UNIT 1 SYSTEMS OF LINEAR EQUATIONS

Structure
1.1 Introduction
Objectives

12 Linear Systems

1.3 ' Solving by Substitution

1.4 SolvingbyElimination '

1.1 INTRODUCTION
In the last unit we introduced you to polynomial equations in one variable. In this unit we will
start by considering linear equations in one or more variables. After that we shall consider
ways of obtaining common solutions for several such equations. We call a set of linear
equations a system of linear equations. Such systems of equations can arise while studying
many practical problems. These include studying oscillations, the flow of currents, migration
patterns, chemical contents of various solutions, input-output models of industrial production,
and so on. Therefole, it is important that you spend some time studying them.
The fust definite t r a c ~of systems of linear equations is found in Chui-chang Suan-shu, that is,
Nine Chapters on the Mathematical Art. This is an ancient Chinese mathematical text which
was probably written in 1100B.C. Much later, in the third century B.C., the Greeks used some
methods for solving certain systems of equations; Further notable developments in this area of
mathematics took place in the 17th century. The Japanese mathematician Seki Kowa (around
1683) contributed greatly to the theory of systems of linear equations. About the same t h e the
European mathematician Leibniz also discovered a method for solving systems of linear
equations. In the next century the mathematic& Gauss and Cramer published methods that
use the concepts of matrices and determinants for solving simultaneous equations.
In this unit we will discuss two methods for solving systems of linear equations. We will
explain the method due to Cramer in the next unit.
Let us now list the objectives of this unit.

Objectives
After studying this unit you should be able to :
obtain the solution set of a linear equations in one or more variables;
deftne a system of m linear equations in n unknowns;

apply the methods of substitution and elimination for solving simultaneous linear
equations;
choose the appropriate method, of the two methods discussed, for solving a given linear
Let us now start our discussion on linear equations.
I

Equation8 and Inequalities

1.2 LINEAR SYSTEMS
You know that the most general forin of a linear equation over in one variable x is ax + b = 0,
b
a, b E R, a # 0. You also know that this has a unique solution, namely, x = - - .
a
Now, can you think of a linear equation in two variables? What about 2x + 5y + 5 = O?
According to the following definition, it is linear in two variables.
Definition: A linear equation in two variables x and y is an equation whi~hcan be written as

where a, b, c E R and a and b are not both zero.

For example,
1
- x + - y = 0, x = 25 and 2s - 4t = 2 are linear equations in two variables.
2
What about xy = 1, the equation of a hyperbola? Is it a linear equation in 2 variables? It is not,
since x and y are both variables; and hence, it is not of the form

Try the following exercises now.

E 1) Which of the following equations are linear in 2 variables? Can you explain why ?

c) J; + v = 2, where u and v are variables.

E 2)"Every linear equation in one variable is also a linear equation in two variables." Is this
statement true? Why or why not?

Now, what would any solution of the linear equation 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 look like? It would consist
of an ordered pair of real numbers say (a, b), such that 2a + 3b + 1 = 0.For example, (1, - 1) is a
solution, since 2(1) + 3(Ll)+ 1 = 0.
You can check that (i*
i)
- ad
1
(-0) are also solutions.
19

In fact, the given equation has infinitely m h y solutions given by (X* - ( 2 i + I)) ,as x varies
in R. How do we get this general form of the solution? We can rewrite the equation as
- (2x + 1)
Y' . Then, for any value that we give to x ,say x = a, we get a corresponding value
3
- (2a + 1)
3
for y. T ~ U S(al *
, - (2: + I)) is a solution a E R ~ o t thate the solution set is a
subset of It2.

Now, we could also have rewinen 2x + 3y + 1 = 0 as x = - '3Y + I) . hen the solution set
2

would have been {(-(3i + P Y) Y E R} .Are the two solution sets different? Not at all. If

hecause from - (3y + 1) = r: we get - (2x + 1)

T = v throu~hsuitable arithmetic owrations.
This shows us that we can either obtain the solution set in terms of x or in terms of y. Systems o f Linear Equations

Now, consider the equation x - 2 = 0 as a linear equation in two variables. What is its solution
set? Whatever value y takes, x will always have to be 2. Thus, the solution set is
((2, y) 1 y E R) . It is the set of all points on the line x - 2 = 0 (Fig. 1). In fact,

any linear equation in 2 variables can be geometrically represented by a straight line in the
~y-~lane.

