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-1
Propertv ot the
DDG-R Ottice

CIP in 1998
International
Potato Center
Annual Report

International Potato Center

Av. La Universidad 795 La Molina
P.O . Box 1558
Lima 12, Peru
E-mail: cip@cgiar.org
Online at: www.cipotato .org

CIP . 1999 .
CIP in 1998.
Intern atio nal Potato Center An nual Report.
Li ma, Peru.

ISS N 0256-63 11
Press run : 2,500
May 1999

~ Inside matter p ri nted o n recycled paper

A Year of Confirmation

Rapid Response to Disaster

Food Security in East Africa: A Battle on Many Fronts

10

The Promise of Vitamin A

13

Diversifying Diets in China

15

11

Lost Crops 11 Begin Finding Markets

21

Unearthing Native Treasures

24

Getting the Picture

25

Back to the Molecular Future

28

Widening the Circle

31

In Brief

34

Board of Trustees

37

Donor Contributions

38

CIP's Finances in 1998

39

The Research Program

41

Selected Publications by CIP Staff in 1998

47

Training Highlights

52

Research Partners

54

Staff in 1998

56

CIP's Global Contact Points

62

The CGIAR

66

Fo r th e resea rch ce nters of th e CGIAR system, th e 1998 Sys tem Rev iew prov ided a re soundin g
co nfirm ation of a history of exce ll ence. Th e Rev iew Panel's Ch airperson , M auri ce Stron g, affirmed:
" In ves tm ent in th e CGIAR ha s been the single most effec ti ve use of offi c ial deve lopmen l ass istance
(ODA), bar non e."
Takin g th e pul se of current trend s and en visio nin g dem and s of th e future, th e Panel tac kl ed th e task of
analyz in g ju st w hat is need ed to meet th e CG IAR 's preemin ent goal: puttin g an end to hun ge r and
po ve rt y w hile protecting the env ironment. " Th ere can be no long-term age nd a for eradi atin g poverty
and ensurin g su stain able food sec urity w ith out th e CGIAR," it stated.
W hil e ac kn ow ledgi ng the Sys tem ' s past exce lle nce, th e Panel was emph atic abo ut futur directions .
Th e Ce nters mu st build on th eir strength s and grappl e w ith past wea kn esses, h e i g htenin ~ emphasis on
key areas to allow th em to meet th e new c hall enges-and to m ake the most of emergin g opportuniti es.
At CIP, we had ju st co mpl eted a yea r of ca reful sc rutin y and pri o riti zat ion of o ur re sear[ h program ,
from w hi c h emerged the new CIP project-b ased manage ment sys tem. Our new portfoli o of 1 7 rese arc h
proj ects had bee n ca refull y scrutini zed and bal anced: seve n proj ects on potato, fi ve on sweetpotato ,
and fi ve on man age ment of natur al resources.
Th e new proj ect-b ased system was put to th e tes t in 1998. Our sc ientists rose to the add ed c hallen ge
and responsibility of direct proj ect and subproj ect man age ment. In parti cul ar, th e te am leaders- many
of w ho m were new to man age ment task s- ca rri ed th eir resea rc h program s throu gh the ransition
effecti ve ly, and we co ngratul ate th em for do in g so. To help th em keep on trac k and to fin e-tun e th e
sys tem as we go, in 1998 we also inaugurated th e new Proj ect Eva lu ation , Mo nitorin g, ynd Assessment
Framewo rk ba sed o n peer review and eva lu ati on by a tea m of CIP sc ienti sts, and head ed by the
D epu ty Director General for Resea rch.
We we re pl eased to see th at th e priorities we had se t for ourse lves in thi s process w ere c lose ly in tun e
w ith th e ca lls to action emergin g from th e Rev iew . Th e Rev iew Panel, for exa mple, call ed fo r a stron g
shi ft towa rd natural resource manage ment (NRM ). Sin ce 199 2, CIP has gradu all y increa ed th e
attenti o n allotted to NRM w ithin its agend a, parti c ul arl y fo r th e hig h mountain area s o f he Andes . The
sto ry Getting th e Picture tel Is mo re about th ese undertakin gs.
Our initiatives in hi gh mountain areas are found ed on anoth er on e of th e prin c iples th a th e Re view
fl agged as a key to the future succe ss of th e System: partner ship. CONDES A N , th e res e rch co nsortium
spea rh eaded by CIP since 1992 , is a tru e model of coll abo rati ve researc h and development. In its six
yea rs of ex istence, CONDESAN has recruited th e acti ve parti c ipati o n of mo re th an 50 i stitutional
partn ers from th e public and pri va te sector in fi ve And ea n countri es.
A t th e requ est of th e CGI A R, CIP has also taken th e lead in th e Sys tem-w id e Global M o untai n
Program, based o n th e successfu I CON DESA N co llaborati ve mod el. Partn ers in thi s init ia ti ve are th e
Intern ati o nal Centre for Resea rc h in Agro fo res try (I CRAF ), for th e East Afri ca n hi ghland s th e
Intern ation al Centre for Integ rated Mountain D eve lopm ent (ICIMOD), for th e Himalayas and the
Intern ation al Li vestoc k Res earc h In stitute (ILRI ), for ex perti se in li ve stoc k, an important
of
mo untain systems. By w orkin g toge ther, our sc ientists believe th at much of th e technol ogy res ulting
fro m thi s global resea rch program ca n be appli ed across th e three mountain ecologi es.

~omponent

In pursuit of th e heightened co ll abo ration stressed b y th e Rev iew, CIP continu es to buil its research
base on stron g ti es w ith partn ers in the indu stri ali zed and deve lopin g countri es. In addi io n, w e are
fortify in g ex istin g mec hanism s and explorin g new ave nu es fo r inter- center coll aboration in areas su ch

as urban and peri -urban agri c ulture, and disaster relief and rehabilitation. Ove r th e past years, we
have see n our ro le in these pr io ri ty areas eme rge and evo lve.
CIP recogniz es the in c reas in g urge ncy of applyin g agricultura l so luti ons to all ev iate hun ge r and
poverty within-and o n th e frin ges of- o ur bu rgeo ning c iti es. Our work w ith vegetabl es as we ll as
potato and sweetpotato-whic h ca n provide relative ly large amounts of food and v itami ns o n sma ll
plots of land- m akes us parti c ul ar ly we ll p laced fo r act ivity in thi s area. Seve ral stories in this Annu al
Report desc ri be how potato and sweetpotato- fresh o r processed- can help d ive rsify di ets, f ight
hunge r, and wa rd off disea se in th e most populou s and needy areas of th e deve lopin g wo rld .
W hen di sasters suc h as th ose desc ribed in our lead sto ry uproot agriculture and ove rturn li ves, th e
CG IAR Centers pro vide th e most co mpl ete respo nse mecha ni sms ava il able. In th e future, we hope to
co ntribute even more effici ently by buildin g greater preparedn ess . Th e deve lop ment of a sta nding
ca pac ity w ithin the CGIAR for rapid eme rgency reli ef wou ld speed up ag ri cultural rehab ilitation , cut
losses to ga in s already mad e, and diminish disruption of th e Ce nters' researc h sc hedu les.
It is imposs ibl e for us to speak of the future w ithout referring to th e im portant too ls of b iotec hnology,
o ne of th e priority areas of emphas is of th e Rev iew Pane l. At CIP, we are proud to say th at we are
among the Syste m-wide leaders in molecular tech niqu es, and we pl an to co ntinue to grow in that area .
In 1998 we bega n co nstru ction of a new biodi ve rsity facil ity, funded by the Governm ent
of Japan. Thi s fac ility w ill co mpri se an expa nded, state-of-the-art biosafety laboratory as
we ll as a new home for our grow in g ge rmpl as m ba nks. Back to th e Molecular Future
desc rib es som e of the many ways that bi otec hn o logy is bein g applied to fu lfill
CIP's mission.
O n the late bli ght front, 1998 has also been a year of adva nces. We now have over 60
cul t iva rs with diversified, " ho ri zo nta l" res ista nce to thi s disease, and are in the process
of releas in g th em to our wor ldwide partners for eva lu ation . Th e Global Ini tiative on
Late Blight (GILB) has taken ho ld as a valid and functionin g globa l mec han ism for
exc hange and eva lu ation of resea rch resu lts. W e expect th at its ro le in sett in g the
agend a for combating th e world 's wo rst food crop disease w ill co ntinu e to grow.
All of this has bee n accomp li shed w ithin a co ntext of di ff ic ult financial c irc um stances.
As in years past, CIP has stood its gro und in the face of fundin g dilemm as . From this
process, we have emerged as a " lea n but mea n" Ce nter, ti ghtening o ur belt in the face
of delayed di sbursements and intern ati o nal exc han ge rates th at are often un favo rab le.
W e have ca refully exa min ed o ur resea rc h program to cut any slack, and we have
refi ned our strategies for researc h manageme nt to ens ure th at we are makin g th e
m ax imum of o ur research fundin g.
C. GRAVES

Th e successes of 1998 have co nfirm ed that we are o n the ri ght track.

Above al l, th ey have placed us in a position of co nfid ence in o ur
readiness-a nd o ur co ll ective ca pabilities- to make a difference .

Hubert Zandstra
Directo r General

.I

tJ:.5 ->
(S 1@1
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I .:.>l.)

In Africa,
Asia, and Latin
America, CIP
answered calls
for emergency

Th e Internati onal Potato Center respo nded qu ickl y

to food crop emergencies in H onduras and
Ni ca ragua, ravaged by Hurri ca ne Mitch in O ctober, and in th e Democratic Peopl e's Republi c of
Korea, to rebuild potato produ cti o n after a fo uryea r fa mine. CIP also helped Peru vian farm ers
overcome th e effects of an especia ll y severe El
Nin o phenomeno n. In East Afri ca, the substituti o n
of sweetpotato fo r diseased cassava helped avert a
food crisi s.

assistance.
Seeds of Hope for Central America
Hurri cane Mitch was th e wo rst natural diseaster to
hit Ce ntral Am eri ca in this ce ntury. The devastatin g hurri ca ne th at slammed th e region in O ctober
kill ed more th an 10,000 peopl e and infli cted more
th an $5 millio n in damage. The agri cultural sectors
of Ho nduras and Ni ca ragua we re hard est hit by th e
storm . Disaster offic ials estimate th at the hurrica ne
destroyed up to 70 percent of th e two countries'
bas ic food crops as we ll as th e seed needed to
pl ant future harvests of stapl es suc h as beans,
maize, and potatoes.
As a result, CGIAR research ers, alo ng w ith sc ienti sts from nati o nal program s, launched an intern ati onal effort ca l led " Seeds of Hope fo r Central
Am eri ca," a two -yea r effort to rebuild agri culture in
th e tw o countri es coordin ated by th e Intern atio nal
Center for Trop ica l Agriculture (CI AT) in Co lombi a.
In addition to CIP, other parti cipants include th e
Intern ation al M aize and Wh eat Improvement
Center (CIMMYT) in M ex ico and th e Internati o nal
Pl ant Genetic Resources Institute (IPGRI) in Ro me.
Seeds of Hope fo r Central Am eri ca is buildin g on
lessons learned from the su ccessful Seeds of Hope
operation condu cted in Rwa nda in 1995 follow in g
th e c ivil wa r th at shattered th e country' s food
produ ction capabiliti es. " W e lea rn ed from our
Rwand a experi ence in 1995 of th e importance of
be ing prepared fo r di sasters before th ey occur,"
Director General Hubert Zandstra explain s. "Th e
Seeds of Hope initi ati ve th ere, fo r exa mpl e, was
o nl y poss ibl e beca use several CG IA R cen ters,
incl uding CIP, had w orked o n resea rch projects fo r
several years. Th at kn ow ledge and experti se
acquired on crop production and variety adapti on
was crucial in re-establishing agri culture and,

eventu all y, food sec urity. It also pre~e nted a

compl ete loss of resea rch ga ins." R anda's Seeds
of Hope program , whi ch invol ved IP and seven
other CG IAR research ce nters, succ ssfull y
deli vered modern seed technology o fa rm ers,
helped to restore food security, and reintrodu ced
crop di versity.

Sweetpotato to be Reintroduced to Nicaragua

Alth o ugh sweetpotato was a traditi onal crop in
w hat is now N icaragua, it is no Io n er culti vated
there. Since the hurri ca ne, th e rein odu cti on of
sweetpotato has become a priority f th e Ni caragu an government. Long know n as a ca lamity crop,
sweetpotato is espec iall y suited fo r emergency
situ atio ns because it is a versa ti le a d hard y source
of subs istence and th erefore a solid base fo r
agri cultural recon stru cti on. It is als an excel lent
source of vitamin A.
Ni ca ru aguan M in ister of Agricultur and Forestry
M ari o Arana expl ain s the Government aims to
"turn di saster into oppo rtunity." Keeping th e focus
on small fa rmers, CIP and nation al sc ientists are
rein trodu c ing sweetpotato into N icaragua and, in
coll abo rati on w ith CIMMYT, are encourag in g and
helpin g Ni ca raguan fa rm ers to pl an sweetpotatoes
alongs ide corn , a practi ce that has ~e lpe d to
redu ce so il erosion in Chin a. Swee/potatoes also
require relati vel y littl e fe rtili zer but produ ce a hi gh
volume of roots per hectare.

CIP scientist Noel Pallais traveled to ~ icaragua for

emergency meetings with representat ves of the
government and national programs as well as CGIAR
colleagues to develop a strategy for r building agriculture in Honduras and Nicaragua.

Agricultural Technology
Helps Feed Refugees
After the civil war and assoc iated genocide in Rwand a in June and July, 1994, more th an one million refugees
strea med over the border into neighborin g areas of Zaire (now the Democratic Republi c of Co ngo). Refugee camps
were set up under the ausp ices of the United Nations and several NGOs. The di splaced population lived in th ese
camps fo r a littl e over two years, until they were dispersed in October, 1996-some to their home country of
Rwanda, and some to other parts of the DRC. A 1998 survey on the impact of thi s cr isis on local agri culture was
carried out in South Kivu, DRC, by Motombo Tanga nik and Phemba Phezo of INERA, the national agri cultural
resea rch in stitute.
The national potato and sweetpotato programs of INERA are based at the Mulungu Research Station in Bukavu, DRC,
near the erstwhile refugee camps. These programs are par~ of the PRAPACE network, and they have received
adva nced germplasm and training from CIP for th e past 20 years. The station became invo lved in multiplying
planting material for loca l fa rmers, w ho sold th eir harvest directly to the refugees as well as to the relief agencies.
The highlands of South Kivu are mountainous, and arab le land is located in mid- and hi gh elevation areas (1,4002,500 meters above sea leve l). The predominant crop is bananas, consumed primaril y as loca l beer. The major
stap les are sweetpotato, beans, maize, cassava, and potato. Sweetpotato, known as cilera abana, or "protector of th e
ch ildren," is uni versa ll y grown on a sma ll sca le for food secu ri ty. Along w ith other vegetab les, potatoes are w idely
grown in drained swamps as a cas h crop-mostly by weal thi er members of the community. During th e crisis,
farmers were able to rapidly intensify production of both of these crops in response to th e refugee market.
Responding to increased market demand from the refugees, most potato farmers in creased their cropping intensity
from one to two or even three crops a year. Over half the fa rm ers interviewed dec reased area planted to other crop s
in order to increase potato production. Thi s occurred at the expense of bean, maize, cassava, and so rghum crops .
Two-thirds of the farmers adopted new varieties, including Cruza 748 (720 118), introduced from Mexico in the late
1970s. Thi s variety is relative ly high yielding, resista nt to late blight, and tolerant to bacterial wi lt. Adoption has
been limited by its relatively poor cu lin ary quality, which makes it difficult to market. But this was obv iou sly not a
major issue for the refugee market, and it quickl y became the most w idely grown va ri ety. Other estab lished
vari eties-Montsama (720049) and the Rwandan selection Mabondo--were also adopted. Seed was obtained from
the Mulungu research station and from extension and NGOs. Some seed was brought by the refugees themselves.
The ava il ability of refugees for labor encouraged local fa rmers to adopt relatively labor- intensive practices. These
in cluded heavy mulching at planting, deep tillage, preparation and application of organic compost, draining swampy
plots, and hi gher hilling. Over half the fa rmers increased their use of fungicides to control late blight, and 42 percent
rogued out diseased or other suspic ious pl ants to improve seed quality.
The presence of a ready market encouraged a signifi cant increase in sweetpotato production by all farmers
interviewed. The vast majority of them began to culti vate sweetpotato twice a year, reduc ing area planted in mai ze,
beans, pea nuts, and vegetab les. Over half the farmers planted new va ri eties, ava il ab le from th e Mu lun gu station.
These new va ri eties had been se lected primarily for earlin ess and hi gh yie ld: Karebe II and Mugande, reg ional
farmers' varieties initi ally identifi ed as superior by the Rwandan research program; Yanshu 1, a hi gh-y ielding and
early Chinese variety, norma lly sco red as marginal by taste panels in Africa; Mulungu I , a loca l Co ngo lese farmers'
var iety recently identifi ed as superi or by researchers; and Benikomachi, a Japanese variety with relatively low yield
but exce llent taste. Farmer preference for Yanshu 7 over the better-tasting Benikomachi indicated the refugee
market's wi llingness to accept va ri eties w ith relatively low culin ary quality.
This case stud y illu strates the positive effects of applying agri cu ltural technology in a rapid response program on
disaster reli ef w hose cost is in creasi ng at an alarming rate in sub-Saha ran Afr ica. Both potato and sweetpotato w ill
have im porta nt roles to play as short-season, nutritiou s, loca ll y ava il ab le foods. CIP and PRAPACE w ill co ntinu e to
work w ith partners and donors to make them available as quickly and efficientl y as possible in emergency situations,
while si multaneousl y pursuing a longer-term strategy to expa nd more permanent market opportunit ies.

Honduras Adopting TPS Program

In Honduras, CIP is helping repl ace potato va ri eties
lost in the hurri ca ne by using tru e potato seed
(TPS). Directo r General Hubert Zandstra explains,
" CIP has built up a strateg ic reserve of TPS th at
allows us to respond quickly to emergenci es such
as th ese ." To reduce th e cost of potato farming,
fa rm ers in Honduras were being trained to cu ltivate
TPS just before the storm stuck. Although th e storm
destroyed th e first planting, CIP has expanded
effo rts to distribute new seeds and trainin g materials throughout the country. "The use of TPS sho uld
produce large quantiti es of disease-free seed
potatoes in a fraction of the tim e normally req uired
using clonal seed potatoes," Zand stra said.

Breaking North Korea's Famine

In rece nt yea rs North Korea has suffered a fa mine
th at, by some estimates, has led to the death s of
more than 3 million people. Its potato crop has
been meager (about 1 million ton s) since 1990. In
the last four yea rs, two-thirds of th e potato crop
has been lost to either drought from El Nino or
severe floodin g.
Potato, introduced from Russia 70 years ago, is
No rth Korea's third leadin g food crop after ri ce and
maize. North Korean farmers pl ant an annual
average of 200,000 hecta res of four locall y
improved va ri eties that (as of 1998) had not been
ren ewed in more than 10 years. As a result, late
bli ght and viruses cause more th an two-thirds of
potato produ ction losses. Planted on poor,
unfertilized so ils in variou s rotati ons with co rn ,
vegetables, and rice, potatoes yield an average of
about 7 ton s per hectare.
Extremely eager to become self-sufficient in potato
production and overcome its lon g-standing food
emergency, in 1998 North Korea asked CIP to help
re-establish potato produ ction usi ng both TPS and
tuber seed. Th e Center responded immedi ate ly
w ith a 1-kilogram don ation of TPS (Serrano x TPS67), hand-ca rri ed by CIP techni c ian Roland o
Cabello. H e trained a dozen North Korean
sc ientists and technicians from th e Agrobiological
In stitute of Pyongyang in all aspects of produ c ing a
potato crop from TPS. CIP also worked w ith a

coa lition of age nc ies ass isting North Korea to use

the technology. Th ey included the r-\JGO World
Vision ; the Office of Forei gn Disaster Assistance of
USAID; Potato Produ ction Internation al (PPI ), a
private com pan y based in Californiar and nation al
program partners in Vietnam and CHJin a. The TPS
provided under co ntract by PPI contk ins three
combinations deve loped by CI P in tr e late 1980s
(Serran a x TPS-6 7, Atzimba x TPS-6 , and
TPS- 7 x TPS-1 3) .

The seed provided by CIP has been istributed to

governm ent in stitutes in North Kore : 's three major
potato-growing reg ions for planting by loca l
cooperatives. The goa l of th e Acade~y of
Agricultural Sciences in 1999 is to ~ lant 200
hectares (1 percent of the total pota o seed I in gs)
w ith tuber seed produced from TPS.1Th e North
Korean s are now prepa ring seedlings for th e 1999
plantin g seaso n.
Zandstra says CIP ca n also make a
tion to tuber seed-based potato pro
becau se of its experience in neighb
w ith simil ar grow in g conditions. Fo ri

ajor contribuuction
rin g co untri es
exa mple, CIP

and the Chinese Academy of Agric ~ ltura l Sciences

have developed a va riety, CIP-24, t at is currentl y
being grown on million s of hecta res in China.
The assistance from CIP and other , rgani zations is
expected to pave th e way for expa ntled government ti es between North Korea and the United
States, two countries that have been in a Cold War
stalemate for nearl y half a century.

