CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

1.1

PROJECT DESCRIPTION

The architect drawing of Moot Court and Faculty of Law and a topography drawing of
UKM is given. In this project, we as civil engineers need to check for the contour level
and determine the most suitable location to place our building.

Figure 1.1 Topography map given.

Figure 1.2: The given site layout for SMV Tanjung Piai

1.2

PROJECT SITE

1.2.1

Site Selection

Figure 1.3: Site location

(view from contour level)

Figure 1.4: Site location

(sources from Google map)

1.2.2

Site Description

The under developing site is situated at a hilly area and the surrounding is covered by
forest. The highest level of the hill in the area we proposed is about 45m while the lowest
level of the hill is less than 30m. The site location that has chosen by us to begin the
proposed project is not very steep and suitable to build building on there. The condition of
the land is good compare to other area.
This site was chosen because of its location in the university area. This is to
facilitate students and enable students to move to the faculties and colleges smoothly.
This location is close to the existing road which is near the laboratories of Civil and
Structural Engineering Department.

1.3

PROJECT LAYOUT

The followings are the building and the facilities available in Moot Court and FUU:
Building/ Facilities
Moot Court
Canteen
Academic Building
TNB Station
Mechanical Sewerage Treatment Plant
Water Pump House

Figure 1.7: Layout of building

1.4

SCOPE OF WORK
4

In the design of the proposed project, works to be determined are as follow:

Overall layout of the project showing various platform levels

Limit of earthworks (cut and fill areas) including determination of cut and fill
volumes

Access road to site from existing road

Parking lots

Proposed temporary/permanent drain layout and location of sedimentation

pond/OSD tanks

Source of water supply and pipe reticulation layout

Proposed sewerage layout and location of STP

Slope / retaining structures design and drawings

CHAPTER II

EARTHWORK

2.1

INTRODUCTION

Earthworks are engineering works created through the moving or processing of parts of
the earth's surface involving quantities of soil or unformed rock. The earth may be moved
to another location and formed into a desired shape for a purpose. Most of earthworks
involves machine excavation and fill or backfill. The earth may be formed into a desired
shape for a purpose. The purposes of earthwork are the creation of engineering works
from the soil (such as dams, railroads, highways, canals, channels, and trenches), the
laying of foundations for buildings and structures which are erected from other materials
and the levelling of areas under development for building.
2.2

PLATFORM LEVEL

To ensure environmental sustainability in this project, level platform selection is very

important. Preferably the selected platform level values will result in a total value cut and
fill value slightly and balanced. Determining the platform level value is also important
because it is a fundamental parameter in calculating the cost of earthworks in a project.

In this project, we determine the platform level value closer to the ground level to
preserve the environment. First of all, we define the road level. This value is calculated
from the existing highway using slope limit of 6%. After completing calculating the road
level at all points in the project area, then we determine the platform level value.
The platform level selected is higher than the road level. This is because to
prevent water from entering the building. In this project, there are several levels that are
staggered. We did it to ensure sustainable development in the area. After we got all the
values needed, then we started to calculate the cut and fill value.
2.3

CUT AND FILL

Cut and fill is the process of constructing a railway, road or canal whereby the amount of
material

from cut

roughly

matches

the

amount

of

fill

needed

to

make

nearby embankments, so minimizing the amount of construction labor.

Cut slopes are rarely created greater than a slope of two to one (horizontal to
vertical dimensions). Cut sections of roadway or rail are characterized by the roadway
being lower in elevation than the surrounding terrain. From an operational standpoint
there are unique environmental effects associated with cut sections of roadway. For
example, air pollutants can concentrate in the 'valleys' created by the cut section.
Conversely, noise pollution is mitigated by cut sections since an effective blockage of line
of sight sound propagation is created by the depressed roadway design.

Fill sections manifest as elevated sections of a roadway or trackbed.

Environmental effects of fill sections are typically favorable with respect to air pollution
dispersal, but in the matter of sound propagation, exposure of nearby residents is
generally increased, since sound walls and other forms of sound path blockage are less
effective in this geometry. There are a variety of reasons for creating fills, among them
7

reduction of grade along a route or elevation of the route above water, swampy ground, or
areas where snow drifts frequently collect. Fills can also be used to cover tree stumps,
rocks, or unstable soil, in which case material with a higher bearing capacity is placed on
top of the obstacle in order to carry the weight of the roadway or railway and reduce
differential settlement.