Now let us define a linear equation i n n variables, where n E N.

Definition: A linear equation over R in n variables x,, x,, ..., x,, has the general f o m

a l x l +a2x2+...+a,,xn+b=0. Fig. 1 : x = 2

where a,, a,, .........,a,,, b E R and not all of a , , a,, ........a, equal zero.

Thus, 2x + 3y = 1 l z is a linear equation in 3 variables x, y and z. What does a solution of this

look like? It will be ordered triple of real numbers that satisfies the equation. For example,
(0,0,0) and (22,0,4) are solutions. But, (I, 1, 1) is not a solution.

Let us see what a solution of general linear equation looks like.

Definition: An n-tuple (b,, b,, ......, b,,) in R"is called a solution of the linear equation
alxl + a2x2+ ...+ allxll= b, if

h;b, + a 2 b 2 +...+ anb,,=b.

In this case we also say that x, = b,, x, = b,, ....., xn = bn satisfy the linear equation.
Note that the first element of the n-tuple is substituted for the first variable, the second for the
second variable, and so on.

Remember that a linear equation in two or more variables has infinitely many solutions.
In general, m linear equations in n variables has infinitely many solutions, if m < n.

Now why don't you see if you have absorbed what we have done so far.

E 3) Which of the following are solutions of 3x - 2y + 5z = 80?

E 4) Find the solution set of x = y. Also give its geometrical representation.

Studying only one linear equation at a time has been found inadequate for interpreting and
solving real-world problems mathematically. The mathematical models of many problems
consist of a set of several linear equations which need to be solved at the same time. For
example, suppose the Indian Government has to suddenly send supplies of blood, medical kits,
food and water to a quake-hit area. It knows the volume and weight of each unit of these items.
It also knows that each aeroplane can take a maximum capacity of 600 cubic nietres and q
maximum weight of 20,000 Kg. These facts, put together, lead to the two equations

where x,, x2, x,, x4denote the number of containers ofblood, medical kits, food and water
respectively. We need to find common solutions to both these equations so as to get the
amounts that can be sent. In other words, we need to solve these equations simultaneously.
That is why we call such a set of equations simultaneous lines! equations.

Definition: Any finite set of linear equations is called a system of linear equations, or a linear
system, or simultaneous linear equations.
Equations and Inequalities
You have just seen one example involving emergency airlifting. For another example, consider
the three equations.
I

They forma ~inear's~stem.

This system is the mathematical formulation of the following
problem:
A company produces 3 products, each of which must be processed through 3 divisions, A, B,
and C. The number of hours taken by each unit of the product in each division, and the total
number of hours available for production each week is given in Table 1
Table 1
-

Product Total number of

Division
1 2 3 hours per week

A 2 3.5 3 1200
B 3 2.5 2 1150
C 4 3 2 1400

What is the number of units of each product that should be produced so as to exhaust the
weekly capacities of the 3 divisions?
How is the system(1) obtained from this problem? Well, if x, y andz denote the number of
units of each product, we get the system (1).
ln the following exercises you can see some more examples of linear systems arising from
practical problems.

. E 5) A dietitian is planning a noon meal for school children. It consists of 3 food types. He
wants to ensure that the minimum daily requirements (MDR) for 4 vitamins are satisfied.
In Table 2 we summarise the vitamin content per unit of each food type in milligrams, and
we give the MDR.
Table 2

Vitamin contentiunit
(in mg.)
Food 5 p e v, vz v, v4

1 3 1 0 1
2 5 7 2 6
3 b 2 3 0 2
MDR 55 45 10 45

What is the mathematical formulation of this problem?

E 6) Thirty litres of a 50% alcohol solution are to be made by mixing 70% solution and 20%
solution. We want to know how many litres of each solution should be used. Translate the
problem into a linear system.

