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Fluid-Structure Interactions
Cross-Flow-Induced Instabilities
Michael P. Padoussis, Stuart J. Price, Emmanuel de Langre
Book DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760792
Online ISBN: 9780511760792
Hardback ISBN: 9780521119429
Paperback ISBN: 9781107652958
Chapter
Appendix A - The Multiple Scales Method pp. 359-360
Chapter DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760792.010
Cambridge University Press
APPENDIX A
This is not meant to be a formal treatment of the method, but rather an illustration
of its use on a simple problem, that of the Van der Pol oscillator, the equation of
motion of which may be written as
dx
d2 x
+ x = (1 x2 ) ,
dt2
dt
(A.1)
and
= t ,
(A.2)
2
d2 x
2x
2x
2 x
+
=
+
2
.
dt2
2
(A.3)
(A.4)
+
2
+
+
2
2
2
2
+ + x0 + x1 + 2 x2 +
2
x0
x0
x1
2
2 2
2 x1
+
+
+
+ .
= 1 x0 2x0 x1 x1 +
359
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http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760792.010
Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press, 2015
360
Appendix A
(A.5)
2
2 x1
2 x0
2 x0
+
1
x
+
x
=
2
,
1
0
2
(A.6)
and similar equations for 2 , involving only x2 on the left-hand side, et seq.
Equation (A.5) yields the generating solution
x0 = A() cos + B() sin .
(A.7)
This solution embodies the fundamental character of the motion: it is not simple
harmonic in time but one whose amplitude changes slowly with time.
Substituting into (A.6), we obtain, after expanding powers of trigonometric
functions into simpler forms (e.g. cos3 = 14 (cos 3 + 3 cos )), we obtain
2 x1
+ x1 = 2A A + 14 A(A2 + B2 ) sin
2
+ 2B + B 14 B(A2 + B2 ) cos
+ 14 A(A2 3B2 ) sin 3 +
1
B(B2
4
3A2 ) cos 3 .
(A.8)
1
A 18 A(A2
2
+ B2 ),
B =
1
B 18 B(A2
2
+ B2 ) .
(A.9)
and
B = R sin ,
(A.10)
1
R
2
1
8
R3 ,
= 0 .
(A.11)
(A.12)
To study the stability of the limit cycle, we examine equation (A.11) and put
R = 2 + r. Linearizing about the limit cycle, we have r = [R 38 R2 r]r=2 = 12 r,
indicating a diminishing perturbation. Hence, the limit cycle is stable.
In the foregoing the analysis was carried out to only first order; the procedure is
similar if one pursues it to O(2 ) and higher, but it would yield more precise estimates
of the limit-cycle amplitude, as well as corrections to the frequency.
Downloaded from Cambridge Books Online by IP 103.37.201.78 on Thu Jan 22 06:01:55 GMT 2015.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511760792.010
Cambridge Books Online Cambridge University Press, 2015