Figure 1.1: A mass haul diagram where land and rock cuts are hauled to fills.
2.3.1

Cut and Fill Calculation

On construction projects it is often necessary to modify the existing ground levels to

create platforms to build on. Accurately calculating the volumes of soil that must be
removed (cut) or added (fill) to create the final ground levels is an essential part of the
planning process. There are three of the most common methods to estimate cut and fill
volumes.
2.3.1.1 Grid Method
Firstly, draw a uniform grid onto a plan of the earthworks project, and taking off the
existing and proposed ground levels at each node of the grid. The cut or fill depth for each
cell is found by subtracting the average existing level of the cell from the average
proposed level.(positive value represented fill cell while negative value represented cut
8

cell). With these values the average depth of cut or fill required on each cell of the grid is
calculated, and the volume for each cell is obtained by multiplying the depth by the cell
area. Then the total cut and fill volumes can be estimated by sum up the volumes for each
cell.

Figure 1.2: Example of Grid Method

Advantages of the grid method are that the basis of the estimate can be fully
summarised on the site drawings, which presents a very clear summary of the calculations
for others to check.
2.3.1.2 Cross Section Method
By using AutoCAD, we can produce the land profile which will allow us to view the
existing ground level, proposed level and chainage. Depth of cut and fill for a particular
section can be shown. For each of the cross section, the area of cutting and filling is
determined. The volume between each pair of sections is estimated by multiplying the
area of cut or fill area of the two sections by the distance between them. In order to
compute the cross section method, the minimum section required is two.
The advantages of this method is that cross sections are generated in the process.
These provide a useful visual summary of the estimation, which present the cut and fill
depths across the project in a very clear way.

Figure 2.6: Land profile show by using AutoCAD.

10

Figure 2.7: Using spread sheet to calculate the area and volume of cut and fill (by cross
section method.

2.4

BOUNDRY AREA OF ROJECT

The boundaries of a project generally identify what is included within project work.
Project boundaries identification helps clearly understand where the project starts and
ends.
2.4.1

Construction Boundary Fencing

Alternative Names: Construction Footprint Management

Description
Construction boundary fencing is used temporarily on construction sites to mark the
limits of clearing and grading and to define areas which must be protected. Construction
boundary fencing contains and minimizes disturbed areas, protects trees and vegetation,
and prevents encroachment into SEZ or other sensitive areas. Construction boundary
fencing is not property boundary fencing, but marks the perimeter of the construction
disturbance area.

11

Applicability

Suitable for all construction sites where clearing and excavating can result in

significant soil disturbance.

Especially important in the presence of SEZ and steep sites.

Advantages

Contains and minimizes the amount of land disturbed by construction activities.

Prevents damage to adjacent properties.
Protects vegetation and soil, which avoids or minimizes costs for mitigation and/or
restoration.

Disadvantages

May create physical obstructions to construction activity.

Design Considerations

An on-site pre-construction meeting with inspectors and construction personnel is

necessary to clearly determine the boundaries of the construction area.

Generally confine construction project areas to within 12 feet of the footprint of

structures. However, additional area may be approved by the permitting agency.

Ensure that construction boundary fencing clearly demarcates areas of construction

activity, construction traffic and parking, and stock and/or spoil piles.
Protect and mark trees and other vegetation that are not designated and approved for
removal. (Refer to Section 4.5-e, Vegetation Protection). This may include vegetation

or tree pockets within the construction boundary fencing.

Place construction boundary fencing to exclude and prevent disturbance in SEZs,

backshores, and other sensitive areas.

Make maximum use of natural barriers, such as rock outcrops.
Use the network of driveways and parking areas in the plans for construction traffic.
Treat with gravel or stone mulch if currently unpaved.
12

Locate stock piles where they will not cause obstruction and can remain in place until
required.

Installation

Ensure that construction boundary fencing is at least 48 inches high. Use plastic

orange fencing or metal mesh and attach firmly to metal posts.

Do not nail, staple, wire, or wrap construction boundary fences around trees or

vegetation.
Do not place or stockpile materials or drive vehicles in those areas protected by the

construction boundary fencing.

Remove the boundary fencing once all construction activity has been completed.