Let us now discuss what the set of solutions of a system of linear equations looks like.
Consider the following liear system in one variable:
 - 2 - . , (4 , .
where a, b, c, 32, a # 0'; 0. . )' 9,

This will have a solution if and only if the two equation@ave a,cpmmonsolution, that is, ,

b d b d
iff- - = - - .And the%-i = - '(or - ) is the uniq* solutim.
a c a . . c < ..a
- *
- I < ,

I '
F
For example, the systerp 1

x+l =o
3x+3 * o
i' 5

" - ,. 1
..--
has the.l.lnique s o h t i ~'k
n 7 1, whik tbesystem t
b
3x 0 I

2x+5 =O
I, I

has no solution.
. . I . , -
Now consider the !ystem
- x+2y=5
. , x+y=3 I
From the second equation we get y = 3 - x. substihtinikii value in the first equation we get
5,.

. .(* '"
* :....(2)

, > -" ' ,-#',

I
Theny=3-i=2 ' ' '

So, (2) has a solution, namely, x = 1 and y = 2, that is, the ordered pair (l,2).
Now, recall that the solutions of a linear equation in two variables correspond to the points on
the line representing h e equation. Thus, the solutions of (2) would correspond to the points
of intersection of the two lines representing the two equations. From Fig. 2(a) you can see that
they intersect in only one point, namely, (1,2). Thus,(2) has a unique solution.

(a) (b) (c)

,%" -,.I!?&L~- ~ ~ & ~ - d k ~n s : . ~ ~ 1
.(c) n~ y e t i o n . .
I L
Now consider the system
x+2y=5 a 1
*-- -- .2* y4ygm --j e n " - . ."- - -
: -.!"31 8 " + , "
... ;! t .'
fr; [ fi ;p a

YOUean&ck?hat-farany FR&=oidered pair (3 - fy,j.7 is a sblution of (3). Thbs, his

*systemhas infinitely many solutions.
Geometrically, since both the equations of (3) are multiples of eachother, they represent the
same line in the plane (see Fig. 2Cb)). Thus, every point on the line is a common point. Hence
the system (3) has infmitely my'conimon points. >: , 4 , ,,'8 .-,

Finally, consider the system /'

nj - .tf, . , 1
3 3. ,~<,:bk+,ym&

x+y=4 3
::y!j air! :; :dt <j4,,t~:,;<,iilt'
r , 1 : ' 1

....(4)
'

i '1
 Equations a d InequaJities* YOUcan see that this system of equations has no solution, since any sohtion would lead to
the false statement 3 = 4.
Geometrically, the two equations of (4) represent distinct parallel lines (see Fig. 2(c)).
Thus, they have no point of intersection.
So you have seen three situatidns, riahelp,

3 a linear system can have a unique solution, or

ii) a linear system can have infinitely many solutions, or

6) a linear system can have no solution.

Innfact,these are the only situations possible fix my system of linear equations. We shall not
. prove this statement here.
Now let us go back to a general linear system. We give the following definition.
4

Definition: If a systenl of linear equations has a soiution, we call it consiste~~t;

otherwise we
call itinconsistent.
I
Thus, (2) and (3) are consistent systems, while (4) is not.
Why don't you try the lollwin exercise now?
\, , P:

E 7) Give the geometrical view'dthe following system of equations. Hence find out which of
them are consistent. ,
a). x + y = 3 I

I
x=i,
11' , '
1 8 y"Q3 . '_ c 7 6

3 <. .
b) x + y = 2
2xi2y=10
.
x=y
c) Z x + y = O
I

3x-~=O
x-y=O
d) x = 3 i-
.
y=4 I

.
*Nowlet us discuss a method of solving a kystem of linear equations.

1.3 SOLVING BY SUBSTITUTION I -

9
Let us consider the following system of linear equations in one variable:

3%+'5=d
6x+10=0
,

I .:............(5) ,

10 get , ,
I
5
3
-
From the first equation, we get x - - . Substituting this value of x in the second equation, we
.,
- 5 + 5 = 0, a true statement. I . Systems

5
Thus, the equations in (5) are consistent. and the unique solution is x = - - . The method we
3
have just used for solving (5) is called Ge substitution method.
Let us see how this method can be used for solving linear systems in two variables.
Consider the system
2x+y=7
5x+3y=18 .....(6)

We want to solve the equations in (6) simultaneously, that is, at the same time, by substitutiw.
For this we first write one variable in terms of the other by using either of the equations. We
will use the first oneto write y in terms of x, as y = 7 - 2x.
-
Then we substitute this value of y in the second equation, to get 5x + 3 (7 2x) A 18, thau is,
21 -x= 18.
/