Sweetpotato Averts Food Crisis in East Africa

In northeaste rn Uganda, a seriou s oL brea k of
African Cassava Mosaic Viru s disear
ago devastated th e crop, leading to
sweetpotato produ ction for both ho i
for sale in Kamp ala, the capital. Th e
co nve rsion to sweetpotato averted a

seve ral years

boom in
e use and
qui ck
potential food

emergency in a reg ion that has bee! beset w ith

chroni c malnutrition and starvation from civil strife
since 1995.
While cassava is making a comeba k, w ith the
release and multipli ca tion of disea e-resistant
varieties, Peter Ewe ll , CIP reg ion al representative

for sub-Saharan Africa in Na irobi, says soc ial

sc ienti sts are see kin g information on how sweetpotato production ca n be in creased to meet new
needs and markets, and how thi s would affect
fa rm ers. Sweetpotato is pl ay ing an in creas ing rol e
in East Afri ca, and is expected to fol low the pattern
establi shed in As ia over th e past 30 yea rs w ith a
transition toward the use of sweetpotato for
process ing and animal feed.
Meanwhile, the cassava virus is rap idl y spreading
into weste rn Kenya . Ewe ll sa id CIP is gettin g many
requ ests from non-governm ent and co mmunity
organ izations for help in settin g up programs for
th e multipli cation and di stribution of superior CIPdeve loped sweetpotato va ri eti es.

Chacasina's Popularity Growing in Peru

The parti cul arl y severe El Nino event of 1997- 98
increased temperatures in Peru from 3 to 5 degrees
and drenched reg ions th at had gone w ithout
meas urabl e rainfall in more than a decade with
torrenti al downpours. Th e result was potato yield s
cut by half in many major produ ction reg ions,

along w ith upsw ings in the numbers of pests and in

di seases, espec ially late bli ght.
The severe late bli ght attack took its tol I on many
potato va ri eties, includin g one of Peru 's ri sing
stars, Canchan- IN IA, developed jointl y by CIP
and Peru 's national potato program and released to
farmers in 1990. However, a CIP TPS hybrid,
Chacasina, performed we l I under th e stress of
El Nino. Chacasina is a cross between the most
popul ar loca l va riety produ ced in th e ce ntral
Andes, Yungay, and a CIP late bli ght- res istant
breedin g lin e.
The success of Chacas in a co ntinu es to grow in
Peru. Harvests in more th an 100 Peru vian districts
w here th e va ri ety has spread have been exceptional. As a result, th e Center has been asked to
produ ce two more sim il ar va ri eti es. Meanwh il e,
in the afterm ath of El Nino, CIP has distributed 16
kilograms of Chacasi na TPS to more than 5,000
fa rm fa mili es in 17 departments, 59 provinces,
and 108 distr icts in Peru , acco rdin g to Noel Pall ais,
hea d of CIP's seed unit.
R. CAB ELLO

Scientists at the North

Korean national resea rch
institute using TPS
techniques taught to
them by CIP.

11

Across

East Africa's
semiarid,
densely
populated
plains,
thousands of
villages
depend on the
sweetpotato for
food security. 11

"W ithout th e sweetpotato," says Robert Odeu ,

"th ere wou Id be a terribl e hun ger. " Robert is from
Dokolo vill age in Soroti Provin ce in north east
Uga nd a. A decade of civil wa r has killed off th e
villagers' cattl e, th e parasiti c str iga weed has
attacked the co rn and sorghum, and a virulent
mosa ic viru s has devastated th e cassava crop .
Dokolo vill age is not alo ne. Across East Africa 's
sem iarid, dense ly populated plain s, thousand s
of vi I Iages depend on sweetpotato fo r
food security.
Sweetpotato is depend ab le. Once the plant forms
ed ible roots, a hungry fami ly ca n start eating; an
estab li shed patc h keeps produ cin g, desp ite
drou ght, fo r month s. Sweetpotato is flexibl e.
Farmers ca n stagger produ ction across the region's
two rain y seasons, from April into June/Jul y and
from A ugust into November/ December. Th ey ca n
leave the crop in the ground , harvesting pi ecemea l
as needed, or they ca n harvest everythin g at once.
W hil e th e su ppl y lasts, fam il ies bo il or steam
the roots, eatin g th em w ith pun gent,
ground nut sauces .
Food sec urity, however, is as much about
processin g as it is about production. When
th e dry season sets in , weev il s sta rt to
proliferate. To keep the sweetpotato crop
from being destroyed, vill agers harvest
w hatever is left in their fields. Thi s surplu s
ca n tid e them over during th e lon g
December-to-April dry season-if it ca n be
kept from spo iling.

On-farm trials are

important for testing
techniques and refining
research objectives.

10

O n behalf of his vill age, Robert Odeu

works on a j oint posth arvest project
sponsored by CIP and Uga nda's National
Agri cultural Resea rch Organ iza tion
(NARO) . Its objective is to use traditional
storage technologies in new ways. To help
v ill agers keep fresh sweetpotato lo nger,
NARO' s Kwanda Research Institute has
introd uced storage pits constru cted from
loca l materials. A typ ica l circul ar pit is
about a meter deep and a meter and a half
w ide. Once the pit is cl ea ned out, farmers
compact the wa l Is and cover the bottom
and sides with dried grass. Roots are then
packed into the pit, in a pattern that

permits suffi c ient ai r circulation. A raw roof is set

over the top, braced from be low by a bamboo
frame. Thus protected, fresh roots c n be kept two
to three month s.
Drying is the trad itional way to pre erve sweetpotato. For a coarse inginyo, women rus h and sun
dry ch unks of fresh root. For amukeke chi ps, the
men sli ce up the roots into ro un d, fat pi eces,
w hi c h the women th en spread out t dry; both
keep for between fo ur and five mo ths. D ri ed
sweetpotato is bo il ed in sa uces alo g w ith beans
and vegetabl es . For the sta rch y stap e, atapa,
women grind up dri ed chunks or chips into a
coa rse flour, w hi ch is reh ydrated in wa ter, bo iled ,
mashed , and th en eaten directl y as thi ck porrid ge. M ill ed so rghum o r mill et ca n be mi xed in ,
along w ith tamarind fruit, lemo n, o~ ma ngo.
"Villagers prefer the sliced amu kek chi ps," says
CIP food sc ienti st Vita l H age niman , " beca use th e
quality for process ing is hi gher and th ey store
E. CAR(Y

E. CAREY

better; un fo rtun ately, process in g c hips is mu ch

mo re tedi ous." To speed up c hip produ cti on,
NARO has des igned a durable iron -s li cer w ith an
adju stab le, hand-cra nked b lade. A small wo rk
group can sli ce about 180 kil os of swee tpotato
roots an hour, or about a metr ic ton a day. Three
Soroti v il lages are ex perim entin g w ith thi s system.
The commerc ial dema nd for a hi gh-qu ali ty
amukeke chip is ex pand ing. M ill ers grind the chi ps
into fl our, w hi ch is so ld in th e tow ns, mostly fo r
making atapa. The flo ur ca n also be used in
baking. Deep-fr ied do ugh fo r mandazi, and fo r
many types of cooki es, can be made almost
excl usive ly w ith sweetpotato flou r. For ca kes and
bread, up to 50 percent of th e fl our ca n be obtained from dried sweetpotato, alth o ugh it has to
be ve ry w hite, and ve ry c lea n. Fresh mas hed
sweetpotato ca n also be m ixed d irectly into th e
dough. lr1 taste tests, co nsumers sa id such add itions
improved the co lor, texture, taste, and fres hness of
deep-fr ied buns, chapatis, and manclazis. The
fi ni shed produ ct is also less greasy.
In coopera ti o n w ith NARO's postharves t program,
CIP spo nsored a three-da y process ing workshop at
Sorot i's District Farm Institute in Serere. M ore than
50 v ill age women attended , p lus members of
commu ni ty o rga niza tions and even some loca l
bakers. They spent a day test ing rec ipes and
experimenting with d ifferent amo unts of sweetpotato fl o ur. They tried ou t the slic ing machin e,
debated the best oven con structio n, and exa m ined
the sto rage p its. Prospects for baked goods are very
prom ising as th ere is an estab li shed demand ,
process ing tec hno logy is ava i lab le, and th e high

price of impo rted w heat makes substitutin g

sweetpotato fl our a virtual necess ity.
Sweetpotato-fresh o r dried- is a stap le for almost
every vill age in Soroti. It also makes a good feed
for hogs. Accord ing to Dai Peters, CIP ru ral
deve lopment spec ialist, " keeping hogs helps
vill agers con vert their surp lu s sweetpotato in to a
source of cap ital; hogs become small saving
acco unts w ith short-term maturi ty." To ensure
d igestibili ty, fresh roots should be bo il ed, and
vines, w hi ch prov ide a good source of protein,
need to be chopped up. U sing roots as feed does
not d imini sh food secu rity. As Dai explained,
"v ill agers start raising hogs in Ju ly, w hen the first
sweetpotato harves t begins. Roots are abundant
into December, and the hogs are so ld off at
Chri stm as time, j ust as the dry season
gets underway."

Sweetpotato has
increased greatl y in
importance in Northen
Zambia, whe re most
house holds have a plot.

Food security depends o n improved capac ity fo r

storage, process ing, and uti li zatio n. But fro nt-end
produ cti on ca nnot be ignored either. Vill agers
typ ical ly leave some roots in th e grou nd during the
d ry season. Months later, w hen th e ra ins start, the
roots of th is hardy perenni al pl ant re-spro ut. After a
few weeks, th e vines are stro ng enough for fa rmers
to take cutti ngs, w hi ch they use to re-establish th e
crop. Last yea r, th e rains stopped early and started
late. The resu lt was a six-month d rought th at kill ed
off most of th e plants and put the regio n's food
supp ly at ri sk. "W e ma naged to get mu ltip lica tion
go ing aga in, but it too k mu ch too long," noted
Phi li p Ndolo, w ho heads up the sweetpotato
program at the Kenya Agric ultu ra l Resea rch
In sti tute (KAR I). To prevent anoth er prod uction

11

crisi s, Ndolo and his team wo rk w ith women's

groups in 15 communities nea r Alupe, in Kisumu
distri ct. This year, each member w ill plant hea lthy
cuttings in a small 1.5 sq uare-meter nursery bed
prepared in advance. They wi 11 water the bed as
needed throughout the dry season. Then , once th e
rainy season starts, they can take cuttings from th e
vin es immed iate ly, w ithout wa iting for the o ld
roots to re-sprout.
There is anoth er advantage. According to CIP
entomo log ist Nicole Smit, weev il s prefer the
woody vines left over from th e last harvest. Wh en
fa rmers take cuttings from these old volunteer
plants, th ey end up transferrin g weev ils to their
new fie ld s. " But," Smit exp lain s, "with cuttin gs
from a nursery, farmers begin the next season w ith
fresh, cl ea n planting material less likely to be
infested. " Weevils cannot dig ve ry deeply into th e
ground, so hillin g around plants and harvestin g
large tubers first also helps minimize dam age.
Special prob lems posed by each of the region 's two
weevil spec ies (Cy/as brunneus and Cy/as
puncticollis) make these defensi ve practices
essential. So far, var ietal res istance has proved
elusive, and biologi ca l co ntrol s such as pheromone
traps have had sca nt impact on weev il popul at ions .
" Farmers se lected their va ri eties under heavy
disease and pest pressure," notes CIP breeder Ted
Carey. " Under low- input co ndition s, their culti va rs
do better than improved germp lasm from headquarters." Considering tropi ca l Africa ' s large
number of sweetpotato landraces, plus their hi gh
dry matter content and th eir viru s resistance, th e
reg ion is viewed as seco nd ary center of
sweetpotato di versity. By cross in g Afr ica n types
w ith elite va rieties from CIP, Ca rey and hi s national
program partners expect to get ea rl y-maturing
va ri eti es w ith hi gher yi eld s that store well . Th ey
also expect a new selection such as SPK 004 to
help combat vitamin A defi c iency, especiall y in
children. Chronic throu ghout mu c h of tropical
Afr ica, lac k of vitamin A ca n lead to
perm anent blindness.
In both Uganda and Kenya, w hite-fles hed va ri eti es
w ith a high dry-matter content (30-38 percent) are
preferred, both for fresh consumption and for
process in g. In contrast, o range-fleshed va ri et ies,
w hi ch are rich in beta-caroten e (v itamin A), tend to

12

be mu shy, and th eir dry-matter content rarely

surpasses 24 percent. Gi ven th e def c iency of
vitamin A in th e loca l diet, findin g n o rangeflesh ed type sweetpotato that is ace ptable to
farmers is a priority. The quickest p th to se lection
has come from multi-locational N a 1onal Performance Trials (NPT) in w hi ch Uganda and Kenya
have exchanged and screen ed mate ial co llected
from farmers. Su ch trials helped Carr y and his
national program co unterparts to identify Kenyan
SPK 004. Thi s cultivar is rich in vita\n in A-3.44
milli grams per 100 grams of sweetpotato-a nd has
an acceptable dry-matter content of 31.6 percent.
Thanks to th e CIP-backed resea rch metwork,
PRAPACE, w hi ch oversees region al tl istribution and
field trials, va ri et ies such as SPK 004 ca n be
di stributed qui ckly to neighboring countri es and
local farmers .
Mrs. M w anzi of Okame village near Alupe had a
plot of SPK 004 as part of an on-farm tri al. She and
her 10-yea r o ld daughter dug up th e grou nd, hilled
the so il , and pl anted it. The cuttin gs ca me from the
Alupe substation. " I like a lot of va r'eties that are
ready at di ffere nt times," she says. or th at reason,
she also staggers her planting. Mrs. Mwanzi
demonstrated her tec hnique, cutting fo ur long stems
from a plant w ith her machete, eac about 30
centimeters long. She put tw o of th m togeth er,
mounded up a hill of dirt w ith her ands, and then
pushed the stems into the hi 11. She ook a few more
cutt ings and pu shed them in from tH e side. " It is
best to plant a lot of stems," she sai d, " in case some
of them die." Mrs. Mwanzi planted PK 004
because she had hea rd it was good o r her
childrens ' hea lth . She also planted a nursery for the
dry season " to get the first new roots ea rl y and to
ki 11 the hun ger. "
To ensure food sec urity, CIP and its nat iona l
program partners must w ork on ma y fronts-from
breeding to pest management and tilization. To
characterize ge rmplasm and elimin te duplicates,
they need th e tools biotechnology prov ides. To
design effecti ve pest control strateg ies, they need
on-farm co ll aboration. They cannot igno re
sweetpotato's posth arvest and marketin g problems,
includin g sto rage and processing. ~ share results,
they mu st build up stro ng research ~ etworks. And,
in the end , th ey ca nnot forget th e 1Jst requirement:
wa nzi grow it.
that East Africa n vill agers like Mrs.

An estimated 250 million c hildren in developi ng

countri es are vitamin A-defic ient, puttin g them at
ri sk not on ly fo r ni ght blindness but also fo r the
hi ghly infectio us diseases enab led by reductions in
th eir immune function.
Since the discovery of vitam in A's impact on
children's hea lth in the 1970s, aid groups have
donated and helped di stribute vitam in A capsules
to malnourished children and lactating women. But
beca use it is difficult to get supp lements to some of
the worl d's poorest or strife- ridden countries, many
ass ista nce agenc ies are now seeking to fort ify local
foods with vitamin A.
In a study in Kenya, new va ri eties of sweetpotatoes
(lpomoea batatas) th at are ri ch in beta-ca rotene, a
precursor of vitamin A, have been introduced and
promoted to women farmers. These vari eties have

been se lected by CIP and Kenyan sc ienti sts to help

alleviate vitam in A deficiencies, espec iall y among
the youn g.
The Kenyan study was one of five two-year
intervention programs undertaken by the Internation al Center for Researc h on Women (ICRW) to
explore ways to strengthen women's contri butions
to red uc ing iron and vitam in A defi cien cies. Other
studi es were ca rri ed out in Ethiopia, Peru, Tanzania, and Thailand. The Kenyan study was a
co llaborative effort by the N atio nal Potato Resea rch Center of the Kenya n Agricultural Research
Institute (KARI), CIP, the NGO CARE's program in
Homa Bay Distri ct, and farmers.
Sweetpotatoes are a wide ly cu ltivated traditio nal
crop in Kenya. The majo r sweetpotato-produc ing
region is the western part of the cou ntry, w here
cir ARCH v ES
vitami n A deficiency is common. In
Kenya, at present, the sweetpotatoes
most commonly grown are w hiteflesh ed varieties low in
beta-carotene. In western Kenya,
sweetpotatoes are eaten as a
suppl ementary staple food and are
consumed w ho le (bo iled) or are
mashed and eaten w ith legumes,
leafy vegetab les, meat, or fi sh.
Sweetpotatoes are cons idered
a woman's crop, as they ca n be
grown on the small plots of land
women receive from their husba nds
at marriage.
In the study, orange-fl eshed
sweetpotatoes ri c h in vitami n A were
introd uced to 20 women's group in
two di stricts of western Kenya w here
vitami n A deficiency was high and
w here white sweetpotatoes were a
common seconda ry stap le (the
primary food is maize). H alf of the
women's groups received a pac kage
designed to promote the use and
consu mption of orange
sw eetpotatoes, including nutri tion
education and training in food
processing, packaging, preparation
and marketing.

"Because it is
difficult to get
supplements to
some of the
world's poorest
or strife-ridden
countries, many
assistance
agencies are now
seeking to fortify
local foods with
vitamin A."

Vitamin A-rich
sweetpotatoes are being
introduced in Kenya to
help ward off crippling
diseases, especially in
young children.

13

Results indi cate th at orange-fl eshed

swee tpotatoes and sweetpotato-based
food produ cts w ere acceptab le to both
producers and consumers and helped
increase vitamin A intake. Several of the
new sweetpotato va rieties grow n in th e
o n-farm tri als perfo rmed we ll w ith
respect to yield and pest resista nce and
also were hi gh in beta-carotene.
The appea rance, tas te, and texture of
th e new va ri eti es were w ell accepted by
commun ity groups. Processed food
produ cts made by substitutin g
sweetp otato fo r oth er ingredi ents were
also popu lar. An d grow in g co nditi o ns in
th e stud y proved favorab le for growing
several crop s of sweetpotato per year.
Al I of th is facto rs co u Id ma ke
sweetpotato an affordable betaca rotene-ri ch food, attain abl e
yea r-round .

Consumer preferences
are a crucial factor in
variety evaluation
and selection.

Wid espread di stribution of th e orangefles hed sweetpotato vines occurred as

soo n as th e stud y project w as under
wa y. G ive n thi s popu larity, th e use of
orange sweetpotatoes should grow, as
KARI offices pl an to continu e to make
pl anting materi als ava il ab le to fa rm ers. W estern
Kenyan farm ers' trad ition of passing vine cuttings
to other fa rm ers free of charge sho uld al so help
assure cont inu ed rapid diffusion. On-farm tr ial
data showed th e new oran ge va ri eti es survived
drou ght we ll and had higher yi elds th an th e
tradition al w hite va ri eti es, both important fac tors
for th eir sustained culti vation.
Resea rchers noted th at simpl y di stributing betaca rotene-ri ch va ri eti es of sweetpotatoes and
pro viding minimal support for th eir produ cti on did
not autom ati call y enhance th e nutrition al statu s of
young children. Promotiona l acti viti es edu ca tin g
w omen in th e use and consumpti o n of orange
sweetpotato were critical in increas in g the v itamin
A intake of young children .

14

Th e in terventi on strengthened women' s co ntro l

ove r some of th e resources th ey need to feed th eir
famili es and im prove th e nutriti o nal statu s of
fam il y members, espec iall y youn g hildren. One of
th e key lesson s lea rn ed was that or nge-fl eshed
sweetp otato va ri eties are adopted 1 ost w hen
introdu ced w ithin th e co ntext of ex ension and
edu ca ti o n on fa mi ly hea lth and nut ition . M oth ers
mu st be convin ced th at these new vari eti es are
good fo r th eir ch ildren. In a forewoncl to one of hi s
repo rts, Dr. Cyru s Nd iritu, d irecto r f KA RI ,
affirmed th ese benefits, writing: " St rel y res ults
indi ca te th at orange-fl es hed swee tp otato (in c ludin g
leaves) and sweetpotato-basecl food produ cts are
hi ghl y nutriti ous and ca n signifi ca n ly contribute to
yea r-ro un d all ev iati on of vitamin A defi c iency
amon g child re n under fi ve years of age. "

"Good food does not just come from grain," notes

CIP rural deve lopment spec iali st Dai Peters. "To
meet th e food dem ands of th e future, altern ative
crop s mu st be ex ploited. " No co untry in the world
has done more to exp loit th e potenti al in
sweetpotato than China. For 1995-1997, China's
sweetpotato harvest topped 11 7 milli on tons a year,
some 85 percent of the world 's harvest. And at 48
milli on tons, Chin a's potato crop is second to
none; w ith the brea k up of th e Sov iet Union, it is
now the world 's largest potato produ cer.
Between 2000 and 2020, th e wo rl d's popul ation
w ill in crease by 1.5 billion; half of that growth w ill
take pl ace in Asia. China w ill account for over 20
perce nt of As ia's population growth. For Ch in a to
maintain its se lf-sufficiency in food production,
potato and sweetpotato crops are destined to pl ay a
key ro le. China produces no yams, and less th an 4
million tons of cassava. With thi s in mind, CIP and
China have forged a partnership w hose resea rch
results can be appli ed across Asia.
CIP's co ll aboration with Chin a goes back two
decades. In 1978, the Chinese Acade my of
Agricultura l Sc iences sent a sc ientifi c de legation to
(IP A RCH IV( S

CIP; in turn, a CIP delegation visited major potatogrowing reg ion s in China. Regular visits by seni or
sc ienti sts fo ll owed. In 1985, th e Chinese Academy
and CIP signed an accord to set up a reg iona l CIP
office in Beijing. Subsequently, with th e addition of
the sweetpotato to CIP's mand ate, cooperati on
intensifi ed via germpl asm exchange, joint resea rch
projects, workshops, and tra ining.