Inspection And Maintenance

Inspect and maintain boundary fencing daily, especially during clearing and grading

operations.
On construction sites where construction boundary fencing consistently fails to be
effective, install a more resilient fence (e.g. high gauge metal fencing), or as required

by the permitting and inspection agency.

Maintaining a functional construction boundary fence requires the understanding and

cooperation of all construction personnel and inspectors.

Construction boundary fencing may need extra maintenance due to snow loading
compaction.

2.5 SLOPE PROTECTION

Slope protection structures help to stabilize the slope, to reduce the velocity of surface
runoff and raindrop impact, to prevent erosion as well as last a lifetime in protecting
surrounding properties from damage and people from injury if they are maintained in a
good and functional condition at all times. Various type of slope failures such as
13

landslide, debris flow and embankment failure occur frequently in Malaysia along these
road and its vicinity. Proper procedure of slope protection should be applied for planning
and designing slope protection methods.
The code and guidelines using in this project are:
1. Guidelines for Slope Design JKR 21500-0011-10
2. BS 5930 Code of Practice for Site Investigation
3. BS 6031 Code of Practice for Earthworks
2.5.1

Protection and treatment to Earth-filled slope

Where a slope is to be stabilized to eliminate possible flow-slide, the surface layers

should be stripped to a vertical depth not less than 3m and replaced it with dry and well
compacted fill.
A drainage system is also required between old and re-compacted fill to prevent
development of water pressure behind the filled zone. If it is possible, try to reform the
profile of the slope to a safe angle which is determined by mathematic analysis.Protection
to slope by rigid surface Rigid surface protection on slopes are commonly used to reduce
rainwater infiltration and to prevent erosion of the slopeforming materials. This can be
done by:

Chunam plastering this is an applied-on surface protection to slope using a clay

and cement

mixed plaster. Thickness of the plaster is around 40mm to 50mm for

permanent works.
Sprayed concrete (shotcrete) protection by applying a spraying mortar onto

surface of slope.
Masonry or stone pitching lay stone rubble or block (with filter layer underneath)
onto surface to protect slope from weathering

14

In general, rigid surface may create a very awkward appearance. Besides, the
surface is highly impermeable thus weep holes are required for draining out of the ground
water to avoid the development of high water pressure behind the slope
2.5.2

Protection and treatment to Rock Slope

Most rock slopes need some forms of treatment to ensure continued stability.
Improvement methods include:
1. Scaling loose blocks or boulders to be removed from exposed rock surfaces, this
is usually done by manual method.
2. Construct buttress support this is concrete or masonry gravity structure use to
retain the unstable rock mass
3. Dentition exposed soft material in a rock face be trimmed back. The resulting
slot be filled with filter material and protected by masonry or concrete to prevent
erosion.Protection and treatment to Rock Slope
4. Sprayed concrete apply concrete protection to zones of weak or highly
fractured rock faces by spray-on method.
5. Dowel a hole is drilled and provide untensioned steel bars, usually 25mm to
35mm dia. and 1m to 3m long, to stabilize a weak rock zone. The hole would be
grouted afterward.
6. Rock bolt/nail this is tensioned bar inserted into rock forming a short anchorage
zone in rock so that an unstable slope area being reinforced by tension. Typical
rock bolts are 25mm to 40mm in dia. 3m to 6m long, and have a tensile workign
load around 100kN.

15

CHAPTER III

ROAD CONNECTION

3.1

INTRODUCTION

Building road connectivity is important for any construction. Road connectivity should be
planned well to ensure any construction can run smoothly. It also important for the road
connection to the facilities after the construction is finish is well planned. The efficiency
of the project is affected by the proper planning of access roads to the site and within the
site. The better planning will result in the smooth flow of entry and exit of vehicles.
3.2

ROAD STANDARDS

By referring to Arahan Teknik (Jalan) 8/86 published by Road Branch, Department of

Public Works Malaysia, the geometric of all roads need to be standardised for the
following reasons:1. To provide a uniformity the design of roads according to their performance
requirements.
2. To provide a consistent, safe and reliable road facilities for movement of traffic.
3. To provide a guide for less subjective decisions on road design.