This gives x = 3.
Substituting this value of x in y = 7 - 2x, we get y = 1.
But, is (3, 1) a solution? We kust double check by substituting these values i ~ ( 6 )We . get
2 x 3 + 1 x 1 = 7, which is m e , and (5 x 3) + (3 x 1) = 18, which is true. Thus, the system (6) has
the unique solution (3, 1).
18 -3y
We can also solve (6) by using the second equation to write x = -'
5
. Then
18 - 3y
substituting in the fist equation, we get 2 (-;3-)
+ f = 7, giving y = I.
\
. .
18-3y 18-(3x1)
And then x = -- = 3.
5 5

To get some practice in solving by substitution, try the following problems.

, I

E 8) Find solutions (if any) of the following sets of simultaneous equations by the substitution
method.
a) x + y = - 2
y=3

The sul>stitutiohmethod that wehave employed for two"equations in two unknowns can also
be extended for solving several equations in several unknowns. But it becomes more and more
difficult.to apply as the number of equations and variables increase. In the next section we will
 f
VW. ~4 u~ W SI . I'
,. .--.---.-----..--..- --7
1.4 SOLVING BY ELIMINATION
sdlving s i m u ~ dtinem
Thk~fncrthddi~f l ~ cg~ra&h$.isrdrPeto.the p a t Ghrman r : 1

mathematician Carl Friedrich G w s 1,4777- 1855). Qecauseof his impense contribytion to the
'i ' c 'I
> . el,
developmsnt of mathematics, hd ~~%o~h~ki&~'~'prince';bf
'ix
$atfiernatic$?ii inetlio'dbf :

me$od we use multiplication add addition to,eliminatethe variables, one by wg,fraptb&.' -I

'i
equations. At each stage we transform the system of equations into an equivalent one.
.
' . '> :*\#''
\
\. - - Any of the foll6wing tramformWions are allowed:
. i3-4:.:.> ;
L

I
'
-;-
*
.
.

.
- .F L -
,,
--
Y
P

: *-
-99-44
t 1) q,habogingthe
ib'14.sJ , .
order of the equations of t)le system;
i

2) ' d h l ~ ~ @ ~ ~ & @ g f & f ~ ~ ~~k~ sysmrn~by

I' ,

~ & f maimxr&%
e q & i ~la nawarc~
, rr . I , - .
.
..
(
I , .
Fig. 3 : Gauss in 1803
a-- L I , , - r ' 6, <, ..,>. .- J

-
3) replacing an equation'by thk sum of that equation and a non-zero multiple of another '
&,A in-tht"sp&&., ' ' . ' 2 ' ." ,'.
) ., . t , ' .'; " < ,: < @

Two systems of equatrons are

equivalent if they have the ..
same solution set. Let's work out a simple example, using this method. Consider the system
2 %

x+2y + x = 4 ...(7)
. * I
3x-y-4z=-9 , !:.(@,

Now let us eliminafey from (7)'hnd (8).For Sis we add(7)m Zrimes (8). We get " '..

Dividing throughout by 7, we gtt

Substitutingthis value of z in (111)we get

- x = - 2 + 1=-1.
I .

'L
(1

Substitutingx =- 1, z = 1 in (9),we get

y=2. - <

We must verify if the ordered triple (- 1,2,1) satisfies all three equations.
On substituting this triple in each of the equations, we find that it is indeed the solution.
*
whenever we use this method, or any method for solving a linear system we must keep the
, c
following remarks*mi n d .
Remark 1: wenever we solve an equation or a system of equations, we must'trhVhysZvefify
our solution. I

I
4 ' .,.
.' ' Remark 2: m i l e solving a linbar
. . system, if &eiei&a false.statement, it rnegns
d , . ,.the ' ..
that
... . !'. <
system:.h k n o solution.
\ . - ".
! 1 .' . ., s
,
Now why don't you try to solve some linearsystems.
 E 10) Solve system that you got in E5, by elimination.
,l ,b;r'..: . .* !

