Winkler foundation

The soil is assumed to be equivalent to an infinite number of elastic springs. The elastic
constant of these assumed springs is referred to as the coefficient of subgrade reaction, k.

coefficient of subgrade reaction, k

Foundations on Sandy Soils

B 0.3
k k0.3

2B

where k0.3 and k = coefficients of subgrade reaction of foundations measuring 0.3 m x 0.3 m
and B (m) x B (m), respectively (unit is kN/m3).
Foundations on Clays

0.3
k k0.3

B
For rectangular foundations having dimensions of B x L (for similar soil and q),

k( BB ) 1 0.5
L

k
1.5
Where
k = coefficient of subgrade modulus of the rectangular foundation (L x B)

k( BB )

= coefficient of subgrade modulus of a square foundation having dimension

of B x B
For long beams, Vesic (1961) proposed an equation for
estimating subgrade reaction,

k 0.6512

Es B 4
Es
EF I F B(1 s2 )

Es = modulus of elasticity of soil

B = foundation width

EF = modulus of elasticity of foundation material

I F = moment of inertia of the cross section of the
foundation

s = Poissons ratio of soil.

The analysis of pile under lateral loading by using Sap2000
The soil adjacent to the pile is assumed to be the linear elastic material with the coefficient of
subgrade reaction Cz:
Cz = Kz
In the scope of this report will not cover the theory of the pile under lateral loading
Sap2000 manual on the analysis of pile under lateral loading

File->New model-> Grid Only->Ok

Figure 1
Modify the grid: Edit -> Modify/Show System->OK

Figure 2

Figure 3
Adjust the grid spans to be corresponding with the soil layer widths

Define the materials for piles: Define-> Materials-> Add New Material-> Concrete is
pile material -> Weight =0 (Pile weight are neglected)-> Specify the modulus of
elasticity of concrete->OK

Figure 4

.
Define the piles sections: Define-> Frame Sections: Create a section named COC
with the dimensions of the pile

Figure 5
Define the pile cap section: Define-> Area-> Sections..: Create a section named DAI
COC with the dimensions of the pile cap .

Figure 6

Use Draw Frame/Cable Element to draw the pile and Quick Draw Area Element to
draw the pile cap.

Figure 7

Assign the section for the piles: Select the piles-> Assign-> Frame-> Frame sections>select COC.

Figure 8
Assign the section for the pile cap: Select the pile cap-> Assign->Area->Sections>select DAI COC.

Figure 9
Divide the pile into 4 frames to assign the boundary conditions: select the pile ->Edit >Edit lines-> Devide Frames-> Enter the desired number of frames in the box Devide
into Specified Number-> OK.

Figure 10

Figure 11

Assign the string stiffness for the frames: Select the frames-> Assign ->Joint ->
Springs : Enter the coefficient of subgrade reaction Cz which has just calculated
.(change the Coordinate System into GLOBAL).

Figure 12

Assign loads on Pile: Select the center of the pile cap to assign the load-> Assign >Joint Loads-> Forces.

Figure 13

Run: press F5-> Run Now.

See the result:

Figure 14
Deflection

Figure 15
Force Diagram - Moment