Two decades
of CIP's
collaboration
with China
have led to

. Success with Sweetpotato

major benefits
Si chuan and Shan dong Provinces eac h prod uce
about 17 million ton s of sweetpotatoes a year;
togeth er, th ey account for almost 40 percent
of China's produ ction. In Sichuan, post-harvest
technology, espec iall y starch produ ction , is a major
priority. Si nce 19 78, tow nship enterpri ses have
invested in food process in g. In th e mea ntime,
dietary preferences in a more urbani zed China
have shifted. Direct consumption of fresh roots, for
exa mpl e, has dropped. Nonetheless, sweetpotato
output has held steady, bol stered by dema nd from
th e starch indu stry. Most of Sichu an's starch is so ld
as wet ca kes for noodl e production . Beca use starch
th at is off-white and fill ed w ith ash impuri ties
makes an un attractive product, di sgruntl ed urba n

to Chinese
agriculture, and
to insights that
will benefit the
world's poor.

Sweetpotato vines are an

important source of
fodder for dairy cows.

Dried
sweetpotato
slices.

Figure 1.
Average annual
growth rates in
production and area
of selected food s
crops in China,
1985- 87 to 1995-97.

Growth(%)
0.0

-2.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

Area

Production

8.0

Potato
Whea t

Maize
Sweetpotato

Paddy rice

___J

Source: FAOSTAT (February 1999, accessed March 1999)_

Figure 2.
Comparison of actual
potato production
in China to FAO
projection.

(000 t)
120.000
100.000 -

80.000 -

--

----.

~ A ctu a l

production {FAOSTAT,
Feb 1999 accessed March 1999)

Extrapolalion

60.000

40.000

~-.---.---.---.-.-- l--t

20.000 r--- -

FA020 10projection

I 1 - 1 I "J 1---. - 1- 1 .- -1

-------

1989

---

1993

1997

- - - - - --

200t

2005

2010

Growth rate (% )

6.0
5.0
4.0 3.0
2.0
1.0
0.0 -1.0
-2.0 -

-3.0
-4.0
-5.0 - - - 10

15

20

25

10-year intervals *

(') 1 = Average ann ual growth rate 196 1-6 3 to 19 71 -7 3; 2

=Average annu al growth rate 1962-64 to 1972-74; 25 =
Average annual growth rate 1985-87 to 1995-97.
Source: Scott, G. J., M. W. Rosegrant, and C. Ringler. Roots

and Tubers for the 21 51 Century: Trends, Projections, an d

Pol icy for Developing Countries. IFPRI Food, Agr iculture
and th e En vironment Di scussion Paper. A co -publi ca ti on of
the Intern ationa l Food Pol icy Research Institute (IFPRI) and
CIP. Was hingto n, D.C. In p ress .

16

Fo r th e past decade, CIP and th e Sicm uan

Academy of Agri cu ltu ra l Sc iences ha.-e worked on
improving sta rch quality. M anu al process ing has
given way to small-sca le mechani ze ' equipm ent,
such as root wa shers, grind ers, raspers, and drum
separato rs. CIP an d its Sichu an co ll abo rato rs
iden tifi ed th e vari abl es in extraction, such as th e
mesh size used fo r separati on, th at had th e
greatest im pact o n qu ality. A w hite, jDUre starch
fetches a hi gher pri ce and improves, in turn , th e
quality of products down th e line. Transparent
noodl es are a case in po int.

_J__

Source: Actual 1989- 97 (FAOSTAT, Febru ary 1999) wi th

ex trap o lat ion to 201 O; FAQ 20 10 projection (FAO).

Figure 3 .
Average annual
growth rates
(percent) for
sweetpotato
in China calculated
in 10-year intervals
from 1961-97.

consumers turn to
more expensive,
w heat-based pastas.
The res u t is an
increased dem and fo r
w heat prod ucts th at
Chin a is hard -pressed
to meet. Farm ers also
use swe tpotato as
M . 1wANAGA
feed, pa ti cul arl y for
pi gs. As either starch o r feed, sweet otato
substitutes fo r more expensive grain .

With backin g from CIP, the Si chu an Academy

deve loped a moto r-dri ven screw extrud er into
w hi ch th e hot sweetpotato dou gh is pressed. The
res ult is a uni fo rm, hi gh-qu ality product w ith
better market appeal , a produ ct w ith ju st the ri ght
viscos ity, opaqueness, and thi ckn ess. In Santai
Coun ty, th e demand fo r sweetpotato processing
equipment has mo re th an doubl ed . In 1996, fo r
exa mpl e, sales of loca ll y made root-was hers,
starch separators, and extrud ers totaled ove r
$180,000. In th e mea ntime, of th e 9 ,000 to ns of
sweetpotatoes that Santai County produ ced, the
propo rtion processed increased from 36 percent to
76 percent, or to some 69 ,000 tons. The res idues
were recyc led into animal feed . San i Co unty
now raises 11 0,000 pigs, a 70 perce nt increase
ove r 1989.
In Shandong Province, Chinese sc ientists use
ti ssue cultu re propagati o n and ELISA tests to
elim inate viruses from sweetpotato planting sto ck.
Th e project dates bac k to 1987, w hen CIP
condu cted a smal I course o n virus detecti on. A
ti ss ue culture work shop fo ll owed th e next yea r.

Agrarian Transformation Underground:

Potato and Sweetpotato in China
China's produ ction of over 48 mi II ion tons of potato and over 11 7 mil lion ton s of sweetpotato make it the world's
largest produ ce r of both these commodities. More remarkabl e still , China now accounts for 24 percent of global
potato production and 85 percent of the wo rld 's sweetpotato output o n an annual average basis (FAOSTAT, June
1998). In China itse lf, sweetpotato and potato currentl y rank as th e seco nd and fifth most impo rtant food crops in
terms of annual production.

Potato
The average annual growth rate in potato production in China over the last decade has been hi gher than any of the
other major food crops (F ig. 1). In fact, th e growth rate in potato production in China for the last 35 years has been
an extraordin ary 3.9 percent. So mu ch so that the ga p betwee n FAO projections and actual output has become
increasingly appa rent in the last decade (F ig. 2). Th e grow th rate in area planted has also exceeded that of the
other principal co mmoditi es for the last 10 years, proving more important than yields in susta inin g the expansion
in potato output. Ev idence from China and other parts of Asi a points to two critical rea so ns for this remarkable
expansion in potato o utput.
First, as incomes have improved and urbani zation has accelerated with economic growth in China, consumers
have sought to diversify their food intake beyond a strictl y cereal-based diet. Chinese, as w ith co nsumers almost
eve rywhere, like the taste of potatoes. Thei r neutral fla vo r make s potatoes a facile and comp lementary ingredi ent
in local dish es that rely o n traditional spi ces and other foods for a co lorful appea rance and taste. Moreover, th e
fast-food restaurant boom that started in Ho ng Kong and Tai wa n now has spread throughout Chin a. Once
considered a high -pri ced, luxury dish, french-fri es are fast becomin g a popular item not only in restaurants run by
international chains, but also in Chinese-operated eating establishments and supermarkets.
Second, potato is a profitable crop fo r small fa rm ers. Given the pl ant's versatility, potato ca n thrive in the
temperate and mountain ous growing areas in the northern part of the country, as well as in th e drained paddy
fields and hill y parts more characteristic of semi -tropical , southwestern China. Moreover, w ith the introduction of
improved germplasm, th e grow th rate in yield s has actuall y accelerated as area planted has expa nded in recent
years. This trend suggests that with better technology, in certain parts of th e country potato is being planted instead
of c rops such as ri ce on the more favorable land, as farmers are switching to higher-value crops in an effort to
ca pture greater in co mes .

Sweetpotato
In come growth and urbani za tion have had perhaps an even more interestin g impact on sweetpota to- although thi s
impact has been slowe r to affect growth rates in production and area planted. W ith economi c expa nsion,
co nsumers in China have also increased their demand for mea t and processed products. In the case of
sweetpotato, this shift in consumption mea ns that sweetpotato has been increasingly utili zed as a source of
pigfeed- both roots and vines. During 199 5-97, some 30 to 50 million tons of sweetpotato roots alone served thi s
purpose. So it is no mere coincidence th at:

China is now th e world's largest pi g producer;

over 80 perce nt of pig production takes pl ace at the household or vill age leve l;
the largest pi g-produ c ing province in China is Sichuan;
Sichuan is a maize-deficient provin ce;
Sicnuan Provin ce alone produces more sweetpotato than all other developing countri es combined; and
in recent years, a grow ing proportion of sweetpotato production in Sichuan has been used to feed pigs.

In effect, small farmers in Sichuan, as in other parts of China, have respo nded to shifts in eatin g hab its by
transforming sweetpotatoes into "meat," capturing th e va lue-added at the household leve l. In doing so, they

essentia ll y use sweerpotato as one component in an overa ll strategy to sustain food security at the fa rm and
nation al level.
A parallel phenomenon has been the growth in sweetpotato processing for both food and no n-food products.
Recent research in both Shandong and Sichuan Provinces points to a booming demand fo r sweetpotato sta rch in
the form of noodles, both for domestic consumpti on and for export. Procedures for extracting s ~arc h from roo s
at the vi ll age level include th e use of by-products in the form of starch-free sweetpotato mash for feed. Thi s
practice suggests a symbiot ic rather than competitive relation between the new uses of sweetpotato.
Given these emerging markets for sweetpotato in its processed form, recent estimates of growth rates in
prod uct io n and area planted for this crop reflect a sharp reversal of ea rlier down w ard trends (Fig. 3). With
furt her improveme nts in potato and sweetpotato productivity, and with processing on line for diffusion in th e
yea rs ahead, China's agrarian transformation undergrou nd is wel l positioned for fu rther expans ion in the
new mill en ium.
R. HIJM NS

China, 1997
GDP per person [yuan]

C::J
C::J
C::J

Over 5000
4000-5000
Under 5000

Potato (2500 ha)

Sweetpotato (5000 ha)

kilometers

1000

By overlaying potato and sweetpotato production with GDP, we can see that these crops are providing
food where it is sorely needed.

Held at the Sweetpotato Research Center of the

Xuzhou Institute of Agri cultural Science in
Shandong Province, CIP and the Asi an Vegeta bl e
Resea rch and Development Center (AVRDC) cosponsored th e course. The adaptive resea rch
providing the basis for an innova ti ve seed
propagation program was carried out by the
Sweetpotato Program of the Crops Research
Insti tute of the Shandong Academy of Agricu ltu ra l
Sci ences. The Sweetpotato Prog ram has been
stron gly supported by th e Prov in cial Government
of Shandong. Thi s su pport has been criti ca l to th e
wid espread diffusion of clea n plantin g materi al.
Today, the work is sponsored by the Shandong
Academy of Agricultural Sciences.
Sci enti sts generate viru s-free plantlets from
meri stem tip culture in ord er to obtain vine
cuttings. Starting with ju st 500 pl antl ets the first
spring, the proj ect produ ced enou gh foundat ion
seed to cover 6.7 hectares in vines by the second
spring. In turn, cuttings from these vi nes generated
100 hectares of roots, or some 3000 tons of seed.
By the third sprin g, the project had enough stock to
plant over 13,000 hectares. Thanks to thi s effort,
the province's farmers began to pl ant virus-free
sweetpotatoes in 1994. The impact on yie lds was
dram atic; th e average produ cti vi ty advantage
across nine sites and fi ve va ri eties was over 40
percent. The added output requires no additiona l

ferti li zer, water, or change in fa rmin g methods.

A lmost any fa rm er w ho uses viru s-free material
gets hi gher yields. In 1998 , Sh and ong fa rm ers
planted half a milli on hectares of viru s-free
sweetpotatoes, or about 80 percent of the
province's total. An estimated 3.1 milli on fa rm
fami li es benefited from the added yields, va lued at
$133 million a yea r. In Shandong, sweetpotato
starch, espec ially for noodle-makin g, is a growth
in dustry. Currently, half Shandong's output goes to
th e loca l starch industry.
As a stap le food, sweetpotato ca n be eaten fresh or
dri ed in th e sun for su bseq uent use. Both roots and
vines make an excell ent animal feed. In many parts
of China, however, sweetpotato's future is linked to
its multipl e starch transformations: noodl es,
vermi ce lli, and sheet jell y; refin ed sta rch; starch
derivatives (amylophosphate, amylum acetate, and
so lubl e sta rch); and sta rch residu es (fodder, maltose
and suga r res idues, brew ing products). Th at being
the case, breed ing fo r hi gh dry-matter content,
w hi ch directly adds to the amount of sta rch
extracted, is a top priority for CIP and Chin ese
breeders. According to Dapeng Zhang, CIP plant
breeder and project leader, the obj ecti ve is "to
produce more usabl e material in every sweetpotato. " The recovery rate for starch averages about
1 5 percent (by we ight) of th e unpee led fresh roots.
Sweetpotato varieties w ith enou gh dry matter to
G. CHANG

Potato has made a

difference in people's
diets in China; in two
decades, the country's
production of this crop
has almost doubled.

19

boost starch recovery by just 5 percent to 20

percent could add an impressive o ne-third to th e
tota l extracted. Va ri eta l selection is done in
cooperation w ith China's Swee tpotato Research
Center in Xuzhou, Ji angsu Province.
Not onl y is Chin a th e w orld ' s top sweetpotato
producer, but th e crop is dispersed across fi ve
distinct climati c zo nes . Sweetpotato is rarely th e
main crop. China's far mers plant th em in elaborate
rotatio ns w ith grain s (rice, w heat, co rn , mill et), o il
seeds, sesa me, and assorted legumes (soybeans,
peanuts, field peas, broad bea ns) . In some zones,
intercro pping preva ils, w ith sweetpotatoes on
rid ges and corn or peanuts pl anted in the furrows
between. Rotati ons help improve so il structure,
control pests, and foster soil fert ility. lntercropping
max imi zes th e use of space, di stributes labor,
and in crease a fi eld 's overall produ cti vity. CIP
scientists have much to learn from how Chin a's
fa rmers man age th eir fields, inform ati on vital
to Asia' s food production.

Progress with Potato

Chi na tod ay is th e largest global user of CIP
germplasm. For th e potato, germpl asm exchange
dates back to 1978, the year CIP-24 entered Chin a
as an in-vitro plantlet. The Wumen g Agricultural
Resea rch Institute in Inner Mon goli a did the
propagation and fie ld trials. Thi s hardy, drou ghtto leran t culti va r is currentl y produced on ove r
150,000 hectares. CIP germpl asm still contributes
to va ri etal deve lopment in China. CIP entries are
eva luated in multil oca tional trials across north
China at both Wumeng and Yanqin g sta tion s.
Sel ection criteria inc lude resista nce to late bli ght
and bacterial w i It, p lu s ea rl y maturity and
drought "toleran ce.
Almost 40 percent of China' s potato crop is
produced in the north in a one-crop-per-year
system. Farm ers repeat potatoes or rotate to w heat,
oats, or buckwh ea t. Further south , potato is sow n

20

as a fall or w inter crop th at follows w heat o r paddy

rice. To be profitable, far mers need arl y maturing
va ri et ies. In 1991 , CIP's Philippine-based
UPWARD netw ork (Users' Perspective w ith
Agricultural Research and Deve lopm ent) began a
potato production proj ect for the rice-based
croppin g systems of Zh eji ang Provin e. The
prin cipal resea rcher wa s Zhang Renti n of the
Zhejiang Academy of Agri cultural sce nces. So far,
th e proj ect has introduced technolog th at shortens
the potato 's grow ing seaso n; it has also moved seed
multipli ca tion to the hi ghl ands, w here disease
press ure is less, and it has organized more than 350
trainin g sess ions for 18,000 fa rmers.
potato
rotation improves subsequen t rice yi Id s. Combining th e two crops, food production per uni t of land
area has more than doubl ed.
In Chin a's southern provin ces, intero opping
potatoes with other crops is commo pl ace . In
Sichu an Province, th e country' s largest potato
produ ce r, 80 percent of th e potato crop is
intercropped w ith corn: th e potatoes in th e
furrows, the corn on th e ridges. Wh e it comes
to rotations and intercropp ing, Chin a{ s potato
farmers are the experts.

Partners in Progress

In 1978, w hen CIP and China bega n collaboration ,

the country's total potato harvest was estim ated at
25 milli on tons. Two decades later, hin a's production has almost doubl ed. For sweetp tato, w hich
was added to CIP's mand ate in 1985 total production first fe ll in the 1980s and has been steadil y
risin g sin ce th e early 1990s. What changed the
most was the sweetpotato' s utilizati on. On a freshweight bas is, sweetpotato is China's second most
important crop after ri ce; th e potato 's ranked fifth.
To bolster its food production , China needs
its potato and sweetpotato crops. Workin g together,
China and CIP have much to learn, and much
to offer eac h other.

..

.<

. .-#!"

- ~

..

'

.
_,:

If

'

r\

A decade ago, maca was a li ttle-k nown root grown

by some of Peru's poorest and most iso lated
subsistence far mers . Today it is o ne of the country's
most promising agr icultural expo rts .
Until recentl y, ullu co was found o nl y in markets a
few months each yea r. Now the co lorfu l tuber ca n
be fo und virtuall y year-round in th e most fas hi onab le supermarkets in Lima.
Crispy, fructa n-ri ch yac6n used to be a sweet sec ret
among Andea n hi ghlanders. Today that secret is
being shared with dieters and diabetics as fa r away
as Braz il and Japa n.
These are just so me of the And ean root and tuber
crops, stud ied and conserved by CIP and its
partners, that have recentl y begun to find their way
o ut of tiny backyard pl ots and into regional,
nationa l, and international markets.

The Maca Craze

Cultivated above 4,000 meters of elevation in a
smal I area in central Peru , maca has been used for
centu ri es to stimul ate human and animal fe rti lity,
w hi ch is naturall y red uced by hi gh altitudes. The
few scienti fic tests performed on maca before th e
mid- l 990s seemed to bear out this traditional
knowl edge-a point th at was not lost on th e
market-w ise Peru vian pharmaceuti ca l co mpany
Quimica Sui za.
W o rkin g c lose ly with CIP, Quimica Sui za has
invested more than $1 million in maca resea rch
and product development since 1994. Compa ny
officia ls say they have found that maca not onl y
improves male and femal e fertility, but also
increases energy and relieves stress. In 1998, on
th e strength of these claim s, Q uimi ca Su iza
exported about $80,000 wo rth of maca tabl ets to
Japa n, Europe, and the United States . The company
is hop in g to increase foreign sa les to $1 milli on in
1999.
As interest in the root has grown, a num ber of
other entrepreneu rs have jumped o n the bandwagon, quickly conce iving, man ufactu rin g, and
marketi ng maca-based produ cts ranging from
liquo rs and ca ndi es to flours and medicinal

capsul es . The sudden rise in demand for the crop

has tran sform ed th e economy around Peru's Lake
Junin . The land area planted in maca grew from
ju st 200 hecta res in 1995 to about 1,500 by th e
end of 1998, and th e Ag ri culture M ini stry hopes to
see that fi gure ri se to nearly 3,000 in 1999 .

"One of the
goals of CIP's
Andean root
and tuber

Other Promising Products

program is to
CIP ha s played an important ro le in th e growth in
th e ulluco market in Peru, having he lped loca l
produ cers build and operate a modern storage
facility near Hu ancayo. Using technology first
deve loped for potatoes, the facility all ows
prod ucers to se ll their product in Lim a durin g the
summer months, w hen suppli es are lower and
pri ces are high.
Off-season ullu co may soon help boost incomes in
Boli via as we ll. A CIP collaboration with researchers at Sa n Simon Un iversity in Coc habamba has
resulted in prod uction, on a pilot sca le, of attra cti ve ly-packaged ulluco flakes. The new produ ct
should give co nsumers access to this nutri tious
food throughout the year w hil e helpin g stab ilize
prices for fa rm ers .

ensure the
long-term
survival of crops
that have
traditionally
played little or
no role in
regional and
national

CIP scientists, working with co ll aborators at

Intern at iona l Center for Tropical Agr iculture (CIAT)
and other institutions, are cu rrentl y testing th e
market viab ility of a number of cottage industry
prod ucts made from Andean roots and tubers in
several locations in Peru, Ecuador, and Bo li via.
Parti cul ar ly prom isin g is " rallado," a tradition al
sweet made from arracacha and sugarcane sy rup
and consumed du rin g fi estas . Other products that
have been studi ed or tested for their commercial
potenti al inc lude oca j am, oca-based baby food,
mashua-based pestic ides, and yac6n pickles, teas,
chips, and ice cream (see box).

markets."