- E 1 1) D ~ r ~ n n i nby
e , elirnhtiion, thesolution set of the system

' ~
. * ;

In E 10 and E 11 you came naross system in which the humber of equations wps;ipdre &n the
number of variables. In such a situation also the system can havea uniqie solbtion: infmitely
many s~lutionsor no solurion.
.") '11
y i scti~ttor
not ~ ~ ~ . ~ q ~ , ~ + t i R p r ; ~ ~ j. ..f , r iywimW , itwill
b q . kt w v ~ z
, , . so/?j?~np.~!;;.::i3;>Ii), .(.;: F;yj? .$,. ?! :; ;<.: ; ( f A ;ii, .:i,, ::: .,:>> ::.L,,: : :.," .., ..,!;: ,:.: ::j;)~:,,::. 5 , . : , ,*.. , :y.

,r ,&'.<)Ji$;;:.;1 .,. t i r . , '. ?+*,I.

.>.
.
-:.I:.,..*. ,?..;
. . , . .. , .,,? , ..3 * 3 , , , ?<::?::.;\ ,;:, ?: ~ . . ,f d'
Let us consider the folI6Umg e~a&"l&""'~'" " '" '*' .

w e can't eliilinate any myc( 1 1v, ~ p a;;:.::.::.

y eks a? -l, Cq; e;. p k y i,e. q, (mypd.?$$/J+~.nd4hq,yrn. :
,:!,d*~ 3 .A-,. 1

systemwill only end in reuiirducing x.lnstead, we use (11)to.write y in terms of z.

q ; , : ; , , . ,, , . : . . :: ; , ? .- . : ! ;
.
. 2 2'

For example, when z = 0 we ger a solution Gii, 4,&)ymd wben.~%;t

we~get:acWtibnf, I ;&. ' '

('
, 5' 9'
5
, given ~AMSW
1) and so on. ~ h u sthe ~31Witifii!fj%ari$ &liihai& '' '- '

5 -22 20- 32
w e say thsi the y ~ i i s ~ p r M t r a q r R B ~a a ~ b r

f i : : , . A ; , ,. . .....
r ~ t r i , . ! '- ,,:-*i
\.- . j ; ; , , , j o. ; ; ;i 1
.
..,<4.).!;j;ylr,!i, +:.: ,, > 3 -<. ,
??, .i;i:2[f,[ ;: ,!', :; - ;> , s j t'! .;: <.,;
Now consider the systern
..
!,l2~
,?<,[i ;.;i i; q ( j ; :;..,, y;.;::!!
!,!;it-;i r;j:L , fi , .: i.:.
:.; ..,,,. : i.:..:, !
. );
.
...(IS)< ,:
. : i , " . - . , - . v ;,,-,Ls, s, ' >: >, , , -

. ,-xI2jt+~.-l . .
x+2y+z=-1 ...(16)
:A 3 # 8 '
15)7 (16) s 0 = 2, a false stater,nent.
, .~ ' .. . ,, - , - 70,. . ,' If. r T j < * , . * y : ~t = *.* t
 EqlPations rod ~ ~ g u a ~ i t i e sNOW why don't you practicBthe elimination method some more?

E 12) Solve the system you got in E6, if it is consistent. .

'

E 13) Solve the system (1) that we gave at the beginning of Sec. 4.2.
E 14) Solve the system

E 15) Solve the systems

a) x + y + z = O
y+2z .=3
-. i C.

b) x + y + z = O
4 y+2z =3
, z =4
6

So f a wk have discussed two methods of solving lineai systems.'In the next unit we will
consider yet another method, which is specifically meant f ~a rsystem of linear equations in
which the nuinber of equations is the same as the number of unknowns.
r
Let us now sumparise what wu have covered in this unit.
I

1.5 SUMMARY
I.

In this unit we have discussed systems of linear equations. In pa&u~ar yoli studied

1) what a linear system is andkow it can arise from practical problems.

2) that a linear system can have a unique solution, infmitely many solutions or no solution.
3) the substitution method for solving "small" linear systems simultaneously.
4) the Gaussian elimination method, which is the methog that is the most widelyped.
.We hope that have tried all the exercises in the unit. You may like to see what out . 1
solutions t 0 . b are. a

1.6 SOLUTIONS/ANSWERS '

, E 1) (a) is not, since the quadratic term xy occurs in it.

