, we have

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Left-hand and right-hand limits

Def: We say that

if for every  > 0, there is a > 0 such that

if for every  > 0, there is a > 0 such that

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Left-hand and right-hand limits

Guessing : Given  > 0, we need to find a > 0 satisfying

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

lim [f (x) + g (x)] = lim f (x) + lim g (x)

lim [f (x) g (x)] = lim f (x) lim g (x)

lim [f (x)g (x)] = lim f (x) lim g (x)

lim [cf (x)] = c lim f (x)

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

we assume further that lim f (x) 0

September 30, 2014

lim (3x 3 2x 2 + 10) = lim (3x 3 ) lim (2x 2 ) + lim 10

lim x 2 lim x + lim 3

September 30, 2014

Ans: Since f (x) = x 2 + 1 for all x 6= 2, we have

lim f (x) = lim (x 2 + 1)

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Ex: Evaluate lim

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Left-hand and right-hand limits

Theorem: lim f (x) = L

Ex: Prove that lim |x| = 0

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

Left-hand and right-hand limits

Ex: Prove that lim

Duong T. PHAM - EEIT2014

September 30, 2014

if for every > 0, there is a number > 0 such that

|(4x 5) 7| < 4 |x 3| < .

Proof: For any > 0, there is = /4 satisfying that if

Hence, if 0 < |x 1| < = min{1/4, /3}, we have

if for every > 0, there is a > 0 such that

if for every > 0, there is a > 0 such that

Guessing : Given > 0, we need to find a > 0 satisfying

lim f (x)=L 1 > 0 s.t. if 0 < |x a| < 1 then |f (x) L| < 0

lim g (x)=M 2 > 0 s.t. if 0 < |x a| < 2 then |g (x) M| < 0