The Biodiversity Question

One of the goa ls of CIP's And ea n root and tuber
program is to ensure the long-term su rviva l of
crops that have traditionally pl ayed littl e or no ro le
in reg ional and national markets.
Commerc ialization is often touted as th e answer to
the threat aga inst biodiversity- th e idea being that
if fa rm ers can not se ll th eir crops, th ey w ill

21

eventuall y be forced to stop grow ing them. Yet th e

effects of com merci al ization on biodiversity are not
always positive. This is most c lear ly seen in major
commodities such as maize, w heat, and potatoes,
in w hi ch market demands dictate that ju st a few
se lect vari eties dominate.
The same cou ld happen with the lesser-kn own
roots and tubers. If industrial baby food processors
require only one vari ety of oca, for instance, it is
possible that market-oriented farme rs w ho have
always grown oca w ill begin to plant only that
com mercia ll y desirable variety. This is potentially
true for most other traditional Andean crops, w hose
different va ri eties often displ ay markedly different
c haracteri st ics.
So far, however, studi es condu cted by CIP and its
partners indicate th at the loss of traditional Andean
crop varieties has been minim al despite the trend
toward in cre ased commercializ ation. Thi s is in part
because non-commercial va ri eties are excha nged
and tran spo rted outside of their "micro-centers of
origi n" much more freque ntl y and universally th an
researchers had previously thought. Thus the
market-induced disappearance of a va ri ety from
one farm or village generall y does not mean that
the va riety is exti net.
This is rein forced by the conservationist traditions
of Andean farming. Economic studies show that
few smal I-scale Andean farmers are strictly
commercia l growers. Rather, most maintain a
number of preferred traditional crops and varieties
fo r family or ritual use, as we ll as for genetic
in suran ce aga inst drought or other stresses. Yet this
could change as market dem and s reac h more
remote areas. So w hil e CIP' s Andean roots and
tubers program promotes production and
commercialization options that increase the
incomes of small-scale growers, one of its ongoing
responsibilities is to monitor the impact of
com merc ial pressure on th ese fa rmers, and o n th e
genetic wea lth they nurture and protect.

22

Useful Roots & Tubers

Achira or Canna (Canna edulis).

Grown in warm
Andean va lleys as
wel l as in Vietnam .
Used
mainly for
indu stri al
sta rch and
noodle
production.
Roots are also baked or boiled and
eaten. Pudding made from starch is
served to ch ildren and
co nva lescents.
Ahipa (Pachyrhizus ahipa). A

relati ve of Mexican ji cama

(P. erosus), grown in
subtropi ca l eastern
Bolivia and northern
Argentina. Tubers are
consumed fresh, like
fruit. Hi gh in protein,
sta rch , and sugars.
Potenti al ly useful in starch
production.
Arracacha

(A rracac ia

xanthorrhiza). A rel ative of both

ca rrot and ce lery, producing a starchy

storage root that resembles a pa rsnip.
Boiled, fried, or baked for use in
soups, stews, and sa lads. Used in
instant baby foods and
soups, and as a base
for desserts. Youn g
stems can be used
in salads or
cooked as a
vegetabl e.
Leaves are fed
to livestock.

Maca (Lepidium meyenii). Culti vated

Oca (Oxa lis tuberosa). A major

in centraI Peru at
alti tudes of
up to 4,400
meters.
Roots
beli eved to
possess fe rti I ityenhanci ng properti es, and to
im prove vitality, mental
capac ity, reprodu cti ve hea lth,
and immune system response .
Can be eaten fresh or processed
into nutriti onal suppl ements, fl our,
candies, jams, or drin ks.

stap le in pre-Co lumbi an

tim es, mainl y eaten boil ed
in soups and stews . Very
hi gh yielding (up to 55
tons/ hectare) . Hi gh in
starch, minerals, and
organ ic ac ids
(i ncl udin g so lubl e
oxa l ates), hence
sli ghtly ac idi c in
taste.

Mashua (Tropaeolum
tuberosum). Very hi gh
yielding (up to 70 tons/
hectare). Co ntain s natu ra l
in secti cid al compound s,
and often pl anted w ith other
crops to protect fi eld s fro m
pests. Sometim es used as
medi cine fo r kidn ey ailments
and as a diureti c.

Mauka (M irabi/is exp ansa).

Ancient crop redi scovered by
sc ienti sts in the 1960s. Produ ces
succ ul ent edible stems and tasty roots
hi gh in carbohydrates and protein .
Boil ed or baked and eaten in soups,
stews, or desserts. Fo li age hi gh in
protein ,
henoe
good
fo dd er.
Extensive
root system
and long
durati on
make it useful
fo r eros ion
co ntrol.

Ulluco (U /lu cus tuberosus) . Co lorful

tubers are cooked in stews and
soups, or dried as chips
and stored fo r
later use .
Leaves
high in
protein ,
ca lcium, and
carotene, and
simil ar in taste
and tex ture to
M alabar spinac h (Basel/a alba).
Yac6n (Sm a/lanthus sonchifo lius) .
Naturall y sweetened by fru ctooli gosacc har ides, w hi ch are not
metabolized by the body, thus useful
fo r di abetics. Roots eaten raw ; ca n
be dried and made into chips or
prepared as
pic kl es.
Potenti al raw
material for
hi gh-fru ctose syrup s.
Leaves used as
tea, reputed
to reduce
bl ood sugar
and
cho lestero l
leve ls.

23

CIP's collection
of ancient potato
varieties may help

On ce rega rd ed as a fre.e good, water has become

one of th e most impo rtant limitin g fac tors fac in g
potato growers. New stud ies condu cted by CIP's
Seed Un it in d icate that severa l c lones fro m the
Center's geneba nk prov ide good tub er yie lds
und er d ry co nd it io ns.

reduce Andean
farmers' need for
an increasingly
scarce and
precious
resource-water.

"Th e wo rld ' s th irst for water is li ke ly to become

o ne of the mos t press in g reso urce issues of the
twe nty-f irst century," asserts the Wo rld
Resour ces In stitute. The seve rity of recent El
Nino and La Nin a episodes in Latin Ame ri ca
support w id ely he ld theori es that th e p lanet is
enterin g a per iod of increased c lim ati c vo lat ility,
m ark ed by cyc les of drought and excess ive
rai nfa ll. At th e sa me tim e, rapid urb ani zatio n
and po pul at ion growth cre ate un precedented
co mpetiti o n betwee n domest ic water use rs
and ag ri c u ltural producers. In respo nse to thi s
C. ROSSN0U FF

a water hog. Modern culti va rs, bred o r max imum

yield , tend to require frequ ent and shall ow
irrigati o n. Thi s is espec iall y so durin g the periods
of fast tuber deve lopment, after th e I af cove r is
estab lished- that is, more th an 40 days afte r
plantin g-a nd w hen the potatoes are grown in
environ ments w here eva potransporati o n is hi gh.
The answer to this di lemma, says CIR plant
ph ys io log ist Noe l Pall ais, may li e w ithin th e genes
of some 3,500 native An dean potato access ions in
CIP's genebank. Though they have been conserved
for more th an 30 yea rs, th e co ll ected~ plant matter
has not bee n thoroughl y in vestigated !
Now, says Pall ais, mol ecular biology techniques
have c hanged th e tim eframe fo r breeders to transfer
genes rapid ly and get resu Its much sooner. "Thu s, it
is now high time to begin paying atten ti o n to th e
unkn own va lue th at may lie w ith in our potato
germpl as m," he says.
CIP screened 134 nati ve A ndean lanolraces of eight
potato spec ies that were culti vated before th e
In cas. Th e ancient va ri eties were p lamted, alo ng
w ith a control group of 78 modern , improved
culti va rs, and al l water applications were w ithheld
after the first 38 days. (There was no irrigatio n from
rai n, sin ce th e experim ent was carried out at CIP
Headq uarters o utside Lima, w here rai n is an
unu sual phenomeno n.)
Pal la is fo und th at several of the cl o nes had good
yields under th e dry co nditions. This "dro ughtadapti ve respon se," th e resea rcher said , "was due
to a combination of va lu ab le traits" that in c luded
hi gh total dry matter, ea rl y bu lki ng, low tuber
number, and hi gh harvest index (th e rati o of ed ibl e
matter to leaves and stems).

Preliminary trials point to

the enormous droughttolerance potential of the
native potato germplasm
held in trust by CIP.

emergin g prob lem, scie nti sts are see kin g

crop va ri eti es that need less irri gat ion , and
ag ri cultural tec hno log ies th at use water
more effi c iently.
CIP is doing its part. By one way of rec konin g, its
maj or mand ate crop, potato, is already an efficient
water user. W hen grown under coo l c limate
co nditi o ns, potato produces mo re food per unit of
water th an any of th e oth er bi g stapl e cropsw heat, ri ce, o r maize. But in another way, potato is

24

A ll thi s points to th e usefu ln ess of furth er sc reenin g

and research on potato va ri eties' ab il ity to extract,
transport, and use th e wa ter that is a ail ab le in th e
so il . Pall ais urges th at it would be w rth th e
expenditure to screen all 3, 500 nati v And ean
access ions. These sa mp les of plant materi al that
have been resting in CIP' s genebank fo r decades
may now play important roles in all ev iatin g the
thirst of th e Ea rth in th e near future.

After years of growth, CIP's natural resource

management (NRM) research has entered a
flowering phase.
Using a variety of powerful data-gathering and
analytical tools, CIP scientists and their
collaborators have dramatically expanded their
understanding of complex highland ecosystems. In
many places, the thrust is now in translating that
understanding into action.
In Cajamarca, Peru, years of data collection have
resulted in a comprehensive "digital atlas" of the
area . This atlas, completed in 1998, combines
agronomic information (cropping areas, soil types,
water supply, slope, climate, etc.) with social and
economic data. Government agencies and NGOs
will use the digital maps to plan and implement
development activities and infrastructure

11

ln the

integrated pest management techniques with efforts

to improve soil fertility on small potato farms, with
the goal of increasing productivity, reducing
nutrient loss, and helping control the spread of
crop diseases.

South America,

A Six-Year Push

Africa, and

Since its founding, CIP has been concerned with

the interaction between agriculture and the
environment. Center scientists have worked to

Asia, diversity

highlands of

is the single

reduce the use of toxic chemicals, promote the

conservation and use of agricultural biodiversity,
and improve land-use practices associated with

most notable

potato and sweetpotato production systems.

feature of the

However, CIP's commitment to NRM per se began

in 1992, around the time that the Technical
Advisory Committee of the CGIAR responded to

landscape. 11

improvements to combat poverty and decrease

land degradation. Similar atlases are now under
construction for other key sites in the Andes.

C il' A RC H IVE S

In Carchi, Ecuador, CIP scientists are linking

models of soil processes, pasture quality, dairy
productivity, and crop growth with an economic
"tradeoffs" model quantifying the costs and benefits
of different scenarios in terms of health,
productivity, profitability, and environmental
impact. This effort should result in specific
recommendations for land use and management in
an important agricultural production zone, as well
as in methods that will help scientists and policy
makers make sound decisions in other areas.
On the altiplano of Bolivia and Peru, CIP scientists,
in collaboration with researchers from a variety of
national and international institutions, have used
satellite images and data from ground surveys to
create large-area maps for frost risk and biomass
production. These maps will be indispensable in
efforts to increase crop and dairy production in one
of the western hemisphere's most depressed areas.
In the mountains of central and eastern Africa, CIP
researchers are working with other institutions as
part of the African Highlands Initiative, which
seeks to extend research findings and methods to
poorly-studied areas, and to promote the idea of
integrated rural development in complex mountain
environments. CIP scientists are now linking

In the complex mountain

environment of the
Andes, farming may be
practiced on steep
mountain slopes or
interspersed with
dairying on irrigated
valley floors and in high
mountain pastures.

the Rio Declaration on Environment and

Development with a set of guidelines to assist
members in promoting sustainable agriculture.
Environmental sustainability quickly became a
cornerstone of the Center's research agenda, not
because of its "trendiness," but because of the very
nature of root and tuber production in the
developing world.
Unlike most cereal-producing areas, the
environments in which potatoes and sweetpotatoes
are grown are generally characterized by
geographical complexity. In the highlands of South
America, Africa, and Asia, diversity is the single
most notable feature of the landscape. Soils,
slopes, water availability, and even climate can
vary dramatically within a small area.

25

A Well-Stocked
Tool Kit
At th e same tim e, no acti vi ty in a hi ghl and environment
occurs in a vacuum. Poor water management leads to soil
erosion; so il erosion leads to poor soil fert ility; poor so il
fertility leads to low prod uctivity; low productivity leads to
low fam il y in comes; low fa mil y incomes lead to
environmental ly in appropriate land-use decisions. In th e
mo untains, eve rything is con nected .

In the last fi ve yea rs, CIP has

invested heavil y in a number
of tools to enh ance its NRM
resea rch capac ity.

Remote
sensing uses

For both th ese reasons- comp lexity and interconnectedness-so lu tio ns to production and env ironmenta l
chall enges mu st be based less on broad principles th an on
deta il ed know ledge and a subtl e understanding of the
man y forces at pl ay in any given place.
Working in Partnerships
Natural resource management is by nature a col laborati ve
endeavor. No single in stitution can full y dec iph er th e
comp lex human and phys ica l rea lity of a loca le or reg io n,
presc ribe so lu tio ns to its prob lems, and fo l low th ro ugh
with th e impl ementatio n of those sol uti o ns. Thu s, CIP has
wo rked to create a number of strateg ic partnersh ips, not
only w ith other researc h institutions, but also w ith policy
makers and deve lopm ent organizations.
A large part of CIP's NRM work has been ca rri ed out
throu gh th e Center's affi li ation w ith th e Consortium for
the Sustainable Development of th e Andean Ecoreg ion
(CONDESAN ), wh ich CIP helped fo und in 1992 (see box) .
CIP scien ti sts coordinate c losel y w ith th e COND ESAN
directorate, and parti cipate in a number of co ll abo rative
research activ iti es .
CIP is also a fo undin g member of the G loba l Mountain
Program, w hi ch unites the Center with the Africa n
Hi ghl ands Initi ati ve, the Internationa l Centre fo r Research
in Agroforestry (ICRA F), the Internation al Li vestock
Research In stitute (I LR I), and th e Intern ational Center fo r
Integrated Mountain Deve lopment (ICIMOD). Founded in
1997, th e Globa l Mountai n Program wo rks to lin k resea rch
and deve lopment initi atives in the Andes, eastern and
central Afr ica, and th e Him alayan Kush .
Beca use natural resource management depends so much on
loca l knowl edge, ca pac ity-buildin g is a vital part of CIP ' s
NRM mand ate. Center sc ienti sts have condu cted workshops
in the use of natural resource management tools for
national resea rch programs in Peru , Ecuador, Bo liv ia, and
Co lomb ia. In 1998, the Center helped create MOSAndes, a
multi-instituti o nal soil fe rtility research network for the
South America n hi ghl and s.

26

R. QUIROZ and S. SAATCHt

sate I I ite
photographs,
radar, and
optica l
images to
interpret a
w ide va ri ety
of physi ca l
and
biological
factors of
importance
to farme rs
and poli cy
m akers.
Th ese
facto rs
in c lude
elevation ;
vege tati ve
cover; plant
hea lth ;
sa l in izatio n;
and ri sk
from
erosion,
frost,
drought, or
floodin g. In
1998, CIP
in sta ll ed a
satellite antenna that is
currentl y being used by
co ll aborators in La Paz,
Bolivia. The Center also
acquires images from a
number of prov iders in
Europe, Japan, th e United
States, and La in America.

Computer simulation models

predict the outcome of any
number of ph ys ica l,
biological , eco nomi c,
managerial , o climatic

CONDESAN: Linking Research with Development

scenarios, whether at the farm

leve l or over an entire region.
Some of the models being
used at CIP have been made
availab le by other institutions,
some have been adapted by
CIP, and others have been
built by Center scientists. For
instance, researchers from CIP
and ILRI have comb ined the
resu lts of more than 100
experiments conducted in the
Andean altiplano to create a
mathematical model for
pasture and li vestock
interaction s, whi le researchers
from CIP and the International
Fertilizer Development Center
(IFDC) have been adapting
U.S. potato production models
to Andean cond iti ons. Both
models allow researchers to
test m anageme nt regimes
under various cond itions while
minimizing the need for
expensive, difficult, or timeco nsumin g field trials.
Geographic In formation
Systems (CIS) synthes ize data
from sate I Iite im ages, surveys,
field experiments, c limate
records, simul ation models,
and many other sources to
produce thematic maps and
"geo-refere nced" databases.
For example, using GIS a
resea rcher ca n feed c limate
data into a simulation model
for crop growth and produce
easy-to-use maps and tables
show in g risk across time and
space for frost or fl ood in g.
These outputs can be further
combined with data on
poverty, land degradation, or
other factors. GIS thus serves
as a I ink between data and
models, providing useful
reference materia ls for
researchers and pol icy make rs.

The Consortium for the Sustainable Development of the Andean Ecoregion

(CONDESAN) brings together Andean and internat iona l research in stitutions,
uni vers iti es, governm ent agencies, NGOs, and other interested parties to seek
scientifically sou nd so lution s to the complex problems of integrated rural
development in the And es.
In Colombia, researchers from CIP, Internation al Center for Tropi ca l Agriculture
(CIAT), University of Caldas, the Eduquemos Foundation, University del Val le,
and the NGO COLCIENCIAS have been work in g to adapt watershed
management models to Andean co ndition s. One goa l is to develop methods to
identify eros ion risks, then estim ate the impact of potential interventions on
sedimentation and water flow. When linked to eco nomic mode ls, these new
methods will allow researchers to eva luate and prioritize different land- use
scenarios in both biophysical and economic terms.
In Ecuador, a CONDESAN team led by Latin American Faculty of Social
Sciences (FLACSO) and the Q uito-based NGO FUNDAG ~ has been
developing ways to involve the three muni c ipal govern ments in the Rio El Angel
watershed (Ca rchi provin ce) in natural resource management. Based on this
experience, the Assoc iation of Ecuadorean Municipalities (AME) moderated a
CONDESAN electronic forum on the issu e w ith over 350 participants from
tnroughout the Andes. W ith in creas ing decentralization in many countr ies, loca l
governments are becoming key players in the development process.
In Peru, sc ientists from the University of Cajamarca, the Cajamarca-based NGO
ASPADERUC, and CIP have been work ing closely w ith the loca l branch of th e
nati onal so i I and water conservation program to develop a methodology fo r
usin g GIS-derived maps to ident ify eros ion hotspots and se lect appropriate
co nservation interventions (e.g., reforestation , terracing, infiltration ditches, li ve
fences, micro irri gation ). If the methodology is successfu l, the team wi ll be
invited tb introduce it in Cusco and Tan11a.
In Bolivia, a CONDESAN team headed by Intern ational Livestock Research
Institute (ILRI), and including CIP and the loca l dairy assoc iation ASPROLPA, is
wo rkin g to develop improved land-use and dairy-production systems fo r sma ll scale producers on the coo l, sem i-a rid altiplano southeast of La Paz. The
challenge is to maintain production costs that are compet iti ve with those of
inter-Andean va lley and internat io nal producers. Work is focusing on feed
man agement, an imal genetics, and access to c red it.
Many other Co nso rtium initi atives are cross-Andean in scope. These include
stren gthen in g M.Sc. programs in natural resource management, promoting
private investm ent in hi ghl and areas, conserving agrob iodi ve rsity through the
marketing of Andea n produ cts, and connecting development workers and
resea rchers through e-mai I and the Web.
The Consortium also provid es a variety of information services, includin g
regular news bulletins, an Intern et web page (www.condesa n.org) and a virtu al
library and bookstore. CONDESAN's information arm, lnfoAndin a
(lnfoandina@cgiar.org), maintain s an electro ni c network of 450 members.
lnfoAndin a also serves as the Latin American node fo r the Mountain Forum a
Swiss-funded initi ative designed to increase co mmuni cation between
'
institutions involved in the susta in ab le development of highland areas.

Cl P scientists
use the latest
tools of modern
biotechnology
so that their
research results
can be applied
to address
food availability
and increase
the welfare of
the poor.