16

The design standard is classified into seven groups (R6,R5, R4,R3,R2,:R1 & R1a)
for rural areas and into seven groups (U6,U5,U4,it3,U'2,U1,& Uta)for urban areas. These
are in descending order of hierarchy. Roads which function to provide long distance
travel, will require higher, design speeds whilst road which serve local traffic, where the
effect of speed is less significant can have a lower design speed. Also roads with heavier
traffic will be provided with a higher standard.
3.3

SELECTION OF DESIGN STANDARD

Figure 3.1 Flow chart for selection of design standard.

The selection of the required design standard should begin with the assessment of
the function of the proposed road and the area it traverses. This should generally be done
17

in conjunction with the Highway Planning Unit of the Ministry of Works. If there is an
overlapping of function, the ultimate function of the road shall be used for theselection
criteria.
The location of a road and its design are considerably influenced by the
topography,physical features, and landuse of the area traversed. Geometric design
elements such as alignment, gradients, sight distance and cross section are directly
affected by topography, and must be selected so that the road designed will reasonably fit
into those natural and man-made features and economiseon construction and
maintenance.
For this particular project, we will consider to use U2 standard of road. U2
standard of roads provides the lowest geometric standard for two way flow. It is applied
only to local traffic with low volumes of commercial traffic. The construction of our
building situated in urban area but not dense populated, so it is proper to use U2 standards
type of roads.
3.4

DESIGN SPEED OF ROAD

Speed is a primary factor in all modes of transportation, and is an important factor

in the geometric design of roads. The speed of vehicles on a road depends, in addition to
capabilities of the drivers and their vehicles, upon general conditions such as the physical
characteristics of the highway, the weather, the presence of other vehicles and the legal
speed limitations. The Speeds are selected to meet the needs of the road to fulfill its
function. Thus roads which are planned to provide long distance travel will be designed
with a higher speed while those which provides short distance travel can be given a lower
design speed.

18

Figure 3.2 Design speed for urban area

Our construction site situated at mountainous area, we are considering using type
II design speed that is the road speed limit must be restricted at 40 km/hr.
3.5

DIMENSION OF ROAD

After considering of the aspect on road construction, we have considered to use

dimension of road stated below.
Design Standard
U2
Area type
II
Shoulder width
1.5 m
Median Width
3.5 m
Minimum reserve width
20 m
Maximum super elevation ratio
0.06
Table 2.1 Dimension of access road at Faculty of Law and Moot Court

19

CHAPTER IV

WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

3.1

INTRODUCTION

Water is an important need to the humankind. Every construction of facilities must

consider designing the best water reticulation to supply the water needed by the facilities
resident. As an engineer who will design a water distribution system, there is some
objective that must be followed and achieved:1. To deliver water of sufficient quantity and at reasonable pressure to the
consumers.
2. To ensure the quality of the treated water is maintained throughout the
3.
4.
5.
6.

distribution system.
To minimize interruption of supply in the event of pipe burst.
Capable of supplying emergency requirements such as fire.
To provide pipe network that is durable and economic.
To ensure minimal disturbance to traffic while repairing or in any upgrading
work.

The distribution system must consist of transmission, distribution and reticulation

pipelines, balancing and service reservoirs, and where required, booster pumping station

20

3.2

COMPONENT OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM

In water distribution system there are some component that make the distribution system
completed and can supply water to the consumer. The first component is tanks. There is
two type of tanks, suction tank that act as temporary tank after water is suck from the
supply source and the other tank in storage that has the purpose to storage the water
before it distribute to the consumer. Open channel also one of the water distribution
system. It acts as water supply source.
The next component of this system is pipeline network. Two different types of
pipeline network, main delivery pipeline network and consumer pipeline network. The
main delivery pipeline focus on flowing water through each component whereas the
consumers pipeline network focus more on delivering water for the usage of the
consumers. Last component of the system is pumping station to pump the water from
lower altitude to the higher altitude.
3.3

TYPE OF WATER DISTRIBUTION SYSTEM.

There is 3 different type of water distribution system; gravity, direct pumping and
combination of pumped and gravity.

21

For gravity system, the source of water supply is at higher elevation relative to the
demand zones. There is no pumping required for this type of system thus use less energy.
For direct pumping system, the treated water from water supply is pumped direct
to the distribution system and consumers. This system is constructed normally for small
or temporary supply.
The final system is the combination of pumped and gravity system. Treated water
from water treatment plant is pumped to balancing tank or service tank. Then the treated
water is then gravitated to consumers from the service tanks. Our construction site will
use this system after referring to our site topography.