.
4. YA (b) is not, since the quadratic:&Iy2 occurrs in i t
(c) is not; in fact, it is not even a polynomial equation.
-
(d)ds linear, sioce it k equiWalent to the linear equation 3x + 2y 4 =6.
-4
E 2) It is true because any linear equation in one variable is ax + b = 0, a c O . This is ecpivalent'
to ax + 0 y + b = 0, a # 0, which is linear in two variables. i

/O
)
X
E 3) (b) and (d) are, (a) e R -
', and hence can't be a solution. (c) is not, shce 3(2) 2(3) + 5(11
I
i
I
. 80.
 E 5) Let, x, y, z d&te the units of each food type.Then Systems of-Llnear Equptlons
3x+5y+2z =55
x+7y+3z =45 >
2y 110'
x+6y+2z =45 -1

, E 6) Say, we take x litres of the 70% solution and )Ilitres of the 20% solution to make 30 litres of
the 50% solution. . s

'O 20
Then -X+-y=-X 30 3 7x + 2y = 150.
100 100 100
Also x + y = 30.
FIE. 5 : An laconsistent
Thus, the problem reduces to solving the linear system . system,

?x+2y=150 ' YA
x+y=30 \

E 7)a) From Fig. 5 you can see that there is no point common to all three lines. Hence the
system is inconsisient.

b) We have given the geometrical representation of this system in Fig. 6. Again, you can \
see that the system is inconsistent. , k
a

C) In Fig. 7 you can see tharthe three lines have a unique point of intersection, namely,
'
(0,O). Thus, the system has the unique solution (0,O).
, \ b
X
Fig. 6 : An inconsistent
d) From Fig. 8 you can see that this system has the unique solution (3.4). aystem

E 8) a) The wand equation says y = 3. Substituting this value in the first equation,
wegetx+3=-2*x=-5. ,

. :. (- 5,3) is the golution.

, b) a + 3 b = 13 *a= 13-3b. *, r .

;. 3a+7b=33*3(13-3b)+7b=33*2b=6?b-3. b
;. a = 13-3(3)=4. X
:. (4,3) is the solution.
c) .2s+t=20&t=20-2s . .
65
2s-5t=30*2sT5(20-2s)=30*s- -
6 .
I

,
. .Fig. 7 :

- . (q - $1
, is the solution.

Note that the second equation is equivalent to the fmt one. Thus, any solution .
of the sysfem is a solution of x + y = 2.
'.
Thus, for any value of x E R, (x, 2 - x) is a solution. For example; (0,2) is a solution.
'
This system has id3nitely many solutions.
e) 3x=y+S*y=3x-S Fig. 8 :
;. 9 + y = 3 ~ * 9 + 3 ~ - 5 = 3 ~ ~ 4 = 0 , a f a l s e s t a t e m e n t .
This the system is inconsistent.
E9) a) 2 x + y + ~ = 9 ii7)
-x-y+z =1 , ...( 1s) .
~x-Y+z=~ , . ....(19) . .

To eliminate y we add (17) and(l8). We get . -

 .,
TOeliminate z wc subtract ( ~ $ j
ifd&-(ig) Gt- gtt ,c. ?#, . : ! > h ; ! i ,-?.{?*!*

.
-
?
>, l. ::-ti
4x=8,thatis,x=2. :t 2
.,r,,,
Substituting this valve of x in (ZO), we get I , .
r :

2~=10-2=8*~=4. 't .. '* . f

Then (17) gives us x

.
-1 3~

+ *I
4$2)+y+4&4..9*l;'y%1: ' I' I ' I 2.0 I '

Thus, (2.1.4) is the solution. (Verify this!)

. ,
.. ,. ,',!,>.:;j, j;>:; ;,:f.,:,,L.,'? >.:. 'i" :. '?
, , ,, . -$

.I , > ' L ).T , * % $ '%-

Now we need to check if (f5,5,0) satisfies all the equations in the system. It
doesn't satis@ (11). But our calculations have been right
1 t , 1'"

' Conclusion: the system io'&cons;itent!

The dietitian will have' to qlter his constraints!
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E 12)The system is
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7x+2y7 =I50 3 ; , . *

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x + y =30. , . =- --
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It has a uniquesolution, &ly, (18,'12$
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b) (1, - 5,4) is & h i q q solution. :i ,C

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