Recogni z in g the potent ial for in c reas in g food

produ ction and improv in g food qua li ty, CIP has
cont inu ed to in c rease its in vestm ent in biotechnologica l resea rch. Comb inin g th e most ad va nce d biotechnolog ica l too ls w ith th e wea lth of
CIP's extens ive potato and sweetpotato
germpl asm co ll ect ion, ag ricultural researc hers
are id enti fying specific sources of d isease and
pest res istance, determin in g the ge nes assoc iated
w ith these tra its, and in corpo ratin g them into
new breeding lin es and var ieties. This, in turn,
he lps protect th e env ironment by reduc in g the
need for in sect ic ides and other agrochemica ls.
Modern biotechno logy comp ri ses m o lecu lar and
ce ll techniques for a range of sc ien ti fic act iv iti es,
in cl udin g eval uatin g b iodive rsity, iso latin g and
identify ing specific ge nes associated w ith plant
cha racteri stics, and improving the effic iency of
plant breedi ng. Th ese methods ca n be used to
genetica ll y transfo rm a crop by introducing the
genes direct ly into cul tiva rs. Th e cu lti vars retain
th eir origina l des irab le c haracterist ics w hil e
gai nin g new o nes through ge ne transfe r.

directl y transferred, o r in co rp orated in direct ly

into susceptib le va ri et ies usin g asso iated
mark ers. Biotechno logy is thus pro v.d in g CIP
w ith th e tools to p rod uce va ri eties ith hi gh
levels of durable fie ld res istan ce to 1nests and
diseases, whic h mea ns a reduc ti on i the use of
to x ic c hemi cals.
By geneti ca ll y mapp in g the gene loci in a range
of dip lo id spec ies, C IP researchers re com pilin g
molec ul ar data o n so urces of res ista ce in the
Center's potato germp lasm col lect io , in c luding
resistan ce to late b li ght. The focus 1l on 1dent 1fyin g pol yge ni c, quant1tat1ve, or " horif ontal"
res istance, w hi ch 1s likely to be more durable
than race-specific res istance w hen 9o nfro nted by
new, aggress ive pathogens. Efforts t map
quantitative resistance have re cent ! been
stepp ed up, and in doing so, C IP' s
col lect io n has paid multip le divide

Sin ce potato was the first food crop to be ge netical ly transformed, or "engineered," CIP scientists
had a head-start in th e app li cation of biotechnologica l method s. Genet ic engi neering was
introduced t.o CIP in 1985. Soon after, CIP was
among th e first to app ly these tec hniqu es to
sweetpotato. Since then, CIP has sys temat ica ll y
produ ced new potato and sweetpotato c lo nes by
genetic engineerin g, and cont inu es to test them
in va ri ous ways, inc lu ding in the f ie ld.
Breeding with Molecular Insight

Gen eti c maps for potato now ex ist fo r severa l

spec ies, inc luding w il d potatoes, prim iti ve
cu lti va ted potatoes from the Andes, and modern
cu lt ivated potatoes. CIP is also deve lop in g maps
for sweetp otato, a c hall enging ta sk co nsidering
the genetic complexity and paucity of ge net ic
inform at ion ava il ab le fo r this crop.
Once co mpil ed, the genetic kno w ledge is used to
deve lop CIP's resea rch strateg ies. When the
sou rce of a part ic ul ar desired trait has been
identifi ed, th e ge ne o r ge nes ca n be c lo ned an d

28

Andean c ultivated ge rmplasm is analyzed by AFLP

fingerprintin g se parated on an automate~ DNA
sequencer, thanks to U.S. co llaborators. ifhe technology
will soo n be set up in-house to streamline access to th e
vast germplasm collections of CIP.

CIP has ca rried out rec urrent selection o f

popul ati o ns of 5olanum tube rosum subsp.
andigena, a cultivated tetr aploid potato indi genou s to South Ameri ca . Efforts are fo c used on
improvin g resistance to late bli ght, compl ementing th e currently ava il abl e res istance in 5.
tuberosum subsp. tuberosum. A high leve l of
resi stance has also bee n found in 5. phureja, a
cultiv ated diploid potato. Both of th ese spec ies
are bein g used to gen eti ca lly localize th e ge nes
that ca n co nfer quantitative late bli ght res istance.
Usin g random amplifi ed po lymorphi c DNAs
(RAPDs), amplified fragm ent length
polymo rphi sms (AFLPs), and microsatellite
markers, sc ientists have bee n abl e to identify
several qu antitati ve trait loc i (QTL) th at ca n
contribute to the resi stance. The next steps will
be to identify QTLs from a divers e range of
germpl asm from th e potato gen epool, and to use
them in mol ecular breedin g.
But th e sea rch for appli ca ti o ns of inn ova ti ve
biotechnological tool s does not stop th ere.
Researchers at the In te rn ational Rice Research
Institute (IRRI) and at Kansas State University are
coll aborating with CIP to deve lop a set of ge nes
thou ght to pl ay a broad rol e in plant defense .
Th ese ge nes can be used as probes for QTL
mappin g in oth er crop s. If effective again st late
blight, th ey can be isol ated, comp ared to existing
clon ed ge nes, and tran sferred to susceptibl e
potatoes .

O ne of the most pro mi sin g appli ca tion s of

breedin g with gene tec hnology is th e Bt potato. A
ge ne from Ba cillus thuringiensis (Bt) th at confers
res istance to th e potato tub er moth (provid ed by
Pl ant Gen eti c Systems, Gent, Belgium) w as
successfull y transferred to potato . As a res ult of
thi s ge neti c modi ficat io n, va ri eti es fro m deve lopin g countri es have bee n engin ee red for resistance
to potato tuber mot h and are now bein g tested.
Potato tuber moth infli cts heavy dam age on small
fa rm ers' storage crops throu gho ut th e deve lopin g
wo rld. This pes t ca n ca use signi fica nt losses in
th e field, espec ially in subtropi ca l o r w arm
temperate areas, and
fa rm ers apply heav y
doses of in sect ic ides
to co ntrol it. Ge netica ll y engin ee red
potato tuber moth
res istance, achi eved
usin g th e endogenou s expression of
a Bt insecticid al
protein, has resulted
in hi gh levels of
resi stance in both
tub ers and foli age in

Breeding with Gene Technology

The introduction of gen es through mol ec ul ar
breedin g also benefits from the natural transfer of
DNA throu gh a bacterium , Agrobacterium
tum e faciens. Thi s is a pl ant pathogen th at, in
nature, transfers bacteri al DNA into plant ce lls to
produce tumors. Gen eti c engineers have bee n
able to modify the bacterium to eliminate the
tumor-indu c ing process so th at only th e desired
gene(s) are transferred into th e plant c hromosomes . Chromosome seg ments from appropri ate,
large-insert-DNA librari es ca n also be used to
modify th e genetic comp os ition of potato and
sweetpotato.

c lon es and vari eti es suitable for a wide range of

agroecologies .
Th e Bt potato success has given sc ientists valu abl e experience that ca n be appli ed to
sweetpotato. Currently, the most promising lin e
of resea rch to deve lop sw eetpo ~ a to resistance to
w eev i Is is the use of exogenou s genes, such as
th e Bt potato gene. Th e search is on for ~ h e most
suitabl e Bt sweetpotato gene.

Dramatic results are seen

in transgenic potato
varieties with the Bf gene
for resistance to the
potato tuber moth in both
foliage and tubers.
Untransformed potatoes
(left side of photos) show
extensive damage to both
leaves and tubers.
Transformed potatoes
(right side of photos)
show almost no visible
signs of damage.

Addressing Public Concerns:

Biosafety and Intellectual Property
Much publi c concern has been ex pressed regard ing the b iosa fet y of ge netically modified organisms. CIP feels that, w ith proper care and dili ge nce, crop ge netic eng in ee rin g offers a viable
means of feed in g a wor ld popul atio n predicted to doubl e ove r th e next half ce ntury.
CIP is careful to ensure that its biotechnology research meets accepted intern ati ona l safety
sta ndards. In addition , th e Center co mplies w ith all lega l req uirem ents in the co untries w here
suc h wo rk is ca rri ed o ut. CIP has a Bi osafe ty Com m ittee that ri goro usly oversees all experimentation on ge neti ca lly modified plants according to es tabli shed Rul es of Co ndu ct. Th e Center is
transparent in its work, suitabl y labe ls all mater ials, and w ill always err on th e sid e of caution in
matters of biosafety.
Concerns abo ut tran sge ni c cro p s are twofo ld: the y relate to potenti al risks to consu mers , as we ll
as to the env ironm ent. CIP dili ge ntl y addresses these concerns in planning and implem entin g any
work w ith ge neticall y modified materi al.
When transgenic plants are bei ng develo ped , hyb ridiz atio n between them and related or ot her
wild species is eliminated durin g field trial s by remov in g the flo we r buds daily from the plants,
destroying all foliage at harves t, and monitorin g the env iro nment. One co ncern is that genetica ll y modi fied vari eti es could be deplo yed in proximity to ei th er th e pota to or th e sweetp o tato
ce nters of di ve rsity. Ma le sterile ge notypes ca n be used to minimi ze ri sks of genefl ow to nat ive
ge nepool s, acco rdin g to guid elin es es tabli shed at an intern ational wor kshop in 1995.
Other concerns vo iced wo rld w id e relate to intell ec tua l property ri ghts (IPR) over ge netic reso urces , materials genetically improved through c la ssica l plant breedin g, materi als modified by
ge netic engineering, and agricultural processes and te ch no logies. CIP, in common w ith the o ther
internation al ce nters of the CGIAR , is adamant that its m aterials, products, inn ovat ions , and
technologies be freel y avai labl e to beneficiari es in deve lopin g countries. The CGIAR ha s endorsed guidelines on use of pl ant ge netic re so urces and the related IPR s to pro mo te unres tri cted
access to this material . On th e other hand, if IPR protect io n pro ves necessa ry to safeg uard the
ava ilability of materi als or techniqu es to developi ng countries, CIP will pursu e th at option.
In this spirit, CIP's poli c ies with respect to ge net ic re sou rces and IPR are consistent w ith the
arti c les of th e Con ve nti o n on Biological Diversity. In add ition, throu gh an agreement with the
Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO ), th e CGIAR Centers have ensure
th at germplasm w ill be fre ely di str ibuted for resea rch purposes.
CIP wi ll co ntinue to require that co mmerci al and other private entities see kin g IPR protect io n for
va rieties with substantial CIP co ntributions obtain con se nt from th e Center. Thi s co nsent w ill
onl y be give n if there is a ben efit for the original pro v id ers of the ge net ic resou rces that co ntributed to th e va rietie s, o r if the va ri eti es w ill be made freel y ava ilabl e to th e develo pin g wo rld. At
the sa me tim e, CIP rece ives and uses m ateri als under the IPR protect io n of others. It does so
throu gh c lea r agreements that spell out the res tri ctions and constraints on the use of that material
by th e Center and its p artners. CIP w ill only use such mate rials if there is a reaso nable expectation that th e resultin g products w ill be available for di st ribution , or if the re sea rch results fro m
the use of th e materi als w ill benefit the develo ping world.

..)

rrc l ~

In Java, an eight-member resea rch team is

developing methods for integ rated management of
sw eetpotato, a vitally important crop that has
rece ived li tt le resea rch attenti o n in Indonesia. Th e
tea m is also design ing curri cul a and educationa l
mater ials for farmer field sc hoo ls (FFS), where the
new method s are being taught, tested, and refined.

In eac h case, the resea rchers are not sc ienti sts,

but far mers, whose part ic ipation in th e resea rch
process is not onl y hastening the adoption of new
techno logies, but also helping ensure th at th ose
technologies are approp ri ate to rea l-wor ld needs
and co nd ition s.

11

Farmers are

not just the

beneficiaries
of research, but

Sweetpotato ICM
In th e hill s of Nepal, root c rop experts are studyin g
ways for co mmunities to unite to manage bacter ial
wi lt of potato, a devastatin g di sease th at severely
threatens family food security. A major chall enge
has been to get sma ll farmers to coordin ate crop
rotation and qua rantine proced ures to contro l th e
spread of the pathogen .
In north ern Peru , w here late b light often w ipes out
potato crops, dozens of inves ti gators are co ndu ctin g
multi-season studi es of late b li ght res istance in
promising potato va rieti es under a w ide range of
c ultural, cl im ati c, and enviro nm ental conditio ns.
Both th eir findin gs and th eir resea rch methods wi ll
be inco rporated into pilot FFS in six co untri es
beginnin g in 1999.
In centra l and southern Peru, conserva tion
spec iali sts are pl anting hundreds of tradition al
potato and other root and tuber crop varieties as
part of an effort to maintain th e reg ion's agri cultural
biodi versity. The initi ative seeks to comp lement ex
situ (genebank) co nservation by subjectin g tradition al varieti es to norm al evol uti onary pressu res.

able, and often

In CIP's Ind ones ia sweetpotato in tegrated crop
management (ICM) resea rch program, two
ca refull y-se lected fa rm er consultants fro m each of
fo ur separate sites are workin g close ly w ith experts
from CIP, a partner N GO, a nati onal resea rch
in st itute, and the nat iona l integrated pest
management (IPM) program. Th eir in vo lvement
in every phase of project design, impl ementation,
and eva lu ation has helped th em and fe ll ow farmers
in crease th eir yields, red uce th eir costs, cut back
o n chemicals, and imp rove thei r understanding of
eco log ical and biolog ica l systems.

indispensible,
partners. 11

It has also enh anced thei r probl em-so lving and

decision-mak ing capac ity. Durin g the first season,
th e experim en ts th ey ran were rel at ive ly simpl etesting sweetpotato breed ing lines fo r disease
res istance, fo r in sta nce, and eva lu at in g yields based
on different doses of urea . By th e seco nd season,
however, th e fa rm ers were des igning and conduct ing
sop histicated exper iments on such qu estion s as
multi-fe rtilizer management and the relati ve
effecti veness of a range of cultural practices.
Farmer field schools are
a family experience. In
this FFS in San Miguel,
Cajamarca, a yo ung girl
learns how to identify
insects that could pose a
threat to potato harvests.

31

Both th eir findings and th eir methods are be ing

channe led to other farmers throu gh season-long
FFS. By th e end of 1998, more than 80 fa rm ers,
extension ists, and deve lopment work ers from 13
prov inces had been trained to beco me FFS
fac ilitators, and 161 farmers had parti cipa ted in
sweetpotato ICM fie ld schools. Th e im pact of
th ese fi eld schoo ls- y ield in c rease, exte rn al
input red uct ion , and enh anced farmer
competence to ad apt and impl ement the ICM
tec hn o logy- trigg ered the interes t of Indon es ia's
Directo rate of Food Crops Produ ction , w hi c h has
des igned a nation al FFS program to train 12,000
farmers in 13 prov in ces. Program pa rti c ip ants
w ill be taught by CIP-train ed ICM FFS fac ilitators.
Parti c ipation is at the heart of th e FFS approach.
Th e field sc hoo ls are based not on a trad itiona l
one-way in fo rmation tran sfer, but on th e results of
th e fa rm ers' own resea rch. Throughout th e growi ng
season, fa rm ers co nduct experim ents and gath er
data, usin g th eir findings to adju st th eir crop
management strateg ies. Some of th e farmers w ho
have been throu gh th e field sc hool experi ence have
come together on their own initi ati ve to rent land
on which to run further experim ents on issues of
interest to them.

UPWARD in Asia
Muc h of CIP's part icipatory research experi ence
has come through its sponsorship of Users'
Perspecti ves W ith Agricultural Resea rch and
Deve lopment (U PWARD) , an Asian network th at
unites sc ientists, extensionists, and loca l
governm ent and NGO wo rkers w ith fa rm fami li es,
trad ers, processors, and consumers . Th e network,
esta bli shed in 1990 and fund ed by th e gove rnm ent
of the Netherlands, is coord inated from an office
in Los Barios, Philippines.
UPWARD has impl emented about 50 root c rop
resea rch-and -deve lopment proj ects in six Asian
countries, w ith topics in c ludin g integrated crop
management, community-based ge neti c resources
conservation , and added-value process ing
and marketin g.
A rece nt eva lu ation of th e parti c ipatory aspects of
th ese proj ects showed that user in vo lvement
frequent ly amplifi es th e impact of research. For

32

exa mple, parti c ipatory needs assessmemt ca n lead

research ers away from sc ientificall y at ra cti ve
researc h topi cs th at are o nl y marginal! releva nt to
end-users. A proj ect in th e Philippines, for in stance,
focused on th e improve ment of urban and rural
homegard ens, w hi ch were fo und to pl ay a large rol e
in fami ly food security, despite th eir traditi o nall y
low priority fo r agri cultu ra l sc ientists a cl th eir
relative ly low esteem among the very fa mili es th ey
suppo rt.
In other cases, ca reful attention to the ea l needs of
would-be benefic iari es ca n change us rs'
understandin g of the ir own priorities. In Nepa l, for
in stance, potato grow in g communities fac ing seri ous
bacterial w i It in festat ion decided to set as id e
immediate food production goals in favor
of longe r-term ben efits thro ugh integrated
di sease managem ent.
Participation was also fo und to be critica l in cases
suc h as th e expa nsion of potato culti v tion in
Zhejiang Prov in ce of eastern China, w here farmers
are extreme ly parti cular about the agr nomic and
table qualiti es of their culti va rs. There fa rm ers'
in vol vement in th e eva lu ation of gene ica ll y
improved potatoes has been a crucial fac tor in
the adoption of new va ri et ies in one o th e
poorest parts of the country (see Diversifying Diets
in China, p. 15).

Late Blight FFS

Farmer parti c ipatio n has recently beco e a key
component of CIP's late bli ght researclh. In 1997
and 1998, CIP soc ial sc ientists condu ted base line
surveys of farmer knowledge and pract ices in
Boli via, Ecuado r, Peru, and Uganda. At th e sa me
time, four pilot FFS were launched by CIP and th e
NGO CARE in San Mi guel in northern Peru . In 1998,
nine more fie ld sc hoo ls were estab li shed at other
sites w ith CARE and other partners, wlni le two in
San Miguel were extend ed for a seconCI seaso n.
With fundin g from the Intern ational F nd fo r
Agricu ltural Deve lo pment (IFA D), add ition al pilot
FFS w ill be es tabli shed in 1999- 2001 in Bangladesh ,
Boli via, China, Ethiopi a, Peru , and U and a.
The late b light field schoo ls serve a multipl e
purpose: to edu cate fa rm ers about int grated disease
management, to hasten th e eva lu ation and

Farmer participants in
CIP base-line studies
working a community
plot in Chimborazo,
Ecuador.
0. O RTIZ

deploym ent of resistant potato va ri eties, to give

farmers analytical tools with which to tac kl e future
probl ems, and to generate data for sc ienti sts
studying everythin g from the ge netics of res ista nce
to late blight ep idemiology.
This last benefit can be extremely important. Field
experiments are costly and ofte n critically I imited
by constraints of tim e and space. In co nvent io nal
research, hypoth eses are frequentl y tested o n the
basis of data co ll ected from two sites ove r two
growing seaso ns. With fa rm ers conducting resea rch
on th eir own fields, however, the volume of
availabl e data rises enormously. In the case of late
blight, thi s all ows sc ienti sts to assess w ith much
more acc uracy th e stability of disease res ista nce
and yields of promising breeding lin es and
varieti es. Thi s improved understa nding is
particul ar ly useful in mountain are as, where
c limati c, cultural, and enviro nmental factors va ry
signifi ca ntl y from pl ace to place.
The qu aI ity of the data generated by farmers ca n be
surprisingly hi gh. CIP's late blight team compared
researc h resu Its from six fi eld experim ents
conducted by Peru 's nat io nal agri cultural resea rch
program w ith those from fo ur field experim ents
conducted by far mers as part of their fi eld schoo l
activities. The scientists found that the fa rm ergenerated data was equally good or better than that
of th e resea rc h profess ionals.

No Simple Formula
Farmer parti c ipation is necessa rily different fro m
place to place and from objective to objective, and
its success depends on a w ide range of factors. A
stud y condu cted by PROINPA, the Boli v ian

natio nal potato program, described how social

scientists employed a number of participatory
methods to invo lve Bolivian farmers in the
se lection of potato clones prov ided by CIP and
th e Co lombi an national potato program. Largely
because of a lac k of coord inati o n between
the soc ial scientists and potato breeders, th e
fa rm ers' contribution was found to be limited,
although the breeders did become more aware of
fa rm ers' prioriti es and op inions w hen se lecting
va ri et ies for rel ease.
The UPWARD study, while hi ghly positive about
the benefits of participatory resea rch, noted several
chaI lenges and potential trouble spots. Amon g
th ose are difficult cho ices about w ho and how
many people to in c lud e in a parti cul ar project, the
need fo r participatory method s th at respect cultural
and linguistic di versity, the importance of a shared
understanding of project goa ls between sc ientists
and non-sci enti sts, and th e need to assess th e
impact of parti cipation in terms of the different
interests of those invo lved. In so me cases, the study
found, end-users are most effective as consultants,
while in other cases they might be best employed
as project des igners or research managers. Th ere is,
in sho rt, no simple fo rmul a for parti c ipatory
researc h and development.
Given the complexity of highl and ecosystems,
however, and th e in creas ing recogniti on of th e
importance of tailoring technical so lutio ns to the
spec ific environmental and economi c needs of
small-scale growers, mo re CIP scientists are
experim enting with participatory approaches. In
th e process, they are lea rnin g th at fa rm ers are not
just th e beneficiari es of resea rch, but ab le-a nd
often indi spensibl e-pa rtn ers .