22

3.4

CONSUMER PIPE NETWORK

There are four type of water reticulation or consumers pipe network design; branch or
grid design, loop design, ring or circular design and radial design. For this particular
project we will use loop pipe network design to design the water reticulation. Loop
network is an upgrade to branch network with closed loop. We choose this type of design
because its minimized areas affected by interruptions. It is much easier to manage the
emergency (fire) flow regulation and head loss is relatively very low within the network.
There is also no or few locations with stagnant water.

23

CHAPTER V

SEWERAGE TREATMENT PLANT

4.1 INTRODUCTION
In Malaysia, sewerage system consist of public sewerage systems and private onsite system. The former to be operated and maintained by Indah Water Konsortium
(IWK), while the latter will be by others, e.g. developers of the owner of the facilities. A
sewerage system has traditionally been considered to compromise basically of sewer
networks and a treatment plant.
Sewerage refers to the infrastructure that conveys sewage. It encompasses
components such as receiving drains, manholes, pumping stations, storm overflows, and
screening chambers of the combined sewer or sanitary sewer. Sewerage ends at the entry
to a sewage treatment plant or at the point of discharge into the environment. Sewerage
system, network of pipes, pumps, and force mains for the collection of wastewater, or
sewage, from a community. Modern sewerage systems fall under two categories:
domestic and industrial sewers and storm sewers. Sometimes a combined system provides
only one network of pipes, mains, and outfall sewers for all types of sewage and runoff.
The preferred system, however, provides one network of sewers for domestic and
industrial waste, which is generally treated before discharge, and a separate network for
storm runoff, which may be diverted to temporary detention basins or piped directly to a
point of disposal in a stream or river.

24

Sewerage systems are one of the most important infrastructures in construction of

residential, industrial or commercial project as it determines the quality of life enjoyed by
a community. It consists of a network of underground sewer pipes, pump stations, sewage
treatment plants and sludge treatment facilities. This system usually operates based on by
gravity due to the slope of the pipe which reduces the high cost required for pumping.
Sewers are further classified into a few categories, which depend on the type of
wastewater that each of it carries. For example, storm sewers are designed to carry storm
water from roofs, paved areas, pavements and roads; industrial sewers are designed to
carry wastewater generate from the industry; sanitary sewers are designed to carry the
waste water from cooking and washing and the wastes from toilets. There is another type
of sewer which is known as combined sewers. These types of sewers are designed to
carry storm water, industrial wastes, and domestic sewage. In Malaysia, many towns and
cities use the separate sewer system. The wastewater is transported in separate pipes from
storm sewers, industrial sewers and sanitary sewers.
Sewerage system is very important as it helps people to transport the wastes or
sewage away from their places. Therefore, the system must be functioning well because
improper functioning system will lead to pollution and contamination of various aspects
of our surrounding which affect human life and health. Hence, regular maintenance must
be done to the existing sewerage system and appropriate design must be applied to the
new sewerage systems to ensure the sewerage systems are in good condition.
The efficiency of the sewerage system is affected by the flow of the wastewater. In
designing a sewerage system, the type and size of the pipe to be used must be able to
accommodate the peak flow. The peak flow is based on the population equivalent which
is a direct measurement of the population in an area. When designing the sewerage, there
is a standard and criteria that should be followed .

25

4.2 SITE SELECTION

Site selection of a treatment water facility should be based on careful

consideration of regions land use and development patterns as well as social,
environmental, and engineering constraints. It is important to remember that the selection
of a site for waste water treatment plant will have long lasting social, economic, and
political repercussions on the affected community and neighbourhood. Therefore, public
involvement in decision making is crucial.
All possible sites for a waste water treatment plant should be fully evaluated on the
basis topography, environmental impacts, and economics of wastewater collection and
treatment. The following is the list of some basic principles that must be considered
during site evaluation:
i)

A wastewater treatment plant should be located at a low elevation in order to

ii)

permit gravity flow.

The site should be fairly isolated from presently built up areas or areas that have
potential for future developments. All plants should be designed with aesthetic

iii)

consideration and odors in mind.