33

Farmers Restore
Potato Crops with
CIP Collection

Th e potato co ll ecti on he ld in trust by CIP is

pay in g off for Peru v ian fa rm ers. Center sc ienti sts
responded to a ca ll for help broadcast ove r o ne
of Peru 's most popular stat io ns. Th e auth orities
of a remote hi ghl and co mmunity kn ow n as
Coc has Paca (Departm ent of Lima ) reported
losses of their traditional potato va ri eties to a
severe outb reak of the in famous potato di sease,
late bli ght. Th e heavy rain s and elevated temperatures brou ght on by th e El N in o phenome non
co mpounded th e probl em, in creasi ng the v irulence of th e di sease. Coc has Paca au thoriti es had
hea rd of CIP's potato ge nebank, and dec id ed to
broadcas t a pl ea for ass istance. CIP was abl e to
res pond by prov idin g seed of 109 tradition al
potato culti va rs from the sa me reg ion to res tore
those lost to th e bli ght. Simi lar situ at ions arose
in two ot her hi ghl and co mmunities: in Racr aca ll a
(D epartment of Junin ) fa rm ers received 79 potato
culti va rs, and in lscopa mpa (Departm ent of
Hu anu co) 5 1 sa mpl es we re res tored to
th e commu nity.

New Late glightResistant

Clones at CIP

Po pul atio n 8 3, th e m os t adva nce d so urce of

ho riz o nta l resistance to late bl ight under im provemen t at CIP, has yie ld ed ab out 60 hi ghl y
res istant c lon es w ith outstandin g agro nomi c
chara cter isti cs and tuber y ield s. Res istance to
late b li ght, agro nomi c traits, and qu ality (fo r
both fres h tab le stock and processing) are co ntinual ly bei ng upgraded at CIP throu gh recurrent
selecti o n cyc les. Chosen from the f irst recomb ination cyc le of popul ation 8 3, the 60 new c lo nes
we re tested und er severe di sease con dition s i n
two locat ion s in the Eastern Hi ghl and s of Peru .
The fir st site (Co mas) is represe ntati ve of th e
inter-Andea n va ll ey, w hil e th e seco nd site
(Ox apampa ) has charac teristi cs typi ca l of a
h ighl and rain forest environment. Th e CIP c lones

34

also w ithstood th e effects of th e 1997 98 El N in o

phenomeno n, w hi c h co ntributed to a hi gher-thanusua l in c id ence of the disease. Th e bes t of thes e
c lo nes produced y ields as hi gh as 3.3 kil og rams of
mark eta bl e tubers per square meter 5 days afte r
p lantin g, w ith ou t fungicid e appli ca ti o s. Abo ut 30
clo nes w ill be used in Farm er Fi eld S hools next
season in Peru , and prepared fo r di str' buti o n to
nati o nal agr icultural researc h in st itu t s fo ll ow in g
quarant in e protocol.

CIP Scientist Develo s

Training Set for Bae erial
Wilt Detection

A Cl P patholog ist has deve loped a new se t of

trainin g m aterials based o n her refined method
for detect in g Ralstonia so /anacea ru , th e pathoge n that causes ba cteri al w ilt or brow n rot in
potato . Th e trainin g se t in c lud es av deo and an
in struction man ual on use of th e post-enri c hm en t
NCM-E LIS A kit (e nzyme-linked imn uno so rbent
assay o n nitrocellulose membrane sin g enrich ed
sa mpl es) . Th e trainin g set is ava il ab e in English ,
Chi nese, and Spani sh. Arm ed w ith
ese new
mate ri als, CIP scient ists have engag d i n a se r ies
of trainin g acti viti es across Latin A er ica, East
Afr ica, South -E ast Asia , and China. n 1998 the
kits we re di stributed to 1 5 deve lop i g co untries.
CIP's ELISA test is don e o n nitroce llul ose membranes rather than microt itre plates, w hi c h
red uces cost. A nother advantage is hat th e
memb ra nes ca n be sto red fo r seve r I weeks, so
sa mpl es can be farmed out to labs o r testing. Th e
kit ca n detec t all races, b iovars, an1 seroty pes of
Rs, eve n in tubers o r stems w ith o ut sympto ms
(i. e., latent infecti o ns) . Befo re testi g, tub er
extracts mu st be enri c hed in a se m i-se lect ive
brot h. Thi s in c rea ses se nsitiv ity by lmost
1 million , all owi ng fo r detec ti o n of as few as 10
bacteri a per mi I Ii I iter (rat her th an t e 1-1 O
milli o n/ ml normall y required for d tection ). Th e
imp rove d accu ra cy of th ese refin ed procedures
makes it possi ble to ensure bacteri I w il t- free
p lantin g m ateri als anyw here in th e wo rld qui ck ly, eas il y, reli abl y, and c heaply . Th e detection kit is also suitabl e for bacter ia w ilt ep id emio logy researc h and ge rmpl as m eva luation .

CIP Technique
Helps Detect
Potato Yellow Vein

A new tec hniqu e based on th e NAS H method

helps detect a threa t th at is emergi ng in th e
Andean reg io n: potato yell ow ve in virus. Evidence of th e viru s in Peru v ian cultivars fou nd in
1998 suggests th e v iru s entered Peru at least one
seaso n ear li er, probably through import of
fo reign cult iva rs. Stud y and co ntrol of th e v iru s is
difficult, howeve r, du e to a lac k of reliabl e
detecti on tec hnology. CIP v i ro log ists are now
seek in g effic ient screen in g methods to preve nt
th e disea se from spreadin g. Scree ning sa mpl es
acco rdin g to v isibl e viru s sy mptoms is unreli abl e, since th e ca usa l age nt is latent in so me
c ultivars, parti cul arly tub ers grown in th e
Andean hi ghl ands und er coo ler co nditi ons. U sin g
dsRNA as a templ ate, CIP sc ienti sts have deve loped a method fo r detect in g th e v iru s. Thi s
tec hniqu e w ill be used by qu arantine laboratori es and CIP to ensure th at th e materials distributed intern at io nall y are free of the virus.

Tecia solanivora:
Threat to Andean
Potatoes

Th e potato tub er moth, Tecia so lanivora, is

thr ea tening potato crops in th e Andean reg io n,
after wreaking havoc in Ce ntra l America. Desp ite
th e heavy use of in sect ic id e in that regionw here th e pest is beli eved to have origin atedT. solanivora has marc hed steadily sout hwa rd to
Ve nezuela, Co lomb ia, and Ec uador. Bra c in g fo r
th e ons laught, Peru has fo c used its reso urces on
preve ntion. It ha s add ed th e pest to its qu arantin e li st and laun c hed a large-sca le detection
program. H elpi ng w ith th ese efforts , CIP has
provided ph eromone ca psul es and techni ca l
support to SENASA, th e nation al ag ri c ultural
depa rtment th at is directin g th e opera ti o n.
Together w ith its resea rc h partners, CIP is also
working to deve lop an integ rated pest management strategy that wo uld g ive potato fa rm ers

better access to th e too ls and kn ow ledge needed

to fi ght thi s pes t. Ph ero mon e traps (in farm ers
fi e ld s) and ba culoviru s (in tuber storag e units)
have bee n w idely used . And tec hnologies used to
co ntro l the co mm on tub er moth have been
adapted for use aga in st Tecia. In th e co ming
yea r, CIP w ill tes t its transge ni c potato va ri eti es
(Bt-transformed) to help man age this devastatin g
pes t. The most popular var iety (Parda pastuza)
has bee n tran sfo rm ed , and is bein g tested by CIP .

New Virus
Problem Strikes
Peruvian Potato Crops

A new disease has appea red in potato-growin g

areas in South ern Peru , a reg io n w here mo re
th an 50 percent o f th e co untry's total crop is
grow n. Ca usin g sympto ms simi lar to tho se of th e
pota to v iru s Y (severe ly c rinkl ed leaves and
wea k, stunted pl ants) this di sease has cut yie ld s
by more than 60 perce nt. Sci enti sts assoc iate its
di sse mination w ith feeding pattern s of th e psyllid
in sect Russelliana so /anicola, w hi ch has rece ntl y
sprea d into th e reg ion. Whil e first attributed to a
ph yto plasma, rece nt studi es suggest the organi sm
is tr ansmitted by anot her in sec t from th e
Cicade llid ae fami ly, Empoa sca sp. The fact that
ph yto pl asma diseases occ ur o nl y in seed produ ction va lleys in th e hi ghland s furt her di stin guishes
thi s new disease from the phyto pl as ma gro up .
Thi s new, isom etri c v iru s is different (serologica ll y, and in its biochemic al properties) to any
other potato viru s. U sin g infected sa mpl es CIP
sc ienti sts have desc rib ed thi s new v iru s, SB- 26,
and have been ab le to iso late it co nsistentl y fro m
symptomatic pl ants. Resea rc h is now focu sed o n
identifyin g the v iru s and deve lopin g spec ific
tec hn ology to detect it so th at seed produ ction
and quarantin e program s ca n preve nt its spread .
Farm ers' attempt s to m anage th e in sec t vec tor
with pes ticide s have proven un succe ssful. In fa ct,
the in sec t popul ation has in c reased. Because o f
th e in sec t vector's hi gh mobility, thi s viru s also
prese nts a great pote nti al threa t to oth er potatogrowi ng region s in So uth America.

35

-Ir'{J r:.11.PP r:
. J

--'

-JJ

Dr. Adrian Fajardo-Christen

A ctin g Chairperson
(until Febru ary 1998)
Ministerio de la Pres idencia
Lim a, Peru

Ms. Alicia Barcena

United Nations Deve lopment Programme
M ex ico, D.F.
M ex ico
Dr. M. Sujayet Ullah Chowdhury
Ban glades h A gri cultural Research Counci l

Dr. Lieselotte Schilde

University of TUbin ge n
Tubin gen, Germany
Dr. Theresa Sengooba
Namulon ge Agri cultural and Animal
Produ ction Resea rch In stitute
Kamp ala, U ga nda

Dr. Josefina Takahashi

H ead, N ation al Institute of
Natural Resources (INRENA)
Lima, Peru

Dh aka, Banglades h

Dr. Chukichi Kaneda

Association for International
Cooperat ion of Agr icu lture & Forestry
Tokyo, Jap an
Dr. David R. MacKenzie
Chairperson (as of February 1998)
Exec utive Directo r
North eastern Reg ional Association of State
Agri c ultural Exper im ent Station Director s
Uni ve rsity of M ary land
Be ltsv ill e MD, USA

Dr. Klaus Raven

Fac ultad de Agronomia
Uni vers id ad N ac ional Agra ri a
Lim a, Peru

Dr. Koenraad Verhoeff

Wagenin ge n, Th e N eth erlands
Dr. Ren Wang
Chin ese A ca dem y of Agricu ltural Sci ences
Mini stry of Agricu ltu re
Beijin g, Ch in a

Dr. Vo-Tong Xuan

University of Cantho
Cantho , Vietnam

Dr. Hubert Zandstra

Directo r Genera l
Internat ional Potato Center
Lima, Peru

C. ATA.L AYA

ow left to right:
avid R. MacKenzie,
Klaus Raven,
Lieselotte Schilde,
Theresa Sengooba,
Alicia Barcena,
ubert Zandstra.
Second row:
Vo-Tong Xuan,
Chukichi Kaneda,
M. Sujayet Ullah
wdhury, Ren Wang,
nraad Verhoeff.

CIP is grateful for the continued support

of its donors. We are particularly

DONOR

1998

(Ra nked by level of co ntribution in US$000)

thankful for those funds that are provided

to us without restriction, allowing us to
apply our recognized international
expertise in commodities, to meet
challenges as they evolve.

Swi ss Agency for Deve lopment & Cooperation

and Development
United States Agency for International Developm ent
European Commission
Government of Japan
Government of Germany

We have, in 1998, put our new project-

Government of the Netherlands

Danish International Development Agency

based management system to the test.

It has proven to be an effective and

efficient means of helping us to keep

donor expectations and in addressing

the needs of our clients.

Cooperation Agency
United Kingdom- Department for Internation al
Developm ent
International Development Resea rch Centre
Government of Austria
Government of Lu xembourg
Government of France
Government of Belgium

We are proud to say that CIP is a lean and

financially healthy Center, maintaining a
high level of scientific excellence and
impact within the context of circumstances
that have often challenged our creativity.
This was particulary true in 1998, when
disbursement delays, extremely small
operating reserves, and unfavorable local
exchange rates made it difficult to keep
our finances in balance. We have
managed to do so, however, without
compromising our research program.
Our gratitude, once more, to those who
have expressed their confidence in CIP by
funding its activities.

38

2,300
2,259*
2,063
1,664
1,374
1,30 1**
1, 118

Swedish Internation al Developm ent

Canadian International Development Agen cy

our ear to the ground, both in assessing

$ 4,636

International Bank for Recon struction

Asian Development Bank

Government of Italy
Government of Norway
Australian Centre for International Agricultural
Research
Government of Peru
Rockefeller Foundation
Government of China
International Centre for Research in Agroforestry
N atural Resources Institute NRI
Government of Korea
Government of Brazil
Government of South Africa
Government of Spain
Government of the Islamic Republic of Iran
Government of India
OPEC
CIAT
Weizmann Institute of Science
ICRISAT
Government of M ex ico
Total

895
645
633
516
485
400
267 ***
231
200
150
133
13 1
118
101
90
87
74
70
50
50
50
40
38
38
28
25
23
15

$ 22,298

In c lud es Internati onal Fe rtilizer D eve lopment Center (IFCD) $41 ,000 co ntrib ti on fo r Natural
Resource Manage ment (NRM).
In c lud es $120,000 from Governm ent of the Netherl and s.
In c ludes $125,000 from IRD (form erl y O RSTO M )-F ran ce.

The Center's total incom e dropped 5% durin g

1998 from $24 .7 million in 1997 to $2 3.4 million
in 1998, with total revenu es comprisin g $22.0
million in co ntributions (unrestri cted , $1 3.0
million or 56%; restri cted, $9.0 million o r 38%)
and $1.4 milli o n or 6% in oth er in come.
CIP exp enditures for th e yea r matc hed ini tial
proj ecti o ns. Th e operatin g fund increase of
$4 50,000 was 50% more than es timated at th e
beg innin g of th e ye ar, in c reas ing th e total
o peratin g fund to $1.5 milli o n, th e equi va lent of
23 days of th e Ce nter's cas h needs for its
w o rldwid e operat ion . Th e latte r was poss ibl e due
to sav in gs in th e o peration al b udget, a delay in
f illin g two in te rn ational staff posi tions, and
ad dition al co ntribution s pl edged from Japan and
th e Europea n Union . A s c urrent reserve leve ls are
in suffici ent, m anage ment will continue to set
as id e $3 00,000 annuall y until the ye ar 2002 . At
th at tim e, th e fund should total $2.7 milli o n. The
Ce nter also in c reased its capital fund acco unt by
$2 50,000 . Thi s amount refl ects a contributi o n of
$200 ,000 rece ive d from Japan and $50,000 of
CIP 's sav in gs all oca ted for co nstru ction of th e
Bi osa fety co mpl ex at CIP headqu arters in Lima.
Co nstru cti o n, now in progress, is sc hedul ed fo r
co mpl eti o n durin g the fourth qu arter of 1999.
Cas h man agement continu es to be a ch all enge for
CIP f in anc ial acti v iti es . By D ece mber 3 1, th e
Ce nter had rece ived $19 .1 milli o n (7 9%) of total
ex pected cas h infl ow for th e c urrent yea r. Rece ipt
of $5.0 milli o n wa s still pendin g. Accounts
rece ivabl e in c lu ded pl edged co ntribut ion s of $3 .6
milli o n in 1998 and $1.4 milli o n in 1997.

PROGRAM PORTFOLIO FUNDING ALLOCATION

Potato
Sweetpotato
Andean ro ots and tub ers
And ean natural resource man age ment
Global M o untain Program
Global Initi ati ve for Late Bli ght (GILB)
Subtotal
Other in com e
Non-Age nd a
Total

CIP management pl ans to strength en its cash

manage ment by coordinating with donors to
redu ce the tim e it take s to re ce ive contribution s
and to match cas h inflow with cash outflow,
whil e continuing to take adva ntage of its ability
to bo rrow on sho rt notice and on favorable term s
w hen nece ssary.

The table below

summarizes CIP's
finances in 1998. A
complete, audited
financial statement

CIP' s total income comprises U.S. dollars (44% ),

Euro (22%), and other v ariou s c urrenci es (3 4%) .
As a result, Center in come is hi ghl y influ enced
by internati o nal fin anc ial m arkets . CIP ' s
State ment of Fin anc ial Position as of December
31, 199 8, shows stron g current and total assets.
Th e li ability sid e in c lud es short-term
co mmitm ents and prov isions th at are well
covered by Center assets.

by PricewaterhouseCoopers is published
separately, and can
be requested from
the Chief Financial
Officer at CIP

Durin g 1998, investm ent in potato w as 63 % of

CIP 's to tal income. Thi s refl ects th e need to
respond to th e continuing grow th in demand for
th e co mmodity in deve lo pin g co untries and in
th e potential imp act of CIP resea rc h. Sweetpotato
w as 22% of Center in come. Investm ent in potato
ve rsus sweetpota to remained at a ratio of 74 :26
fo r th e ye ar. In vestm ent in th e lesse r-kno w n
And ea n roots and tub ers was 3% . Asset
all ocat io ns to natural resource management
reac hed 7% of total Ce nter in com e, and tot al
in vestment in th e G lobal Mountain Program was
4% . Center investm ent w as all oca ted according
to CG IA R catego ri es as follows: in c reasin g
pro du ctivity, 4 3%; pro tectin g th e env ironment,
26 %; conservin g bi odiversity, 9%; improving
po li c ies, 5%; and strengthenin g nat io nal
programs, 1 7%.

headquarters in
Lima, Peru.

(US $ million s)

1997

1998

$ 13.7

58
23
4
12
3

$ 14.7
5.1
0.7
1.6
0 .8
0 .1

63
22
3
7
4

100

23.0
0.4

100

5.2
1.1
2.7
0. 7
0 .1
23.5
0. 3
0.9

$ 24 .7

$ 23.4

39

1998

1997

$ 5,64 4

$ 6,4 56

56

97

4,260

5,6 05

Empl oyees

269

3 20

Oth e r

46 1

29 4

In ventori es

70 1

837

Pre p a id ex pe nses

36 1

577

BALANCE SHEET (US$000)

Year endi ng 31 December 1998

Current Assets
Cas h a nd sho rt-te rm d e pos its
Sec uriti es
Accounts rece iva bl e:
Don o rs

To ta l

11 ,752

14 , 18 6

Investments

140

5 03

Loans to Employees

207

28 7

Fixed Assets
Prope rty, p la nt, a nd e qui p me nt

22,893

2 1,75 2

Less acc u m ul ated de prec iat ion

(1 2.639)

(12, 0 5 0 )

To ta l
Total Assets

BALANCE SHEET (US$000)

10 ,254

9,702

$ 22,353

$ 24,678

1998

1997

Year end ing 31 December 1998

Current Liabilities
Short-te rm loa ns

$ 156

Ad va nces fr o m don o rs

3,548

$ 369
7,0 97

2,740

1,9 10

708

1,0 11

Accounts p aya bl e:
Resea rc h contrac ts a nd o rga niz atio ns
Suppli e rs a nd taxes
Prov is io ns fo r seve ra nce inde mniti es
Tota l

_AZ

--5.l

7, 199

10,48 9

Long-Term Loan

190

27 1

Accruals and Provisions

99 1

65 9

10,25 4

9,7 02

Ca pita l fund

2, 19 1

2,52 9

O pe ra tin g fund

1,528

1 078

Net Assets
Ca pita l in veste d in fi xed asse ts

Tota l
Total Liabilities and Net Assets

40

13,973

$ 22, 353

13,3 09

24,~78

In 1998, CIP compl eted th e f irst year of project acti v iti es under its new proj ect-b ased management system .
Th e 17 projects that encompass all of CI P's prog ram acti v iti es emerged from the results of an in tense and
in -depth pri o rity setting exe rc ise to gui de the Ce nter's resea rch prog ram. Th ey address th e most press in g
globa l constraints in improv ing sustainab le li ve lihoods th ro ugh potato and sweetpotato produ ction and
utili zation, ma nag ing natural resources in moun ta in ecosystems, and prese rv in g and usin g underutili zed
A ndean root and tuber cro ps. Th e projects fo rm the basis of CIP's CGIA R approved M edium-Term Plan fo r
th e next three yea rs.

CIP's portfolio

Thi s portfo lio of proj ects prov ides a constraints-driven resea rch agenda that is implemented through
reg io nal strategies in all re levant prod ucti on areas of th e world . Regio nal implementati o n in vo lves c lose
partn ershi p w ith nation al prog rams, uni vers iti es, N GOs (loca l, regional, and intern ati o nal), farmers and
fa rm orga ni zati ons, and th e private sector. Close assoc iati on with adva nced resea rch in stitutions is also an

driven research

im po rtant component, and a necess ity to brin g the most adva nced too ls to bea r on th e constra ints.

PROJECT LEADERS

N PRO.

provides a
constraints-

agenda that is
implemented
through regional

1998

TITLE

of projects

LEADER

strategies in all

Integrated Control of Late Blight

R. NELSON

relevant

Integrated Control of Bacterial Wilt

E. CHUJOY

production areas

Control of Potato Viruses

M. QUERCI

Integrated Management of Potato Pests

A. LAGNAOUI

Propagation of Clonal Potato Planting Materials

U. JAYASINGHE

Sexual Potato Propagation (TPS)

M. UPADHYA

Global Sector Commodity Analysis & Impact Assesment

for Potato

T. WALKER

Control of Sweetpotato Viruses

L. SALAZAR

Integrated Management of Sweetpotato Pests

F. CISNEROS

10

Postharvest Utilization of Sweetpotato

G. SCOTT

11

Breeding Sweetpotato for High Dry Matter Yield and Adaptation

Z. DAPENG

12

Global Sector Commodity Analysis & Impact Assessment

for Sweetpotato

13

G. SCOTT

Sustainability of Rice-Based Cropping Systems Featuring Potato

As a Cash Crop

T. WALKER

14

Sustainable Land use in the Andes

R. QUIROZ

15

Conservation & Characterization of Potato Genetic Resources

Z. HUAMAN

16

Conservation & Characterization of Sweetpotato Genetic

Resources

17

of the world.

Z. HUAMAN

Conservation & Characterization of Andean Root and

Tuber Crops

M. HOLLE

41

Integrated Control of Late Blight

This proj ect represents CIP' s hi ghest priority at the
moment and is highl y focu sed on develop ing,
adapting, and integrating tec hnologies for the
management of the wo rld ' s worst agricultural crop
d isease . The project integrates bi otec hnological
tool s for pathogen epidemiology and developing
dise<Jse resistance with di sease management and
contro l in farmers' fie lds through th e Farmer Field
Sc hool concept.

producing countri es where BW is a severe

constraint, and subsequ entl y verifyin & them in
yield trials. It also aims to co mplete he se lection
of potato progeni es w ith tolerance of BW
deve loped in past years, to promote ntegrated
man agement of BW throug h a better understa ndin g
of disease transmi ss ion and contro l irn different
prod uction systems and the use of re istant
potato va rietie s.

Control of Potato Viruses

Strategic resea rch is condu cted to deve lop, adapt,
and integrate techn o logies fo r the management of
late bli ght (LB) ca used by Phytophthora infestans,
the most devastatin g potato di sease world w ide.
CIP uses a range of methods, including th e most
adva nced biotechnologi ca l too ls avai lab le, to
produce breeding pop ul ation s and adva nced clo nes
w ith durab le resista nce to LB. Add iti ona l
co mponen t technol ogies are bein g developed fo r
di sease management un der the condi ti o ns
encountered by resource-poo r fa rm ers in
deve loping cou ntri es. Integ rated di sease
manage ment method s are be ing des igned and
im p lemented throu gh co ll aboration w ith national
resea rch systems, gove rnm ental and nongove rnm ental exte nsio n agenc ies, and farmers.

Integrated Control of Bacterial Wilt

Bacteri al w ilt (BW) is th e second worst potato
d isease in the world. As res ista nce is difficul t
to develop and maintain, CIP 's program
co ncentrate s on understanding and diagnosin g
the presence of bacteria in so il and tubers .
Th is is used to improve site management, seed
syste ms, and uti Iization of ava i Iable res istant
material. Decreased transmi ss io n of the disease
is a key target in control.
Bacteri al w ilt, ca used by Pseudomonas
solanacearum, is seco nd on ly to late blight as th e
most limiting ph ytopatho logica l facto r to potato
prod uction in th e deve lop ing wo rld . In recent
yea rs, BW has also spread to temperate countries,
suc h as th e Netherl and s and the Un ited Kin gdom,
w here it may threaten potato prod uction. This
projec t is aimed at documentin g know n integ rated
co ntro l practices used by fa rm ers (rotation ,
sa nitatio n, seed se lection, etc.) in se lected potato-

42

Viru ses cause seri ous losses in pota to and impede

movement of seed and genetic resou ces. The
proj ect con ce ntrates on sens itive, lo -cost
detection and epide mi ological factor affecting
spread. Geneti c enginee rin g is used o iden ti fy,
clone, and transfer genes of related s ec ies to
potato for resi stance; thi s is combin e I with
trad itional method s of breeding for 1t aximum
efficiency in incorporating resistance to a ra nge
o f viru ses .
Thi s project is workin g towa rd identi fy in g and
characteri zin g th e most important vir ses and
virus-like age nts th at affect potato, a essential step
fo r deve lop in g di ag nostic tools. It ai I s to deve lop
se nsiti ve, low -cost methods for larget-sca le
detecti o n and to identi fy genes th at
nfe r
res istance to the main vi ruses, usin g hem to
deve lop adapted res ista nt cu lt ivars. ~a nd ard
breed in g tool s as we ll as the most adrvanced
mol ecular techniqu es ava il ab le are bein g uti li zed .
CIP resea rchers also study ep idemio l gica l factors
that affect viru s spread, w ith parti cul r attentio n to
interaction between vi ru ses and oth e pathogens
that m ay affect pl ant res istance re spo se; and train
natio nal scienti sts in viru s id entifi cat on, detection,
and con tro l techn iqu es. Resea rch an trainin g
acti vities foc us on th e most important potato
viruses (PLRV, PVY, and PVX), and th e potato
spindle tuber v iro id (PSTVd). Particul r attention is
given to practi ca l uti lizatio n/ adoptio of viru sres istant mate ri als al ready produced t CIP
(including genotypes already carry in ~ comb in ed
resistance to more th an o ne viru s, prefe rab ly in
multiplex condition).

Integrated Management of Potato Pests

Key pests are potato tuber moth (a rap idl y growin g
threat), Andean potato weev il , leaf-1 iner fli es, and

w hitefli es . The project objective is to combine

management pract ices into loca l ly ada pted
packages to reduce chemi cal pesti c ide use and
increase overall benefits for farm ers. Compo nents
include bio log ical, cu ltural, and resistance aspects
of co ntro l.
The project seeks to develop prototypes of
Integrated Pest Management programs fo r the
management of the key potato insect pests,
emph as izing susta inab le, eco logica ll y-based, and
eco nomi ca ll y sou nd practices that w ill lead to the
redu ced use of chemical pesti c id es. Th e key pests
of globa l or reg io nal importan ce are three spec ies
of potato tuber moths, several species of Andean
potato weevil s, one spec ies of leaf- miner fl y, and
several species of flea beetl es. Nematode spec ies
th at red uce potato yie lds and favo r th e
development of bacterial w i It pathogens are potato
cyst, rosa ry, and root-knot nematodes.

Propagation of Clonal Potato Planting

Materials
In creas ing effi c iency and effectiveness o f both
inform al and formal seed systems is the target of
this project. Varietal introduction and diffu sion is
dependent o n the informal system, but it must be
linked w ith th e formal system and it mu st
emph as ize hi gh planting materi al. The project
accomp lis hes thi s with fa rm er train ing and
es tab li shment of pi lot seed systems.
In many co untries, the lack of effic ient formal and
inform al seed potato systems has limited the
diffusion of new and improved varieties by
provid ing only limi ted amounts of hea lthy clonal
planting materi al. This project provides research
and techni ca l ass istance to selected formal and
informal seed systems in different countries to help
improve th eir effic iency and effecti veness . The
proj ect also exp lo res innovations in linkages
between formal and inform al seed systems, aiming
to speed varietal introduction and diffu sion .

Sexual Potato Propagation (TPS)

True Potato Seed (TPS) has grow ing potential in
spec ific areas of the worl d w here th e more
traditi ona l production systems fail. CIP
concentrates on th e resea rchab le areas of
improving parental performance in hybrids and in
ce rtain constraints (late blight res istance, ear lin ess,

seed set, etc.) . Backstopping is being do ne by loca l

organizations (pri va te sec tor, NGOs, and NARs) in
efforts to commerciali ze TPS systems and thus
underpin th e deve lopin g sma ll indu stries.
This project ai ms to in crease th e effic iency (lower
th e cost of production and increase yields) of the
potato crop and to expand potato cultivati on in
no ntradi ti o nal areas throug h th e transfer of TPS
techn o logy in trop ica l and subtropical areas, w here
lack of seed tubers is the principal factor limiting
produ ction . It seeks to deve lop TPS parents fo r high
seed and tuber qua Iity, and reprodu ctive
techniqu es for TPS production.

Global Sector Commodity Analysis and

Impact Assessment for Potato

- --

C. ROSSENOUF F

The lack of co nsistent and reli ab le sta tistics

cove ri ng the agro nomi c, eco nomi c, soc ial,
and env ironmenta l aspects of new and
improved tec hno logies in potato dec reases the
ab il ity to document effect iveness and guide
in ves tment. Thi s proj ect is providing that
inform ation and determ ining rates of return s
on CIP research. Price and produ ct ion
databases are esta blished for constant
refe rence and priority settin g. Commod ity
analysis is improv in g domestic potato
marketi ng and inte rn at ional trade prospects for
developing co untri es.
The project ai ms to qu anti fy th e agronomi c,
economic, soc ial, and environmental effects
of improved potato technologies, and to
document the rate of return and th e povertyeffectiveness of CIP's research. Thi s inc ludes
assess in g the leve l and adequacy of investment in
potato crop improvement in deve loping countries,
and assembling and maintaining price and
produ ctio n databases for priority settin g. Th e
effects of potato pri ce in stability on diverse groups
in society, as we ll as the scope for public-sector
interve ntions and private-sector in centi ves, are
being eva lu ated. The research seeks to improve
domestic potato marketin g and intern ation al potato
trad e involving developing countries, and to
foment greater awareness amon g decision-makers
in the public and private sector (nationall y and
intern ationall y) about the potential for and benefits
of increased utili zati on of potatoes.

43

Control of Sweetpotato Viruses

A lth ough sweetpotato viruses cause sign ifi cant
prod uction losses, espec ial ly in sub-Saharan Africa,
there is stil l a lack of research in this area . Thi s
project is deve lopi ng methods of detection and
contro l ior the virus comp lex known as WBV. It
also seeks res istance to this virus comp lex.
C. ROSSENOU FF

In all reg ions, sweetpotato v iru s

diseases greatl y red uce yield s.
Contro l ca n be achieved throu gh the
production of hea lth y p lantin g
materials and th e deve lopment of
resistant culti va rs. Towa rd thi s encl ,
identifi ca tion of viruses and
development of sensitive methods of
detection are fundamental. Prev io us
wo rk has shown a synergy betwee n
sweetpotato feathery mottle v iru s
(S PFMV) and a virus transmitted by
w hitefli es (WBV) that ca n devastate
crops (S P viru s disease complex, SPVD). Therefore,
the use of virus-free pl antin g materi als alone ca n
tripl e yields. Th e proj ect aims to better identify
WBV, develop method s of detection, and apply
methods of control. Researc hers seek to deve lop
res istance to WBV using a range of breeding
approaches, in c luding th e most adva nced
mol ec ular method s ava il abl e.

Integrated Management of Sweetpotato Pests

Integrated Pest Ma nagement (IPM) for sweetpotato
depends on good knowledge of the biology
and inc idence of the target pests. IPM components
are then developed and evalua te against sitespec ifi c eco log ica l, economi ca l, and social factors.
Pilot units and Farmer Field Schools <1re used as
the 111ech<1nisms for testing and im p lementing
IPM components.
Th e overal l objective is to deve lop IPM for
sweetpotato . These programs strive fo r
compatibility w ith oth er crop management
practi ces as we ll as farmer's soc ioeconom ic
conditions to assure effecti ve and economical
so lutions that reduce pesticide use. Ach ieving this
goa l requires a sound know ledge base deve loped
through th e study of th e biology and seaso nal
occurrence of key pests; th e establi shment of IPM
components (co ntrol measures); th e eva luation of

44

these meas ures' compatib ility w ith t e eco logical,

economi c, and socia l factors preva ili g in
represe ntati ve agroecosystems; th e i pl ementation
of IPM (lead ing to integrated crop m nagement,
ICM) in Pil ot Units in farmers fi elds, sing a
participatory approach; and th e deve opment of
strateg ies for diffusing IPM through o ll aborati ve
work w ith gove rnm ental and non-go ernm ental
organ izat io ns. Thi s in c lu des training cti viti es and
the production of IPM d iffusion mate ials.

Postharvest Utilization of Sweetp tato

The project stu dies a r<1 nge of techn
tec hnology adoption to imp rove the
li ve lihoods of rural poor through div
<1nd expa nsion of sweetpotalo use. In
cou ntries, the main beneficiaries are
children and sma ll hou seho lds. Nu tri
in come are improved <1 nd poverty is

ogies and
ustain<1ble
rsification
the v<1rious
vomen and
ion and
ed uced .

Ac hi evi ng proj ect goa ls includes elev lop in g smal lenterpri se based on added-va lu e from primary
processing (e.g., starch and flour), an more
efficient use of sweetpotato roots, v ines, and byproducts as animal feed. In Afr ica, th goa l is to
enhan ce food security by taking advantage of
sweetpotato's nutriti o nal qua li ties. T e project
co ndu cts ca refu l eva lu atio n of oppor uniti es and
co ll aborative resea rc h o n markets, ra -m ater ial
quality, process deve lopment, proclu t quality, and
the soc ial acceptab ility of innovation in pil ot
enterpri ses. Toward thi s end, CIP tap resou rces
such as th e NARS, NGOs, and users n target
co untri es, along w ith global centers f resea rch
exce ll ence in disciplines not ava il able in -house,
such as food sc ience/techno logy and anim al
sc iences. Proj ect act iviti es are c lose l integrated
w ith th e CIP project on sweetpotato reeding for
dry-matter yield and adaptation , and ith CIAT and
llTA ro ot crop projects, w here releva r t.

Breeding Sweetpotato for High D y Matter

Yield and Adaptation
Th e project provides th e raw m<1teri <1 for increase
in both fresh and processed use of s eetpotato.
Dry matter, the essenti <1I component n both types
of use, has been increased, and gene ic material
made avai lab le. The new c lones are eing adapted
lo low-input subsistence systems in t rgetecl
enviro nments to feed into the develo ing markets.

Thi s new project aims at improv ing sweetpotato

produ ction and utili zation thro ugh the
development and adoption of hi gh dry matter/
starch vari eti es w ith adaptability to low-input,
subsisten ce farmin g system s. The di verse
sweetpotato germpl asm at CIP is used to generate
hi gh-dry matter parental c lo nes through popul ati on
breeding. A w ell-established, dece ntralized
breeding framew o rk uses th ese adva nced parental
cl o nes to produ ce new va ri eti es w ith a broader
geneti c bac kground and good adaptability to cope
w ith abioti c and bioti c stresses in targeted
env ironments. M o lecular approac hes are appli ed to
develop, expand , and effi c iently use the geneti c
va ri ation s in ord er to meet breeding needs. Project
acti vities are c lose ly linked w ith CIP proj ects on
sweetpotato germpl asm management and
postharve st uti Iiza tion.

Global Sector Commodity Analysis and

Impact Assessment for Sweetpotato
Co mmodity analys is and impact assessment data
are di fficu lt to loca te, and to ge nerate. This project
is prov iding mu ch needed information throu gh
coun try case stud ies, loca l and reg ional literature,
and data to develop the analyses necessa ry to stu dy
con straints as we ll as th e potent ial fo r deve loping
country produ ction and posth arvest sw eetp ol ato
systems.
Thi s project reviews second ary data and generates
primary data to analyz e important sweetpotato
production/ posth arvest systems. Toward this end, th e
project documents the impact of spec ific produ ction
and postharvest technologies, co ntinuing to
assemble and maintain producti o n, price, and
utili zation databases. Re searchers w ill eva lu ate
future producti o n and utili zati o n trend projecti ons
and participate wi th FAO and IFPRI in their
co ll aborative prepa ration.

Sustainability of Rice-Based Cropping Systems

Featuring Potato As a Cash Crop
The assessment of opportu ni ty for potato to fit into
th e coo l dry sea son cropp ing systems fo ll ow ing
rice in the rain y season has been comp leted .
Potenti al is good to increase th e effici ency of thi s
croppi ng eco logy through th e addition of potato.
Current work con centrates on d iagnosing the
constraints to and increas ing th e productiv ity of th e

full potato-ri ce- based system. Ecosys tem resource

management is parti cul arly criti ca l, and the proj ect
is developing models lo provide natural resource
management opti ons.
Potato production has expanded rapidl y in
subtropi ca l South and Southeast Asia. Typically,
ri ce is pl anted at th e onset of th e rainy season,
irri gated potato is sown in the coo ler dry season ,
and irri gated ri ce or anoth er crop is culti vated in
th e hot summer season. In res po nse to in crea sing
land sca rc ity, potatoes w ith a hi gh produ cti o n
potenti al per unit tim e are in c reas in gly planted
in intensive sequ enti al c roppin g sys tems, suc h as
ri ce -potato-ric e, and in more intensive
intercrops, suc h as ri ce-potato/ maize. To reali ze
th e potential of th e potato crop, fac to rs th at
threaten the sustain abi I ity of th ese inputres po nsive croppin g systems mu st be identifi ed
and addressed. Th is proj ect as sesses
oppo rtunities for expansion and sustain ability of
potato in the coo l dry sea son , fo ll ow ing a rice
cr op in the rain y seaso n; diagnoses constraints to
in c reas in g and m aintaining produ ctivity in
se lected potato and ri ce- based c roppin g sys tem s;
and ge nerates c rop and natural reso urce
m anagement inform ati o n on how to all ev iate th e
mos t important co nstr aints in th ese increasin gly
popul ar c roppin g systems.

Sustainable Land Use in the Andes

Th e And ea n ecoreg ion is a parti cu larl y
vuln erabl e ecosys tem for sustain ab le agri culture.
Th e proj ect is prov idin g a sound sc ient ific,
tec hni ca l, and eco no mi c base for both po li cy
and tec hno logy reco mm endat io ns. Innova ti ve
to o ls fo r ecoreg iona l resea rc h are deve loped
throu gh the integratio n of process-based crop
growth mode ls, remo te se ns ing, econom ic
dec isio n model s, and geog raphi c info rmation
systems (GIS). Such integ rated too ls are also
app lica b le to oth er global mountain ecosystems.
Th e And es represe nt a se ries of uniqu e habitat
areas ri ch in natural resources . Th e inh abitants of
thi s eco region confro nt massi ve pove rty,
in creas ing popul ation grow th , and rapid
deg radation of th e natural resource base. Th ey
fa ce th e difficult chall enge of in c reas ing
agri c ultural produ cti v ity while simultaneously

45

decrea sing stress on the environment. This

project ai ms to c haracterize the Andean
eco reg ion for its potentia l for sustainab le
ag riculture and to provide a scie ntific, techni cal,
and eco nomic base for poli cy and technology
reco mm end atio ns to decision-m akers in the
reg ion. It also seeks to deve lop inn ova ti ve
methodologies for eco reg io nal resea rch throu gh
an effective integration of process-based crop
gro w th models, remote se nsi ng, econo mi c
dec ision models, and Geog raphic In formation
Sys tems (G IS). Through short-term training and
co ll aborati ve re sea rc h, the project aims to build
an intern ational co mmunity of researc hers
wo rkin g to wa rd th e sustain able deve lopment of
ag ri cu ltu re in mountain areas.

Conservation and Characterization of

Potato Genetic Resources
The proj ect conserves th e most co mprehensive
collection of w i ld and cultivated potatoes in the
world . Cha racterization (bo th mo lecu lar and
morphological) is a key objective, along wi th
database deve lopm en t and ava il ab ility.
Sig niii cant activities focus on identifyi ng key
des irab le traits and di stributin g healt hy material
throughout th e wor ld for uti l ization in potato
improveme nt proj ects. Th e project provides a
key in put into CIP's own breeding efforts.
Objectives include co nse rv in g co mprehensi ve
collections of w ild and cul ti va ted potatoes from
th e di ve rsi ty ce nters, usi ng up-to-date techn o logy
and characterizin g Lat in American cu lti vated
potatoes to determine their ge netic diversity and
se lect a co re collection . Resea rc h attempts to
in c rease uti lizat ion of th e potato ge netic
di versity by identifying sources of des irable traits
and distribut in g hea lth y seed stocks and c lo nal
materi als, and to deve lop and maintain a
da tabase conta i nin g all avai lab le information on
th e co ll ec tion .

Conservation and Characterization of

Sweetpotato Genetic Resources
This project conserves the most comprehensive
collection of wild and cultivated lpomoea
spec ies (incl udin g cult ivated sweetpotato ). New
and more effici ent methods oi conse rv ati o n are
bei ng studied (e.g ., cryoprese rvatio n). Th e

46

co ll ectio n is being characterized fa a core

co ll ectio n to make it more accessi le to breeders.
Virus eradi ca tion is a key compon nt. Des irabl e
trait s are being identified for mme ffi c ient use
o f the collection .
Proj ect objecti ves include mainta1 111 g
comprehensive w i Id and cult ivated sweetpotato
co ll ect ions using mod ern conserva don methods.
Researchers are assess ing new met ods for the
co nservat ion of sweetpotato geneti ( reso urces;
characte ri z in g the cu lti va ted colle o ion and se lect
a core co ll ection ; and erad icatin g iruses from
accessions in the core, eva luating em to
identify sources of desirab le traits. he project
aims to deve lop and maintain a da abase
containing all avai lable data on th co ll ection.