A site on a large land area is helpful in maintaining isolation ( buffer area) and
fulfills the needs for future expansion.

4.3 PLANT LAYOUT AND HYDRAULIC PROFILE

During early planning and design stages, we have careful consideration must be
given to the existing conditions at the selected site of the proposed sewerage treatment
plant. Condition such as topography, available land area, proximity to the developed
areas, access roads, flood condition, need for future expansion, and available head that
have considered in unit selection and layout.
4.4 PUMPING STATION
26

Treatment plants are normally located at a low point (near a river or lake, for
example) in order to provide gravity flow into the collection systems at the plant site, the
wastewater is pumped to an adequate height when topography dictates, at which time it
will flow by gravity through the various treatment units. Pumping stations are also
equipped with a wet well that intercepts incoming flow and tends equalize pump loading.
Pumping stations are usually located after bar screens and many times are located after
grit removal, primary sedimentation, or even complete treatment. The objective is to
remove the coarse solids, grit, and organic solids prior to pumping, because these solids
often present operational difficulties at the pumping station. However, the cost of
construction and operation of these units deep in the ground must be weighed against the
cost of pumps that are designed to handle solids, with the treatment units above the
ground.

27

CHAPTER VI

DRAINAGE SYSTEM

5.1

INTRODUCTION

Water flowing overland during and immediately following a storm event is called storm
water runoff. Under the effect of gravity, water flows towards sea level through
depressions and channels or by sheet flow over flat terrain. The drainage system may
consist of natural features, manmade features, or a combination of both.
Natural drainage systems are defined by the topography of an area. The largest
feature is the drainage basin or watershed. The boundary of a basin is referred to as the
basin divide. The basin divide is a line where the natural land elevation directs runoff
within the basin toward a common major drainage feature. A major drainage feature is
referred to as a receiving body and smaller features are tributaries.
Manmade drainage facilities features are designed to detain, store, or convey
storm water runoff. Swales, ditches, canals, and storm sewers are typical conveyance
structures, which collect storm water runoff and direct it toward downstream receiving
facilities. Storm water storage structures are classified as either detention or retention
facilities. Detention facilities are designed to temporarily impound runoff and release it
gradually to downstream portions of the drainage system through an outlet structure.
Retention facilities are impoundments, which release storm water by evaporation and
percolation, with no direct discharge.

28

5.2

DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS

5.2.1 General Consideration

Resist the temptation to install too many ditches it can easily end up looking like an
artificial river system.

Plan the most efficient way of intercepting the water, which could be lateral drains
along the length of the path, with frequent culverts to disperse the water on the

down slope side

Pay attention to the outflow from drains and ditches to make sure that you do not
create a problem further down on the path or for a neighbouring landowner

There are some factors that should be considered, such as:

i)

Minimum Velocity and Dry Weather Flow

The velocity of flow in a drain shall not be lower than 1.0 m/s for self-cleansing action to
take place. However, the flow rate during dry weather may fall to a low level where this
minimum velocity cannot be achieved. The problem can be solved by introducing a small
channel in the drain to confine the dry weather flow to a smaller flow section.
ii)

Maximum Velocity

The velocity of flow in a drain shall not be too great to cause excessive scouring or
hydraulic jumps. Hence the velocity of flow in a concrete-lined drain shall be limited to a
maximum of 3.0 m/s or below the critical velocity, whichever is lower. For an earth
stream, the maximum velocity shall be limited to 1.5 m/s. Further limitation of the
maximum velocity shall be complied with when specified by the Board.

29

iii)

Sub-critical Flow

Drains are designed to carry sub-critical flows. Critical state of flow exists when the
Froude Number is equal to one. An open channel flow at or near the critical state shall be
avoided as under such a condition the water surface is unstable and wavy. In order to
secure greater flow efficiency, channel flow shall be designed so that the Froude Number
shall fall within the range from 0.8 decreasing to such minimum value as to achieve a
practical flow depth and permissible flow velocity.
iv)

Freeboard

Freeboard refers to the depth from the top of the drain (cope/bank) to the top of the water
surface in the drain at design flow condition. Sufficient freeboard shall be provided to
prevent waves or fluctuation of the water surface from overflowing the cope/bank.
Generally, a depth of freeboard equivalent to 15% of the depth of the drain is required.

30

31