Conservation and Characterizat on of

Andean Root and Tuber Crops
Th e act iv iti es oi this p roject assist ati ona l
programs in the A nd es in ration al i ing st rategies
in conservation oi Andean root an tuber crops
(A RTC). Nine ge nera are included
r co llect ion ,
study, and co nserva ti on of biodi ve ity. Th e
potenti al for ARTC utili zat ion on a icier basis
is also studied through m arket and co nsumpt ion
patterns , and identification of poor y doc umented
demand. Health y plantin g material s produced for
farmers . Thi s proj ect is perhaps the nl y one w ith a
signi fica nt effort toward developing irus
identification and eradi ca ti on proce ures fo r these
important, underuti I ized crops.
Ass isting national programs in ration li zing strateg ies
fo r both ex situ and in situ co nservati n
of ARTC involves the collection , stud , and preservation of biodiversity, w ith emphasis on our priority
genera (Oxa/is, U llucus, Canna, and rracacia ,
including w ild species) and on them teria l of
Mirabi/is expansa, Pachyrh izus ahipa Smallanthus
sonchifolius, Tropaeolum tuberosum, nd Lepidium
spp . (using gap-fil lin g strategies). It is systematically
assessing the potential of ARTC to pro ote wider use
in the subtropical and tropical hi ghla els, within and
outs ide th e Andean region, through the study
of current marketing and consumptio patterns.
The project aims to identify latent derp ands these
crops may satisfy in the future, as we ll as produce
healthy p lanting materials for farmers

m~
Antle, J. M., C. C. Donald, and C. C. Crissman.
1998 . Further evide nce on pesticides, productivity,
and fa rmer hea lth: Potato prod ucti o n in Ecuador.
Agricultural Economics 18: 199- 208.
Antle, J. M., S. M. Capalbo, and C. C. Crissman.
1998. Tradeoffs in pol icy ana lys is: conceptu al
fo und ati ons fo r disc iplin ary integratio n. In:
Q uantifying Tradeo ffs in the En vironment, Hea lth
and Sustainable Agriculture: Pesticide Use in the
Andes. C. C. Crissman, J. M. Antle, and S. M.
Capa lbo. (eds.) . Kluwer Academi c Press, Boston,
USA. pp. 21-40.
Antle, J. M., S. M. Capalbo, and C. C. Crissman.
1998. Econometri c and simul ati on modeling of the
Carchi potato producti o n system. In : Quantifying
Tradeoffs in the En vironment, Hea lth and Sustainable
Agriculture: Pesticide Use in the Andes. C. C.
Cri ssman, J. M. Antle, and S. M. Capa lbo. (eds.).
Klu wer Academi c Press, Boston, USA. pp. 145-1 80.
Antle, J. M., D. Cole, and C. C. Crissman. 1998. The
ro le of pesticides in fa rm prod uctivity and fa rmer
hea lth. In : Q uantifying Tradeoffs in the En vironment,
Hea lth and Susta inable Agriculture: Pesticide Use in
the Andes. C. C. Cri ssman, J. M. Antl e, a nd S. M.
Capa lbo. (eds.). Klu we r Academ ic Press, Bosto n,
USA. pp. 23 1-242.
Aritua, V., T. Alicai, E. Adipala, E. E. Carey, and
R. W. Gibson. 1998 . As pects of resistance to
sweetpotato virus d isease in sweetpotato. A nnals
of Applied Biology 132 :387- 398.
Aritua, V., E. Adipala, E. E. Carey, and
R. W. Gibson. 1998. The inc ide nce of sweetpotato
vi ru s di sease and viru s resistance of sweetpotato
grown in Uganda. Annals of Applied Biology
132:399-4 11.
Bowen, W. T. and W. E. Baethgen. 1998. Simul ation
as a too l fo r im provi ng ni troge n manageme nt. In :
Understanding Options for Agricultural Produ ction,
G. Y. Tsuji , G. Hoogenboom, and P. K. Tho rn to n
(eds.). Klu we r Academi c Pu bli shers, Do rdrecht,
Nethe rl a nds.
pp. 193- 208.

my c lP Staff in 1998
Bowen, W. T., P. K. Thornton, and
G. Hoogenboom. 1998. The simul ati on of cropping
sequences using DSSAT. In: Understanding Options
for Agricultural Production. G. Y. Tsuji , G.
Hoogenboom, and P. K. Thornto n (eds.). Kluwe r
Academi c Publishe rs, Do rdrecht, Netherlands.
pp. 3 17-33 1.
Collins, W. W., E. E. Carey, 1-G. Mok,
P. Thompson, and D. P. Zhang. 1998. Utilizatio n of
sweetpotato genetic resources to deve lop insect
res istance. In: Global Plant Genetic Resources for
In sect-Resistant Crops. S. L. Cl ement and S. S.
Q ui senberry (eds.). CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida,
USA. pp. 193-205.

This list includes

selected journal
articles, book
chapters, and
CIP publications.
Cl P staff made
many other
contributions,
including papers
presented at

Crissman, C. C. and J. M. Antle. 1998. Physica l and

economi c mode l integration for the measurement of
enviro nmental impacts of farmin g. In: Soil Quality
and Agricultural Sustainability. R. Lal (ed.). Ann
Arbor Press, Che lsa, Mi chigan, USA. pp. 319-334.
Crissman, C. C., J. M. Antle, and S. M. Capalbo.
(eds .). 1998. Quantifying Tradeo ffs in th e
En vironment, Hea lth and Sustainable Agriculture:
Pesticide Use in the Andes. Klu wer Acade mic Press,
Boston, USA. 28 1 pp.
Dayal, T. R. and G. R. Yadav. 1998. Evaluation of
sweetpotato hybrids fo r yie ld and qua lity traits.
Recent Horticulture 4 :10 1- 104.
Escalada, M., D. Campilan, and E. Cagasan. 1998.
Diffusion mechani sms for improved sweetpotato
va ri eties in upl and communiti es. In : Integrated
Rootcrops Research and De velopment in the
Philippines. M. Pa lomar and E. Gundaya (eds.).
IDRC- IRCP/ViSCA, Leyte, Philipp ines. pp. 34-54.

meetings and
published in
proceedings.
CIP ' s Library
(CIP-Library@cgiar.org)

can provide a
complete list of
publications
generated by CIP
in 1998.

Farrington, J. and G. Thiele. 1998 . Innovative

approac hes to tec hnology generation and
di ssemination fo r low- income fa rmers in agri culture
and the environment. In : Agriculture and the
En vironment: Perspectives on Sustainable Rural
Development. E. Lutz (ed.). World Bank,
Washington, DC, USA. pp. 130- 144.

47

Forbes, G. A., S. B. Goodwin, A. Drenth,

P. Oyarzun, M. E. Ordonez, and W. E. Fry. 1998. A
global ma rke r data base for Phytophthora infestans.
Plant Disease 8 2 :811-8 18.

Jones, J. W., G. Tsuji, G. Hoogenboom, L. A. Hunt, P.

K. Thornton, P. W. Wilkens, D. T. lm~ura, W. T.
Bowen, and U. Singh. 1998. Dec isio n support
syste m fo r agrotec hnol ogy tra nsfer: SSAT v3. In :

Ghislain, M. and A. M. Golmirzaie. 1998. Ge neti c

e ngineering for potato improve me nt. In :
Comprehensive Potato Biotechnology. P. Khura na,
R. Chandra, a nd M. D. Upadh ya (eds.). MPH
Ma lhotra Publi shing Hou se, New Delhi, Indi a.
pp. 115-1 62.

G. Y. Tsuji , G. Hoogenboom, a nd P. IK. Th o rnto n

(eds.). Klu we r Acade mi c Pu b li she rs, o rdrecht,
Neth e rla nd s. pp. 157-1 77.

Understanding Op tions fo r Agricu ltu al Production.

Gibson, R. W., I. Mpembe, T. Alicai, E. E. Carey,

R. 0. M. Mwanga, S. K. Seal, and H. F. Vetten.
1 99 8. Sympto ms, aetiology, a nd serol og ical
a na lysi s of sweetpotato virus di sease in Uganda.
Plant Path ology 4 7: 95-102 .
Golmirzaie, A. M., K.
1998. Inbreeding a nd
potato: II. Se lfing a nd
hybrid po pul ation s of

Bretschneider, and R. Ortiz.

true seed in tetrasomi c
sib-mating in hete rogeneou s

Solanum tuberosum.
Theoretica l and Applied Genetics 97: 11 29-11 32.

Golmirzaie, A. M., R. Ortiz, G. N. Atlin, and

M. lwanaga. 1998 . Inbreedin g and true seed in
tetrasomi c potato: I. Se lfing a nd ope n pollin ation in
Andean la ndraces (So lanum tuberosum Gp.
A ndigena). Theoretica l and Applied Genetics

97: 1125-112 8.
Hagenimana, V., E. G. Karuri, and M. A. Oyunga.
1998. Oi I content in fri ed sweetpotato processed
products. Journal of Processing and Preserva tion
22 :12 3-1 37 .
Huaman, Z. 1998. Co llection , ma inte na nce a nd
eva luation of potato geneti c resources. Plant
Varieties and Seeds 11 :29-38.
Jacobsen, S. E. 1998. Developme nta l sta bility of
quinoa unde r Euro pea n conditi ons. Industrial Crops
and Products 7: 169-1 74.
Jayasinghe, U. and L. F. Salazar. 1998 . Present
status of controlling Potato Leafro ll Virus. In: Plant
Virus Disease Control. A. Hadi d i, R. K. Kh eta rpa l
a nd H. Koga nezawa (eds.). APS Press, St. Pa ul ,
Minnesota, USA. pp. 584-592 .

48

Khatana, V. S., A. S. Chilver, S. G. ll;mgantileke,

and M. D. Upadhya. 1998. Use of Tl?S techno logy
for potato produ ction in India: Prio ri tization of
resea rc h a nd d iffusion age nda. Inter ational Journal
of Tropica l Ag ricu lture 16: 1- 11.
Lagnaoui, A. and E. B. Radcliffe. 1998. Potato
fun gic ides in te rfe re w ith e nto mo path ge ni e fun gi
impacting popul ati o n dyna mi cs of gr e n peach
aphid . A merica n Journal of Potato R sea rch
75:1 9- 25.
Lery, X., J. L. Zeddam, J. Giannotti, a nd
S. Abol-Ela. 1998 . Evide nce fo r two ma ll viruses
pe rsiste ntl y infec ting esta bli shed ce ll lines of
Phthorimaea operculella de ri vi ng fro m e mbryos of
the potato tube r moth. M icrobiologica 2 1 :103-107.
Maldonado, L., J. E. Wright, and G. ~ cott. 1 998.
Co nstra ints to producti on a nd use of ~ota to in As ia .
A merica n Journal of Potato Resea rch 75 :1-9 .
Mutombo, T., P. Phemba, N. B. Lutaladio, and
H. M. Kidanemariam. 1998. Eva luati<D n des
ge notypes de pomme de te rre da ns differe ntes
zones agroeco log iques a l'est du Co go. African
Crop Science Journal 6:359-368.
Ordonez, M. E., G. A. Forbes, and Bl T. Trognitz.
1998. Re lati o nship betwee n ineffecti e R-ge nes
a nd expa nsio n rate of lesio ns o n pot to ca used by
Phytophthora infestans. Plant Path o logy

4 7: 130-1 36 .
Ortiz, R., 0. St0len, J. L. Christianse , S. Madsen
and S. E. Jacobsen. 1998. Geog raphi a l a nd
morph o logica l patte rns of va ri ation defin ed a core
collecti o n of Pe ru via n germpl as m. In , Biodi versity
and D evelopment. D. J. Mac intosh a nd T. Nie lsen
(eds.) . Eigtveds Pa khus, Cope nh age n, De nm a rk .

Research Council for Development Research and

Centre for Tropical Ecosystems Research.
pp. 75- 77.

Otazu, V., M. Rodriguez, C. Arbizu, and C.

Lizarraga. 1998. Arrosetamiento del ulluco
(Ullucus tuberosus Caldas) causado por
Verticil/ium dahliae. Fitopatologia 33:153- 159.

Thornton (eds.). Kluwer Academic Publishers,

Dordrecht, Netherlands. pp. 79- 98.

Scott, G. and D. Griffon (eds.). 1998. Prix,

Produits, et Acteurs: Methodes pour Analyser la
Commercialisation Agricole dans /es Pays en
Developpement. CIP, Centre de Cooperation

Oyarzun, P. J., M. Gerlagh, and J. C. Zabdoks.

Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le

Developpement (CIRAD), Edition Karthala, Paris,
France. 500 pp.

1998. Factors associated with soil receptivity to

some fungal root rot pathogens of peas. Applied
Soil Ecology 10:151-169.

Spooner, D. M., A. Salas, Z. Huaman, and

R. J. Hijmans. 1998. Wi Id potato collecting

Oyarzun, P. J., Pozo, A., Ordonez, M. E.,

Doucett, K., and Forbes, G. A. 1998. Host
specificity of Phytophthora infestans on tomato and
potato in Ecuador. Phytopathology 88:265- 271.

expedition in Southern Peru (Departments of

Apurimac, Arequipa, Cusco, Moquegua, Puno,
Tacna) in 1998: Taxonomy and new genetic
resources. American journal of Potato Research
75:1 - 17.

Patel, P. K., P. C. Pande, B. N. Sarkar, and

M. S. Kadian. 1998. Multilocation evaluation of
seedlings and seedling tubers derived from true
potato seed. Journal of the Indian Potato
Association 25:182.

Phemba, P., T. Mutombo, N. B. Lutaladio, and E. E.

Carey. 1998. Performance et stabi Iite de rendement

Thiele, G. and R. Barber. 1998. Linking with

agricultural input suppliers for technology transfer:
The adoption of vertical tillage in Bolivia. journal
of Soil and Water Conservation 53:51-56.

Thiele, G., 0. Navia, and E. N. FernandezNorthcote. 1998. Analisis economico de la

des genotypes de patate douce dans divers

environnements
l'est du Congo. African Crop
Science Journal 6:109-118.

estrategia de control quimico del tizon tardio

(Phytophthora infestans) para cultivares de papa
susceptible en Cochabamba, Bolivia . Fitopatologia
33 :176- 181.

Querci, M. and L. F. Salazar. 1998. Molecular

Trognitz, B. 1998. Inheritance of resistance in

probes for the detection of viruses and viroids in

potato. In: Comprehensive Potato Biotechnology. P.
S. M. Khurana, R. Chandra, and M. D. Upadhya
(eds.). MPH Malhotra Publishing House, New
Delhi, India. pp. 187- 206.

potato to lesion expansion and sporulation by

Phytophthora infestans. Plant Pathology 47:712722.

Quiroz, R., C. Leon-Velarde, and W. Bowen. 1998.

Prix, produits et acteurs

Trognitz, B., M. Hermann, and S. Carrion. 1998.

Germplasm conservation of oca (Oxalis tuberosa
Mol.) through botanical seed: Seed formation
under a system of polymorphic incompatibility.
Euphytica 101 :133- 141.

Farming systems research from a modeling

perspective: Experiences in Latin America. In: The
History of Farming Systems. M. Collinson (ed.).
FAO, Rome, Italy.

Van de Fliert, E. 1998. Integrated pest

Ritchie, J. T., U. Singh, D. C. Godwin, and W. T.

Bowen. 1998. Cereal growth, development and
yield. In : Understanding Options for Agricultural
Production. G. Y. Tsuji, G. Hoogenboom, and P. K.

management: Springboard to sustainable

agriculture. In: Critical Issues in Insect Pest
Management. G. S. Dhaliwal and E. A. Heinrichs.
(eds.) Commonwealth Publishers, New Delhi,
India. pp. 250-266.

49

Yencho, G. C., S. P. Kowalski, R. S. Kobayashi, S. L.

Sinden, M. W. Bonierbale, and K. L. Deahl. 1998.
QTL mapping of foliar glycoalkaloid aglycones in
Solanum tuberosum x 5. berthaultii potato progenies:
Quantitative variation and plant secondary
metabolism. Theoretical and Applied Genetic
97:563-574.
Zeddam, J. L., A. Pollet, S. Mangoendiharjo, T. H.
Ramadhan, and M. Lopez Ferber. 1998.
Occurrence and virulence of a granulosis virus in
Phthorimaea operculella (Lep.: Gelechiidae)
populations in Indonesia . Journal of Invertebrate
Pathology.

(ed). Recombinant Protease Inhibitor in Plants. R.

G. Landes, Austin, Texas, USA.
Zhang, D. P., W. W. Collins, and M. Andrade.
1998. Genotype and fertilization eff cts on trypsin
inhibitor activity in sweetpotato. HortScience
33:225-228.

Zhang, D. P., M. Ghislain., Z. Huaman, A.

Golmirzaie, and R. J. Hijmans. 199J . RAPD
variation in sweetpotato (lpomoea bk tatas L.)
cultivars from South America and P ~ pua New
Guinea. Genetic Resources and Crofi> 45: 271-277.

Zhang, D. P., G. Cipriani, I. Rety, A. Golmirzaie,

N. Smit, and D. Michaud. 1998. Expression of
protease inhibitors in sweetpotato. In: D. Michaud

SELECTED PRESENTATIONS

M. Bonierbale, J. van den Berg, E. Ewing, D. Hautea,

I. Simko, and G. C. Yencho
Multiple QTL analysis in related potato progenies:
lessons learned and implications for future studies
International Conference on the Status of Plant and
Animal Genome Research VI , January 18-22, San
Diego, California, USA

C. C. Crissman, J. M. Antle, and C. Ducrot

Tradeoffs between groundwater contamination
and agricultural production in Ecuador
International Conference on Pesticide Use in
Developing Countries: Impact on Health and
Environment, February 24, Herida, Costa Rica
S. E. Jacobsen, H. Pedersen, and C. R. Jensen
Reflectance measurements, a quick and nondestructive technique for use in agricultural
research
International Conference on Sustainable
Agriculture in Tropical and Subtropical Highlands
with Special Reference to Latin America (SATHLA),
March 9-13, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
S. llangantileke and M. S. Kadian
TPS technology in selected countries of South and
West Asia

50

Workshop on Potato Production from lfrue Potato

Seed (TPS) in Pakistan: Present Statu s and Future
Perspective, April 14-16, Islamabad Pakistan
D. Peters
Barriers to farmer participatory research: moving
from constraint to opportunity
Seventh Symposium on Society and Resources
Management, May 27-31, Colombi , Missouri,
USA
D. Campilan and S. R. Ghimere
Mobilizing communities for integra ed disease
management: comparing experienc s in Nepal,
Indonesia, and the Philippines
Seminar-Workshop on Planning the Implementation
of Farmer Field Schools in South Asia, June 2-5,
Kathmandu , Nepal
G. Cipriani, A. Golmirzaie, D. P. Zh ng, D.
Michaud, and B. Nguyen-Quoc
Genetic transformation of sweetpotr to with
soybean trypsin inhibitors for weevil resistance
Agricultural Biotechnology lnternati nal
Conference, June 9-12, Saskatoon , askatchewan,
Canada

M . Hermann

B. Trognitz

Posibilidades de inversion en cultivos nativos:

oportunidades de eco-negocios andinos en el Peru

Quantitative resistance to late blight of potato in

wild Solanum caripense (Solanaceae)

Fri edr ich-Ebert-Foundation, Jun e 13, Lima, Peru

Seventh Intern ational Co ngress of Plant Pathology,

August 9-16, Edinburgh, Scotland

H. Zandstra and G. Scott

A global research agenda for horticultural crops:

CIP and the role of roots and tubers
International Society for Horti cultural Sci ence
(ISHS)-Ameri ca n Society for Horti cultural Science
(ASHS) World Co nference on Horti cultural
Research, June 17-19, Rom e, Ita ly
L. F. Salazar, G. MUiier, R. A. Owens, M. Querci,

and J. L. Zapata

Identification of potato yellow vein virus

European Association for Potato Research
1Oth Virology Section M eeting, July 5-10, Vienna,
Austria

E. E. Carey, L. K'Osambo, M. A. Oyunga, I. Benesi ,

N. Smit, C. P'Obwoya Oc itti, G. Turyamureeba, P. J.
Ndolo, J. Low, and V. Hage nim ana

Using orange-fleshed sweetpotato varieties to

overcome micronutrient deficiency and enhance
market opportunities in sub-Saharan Africa
Southern Africa Root Crops Researc h Network
(SARRNET) Workshop on Food Security and Crop
Di versifi cation in SADC Countri es, August 17-19,
Lu saka, Zambi a
R. Qui roz, W. Bowen, and A. Gutarra

M. Querci, S. P. Gil, and L. F. Salazar

Integrating remote sensing and dynamic models to

assess pasture and livestock production at the
ecoregional level: developments in the Altiplano

Extreme resistance to PVX found in S. sucrense:

further characterization of genes involved

Ecoregional Workshop, Octo ber 5- 8, Addis Ababa,

Ethi op ia

European Assoc iation for Potato Research 10th

Viro logy Section Meeting, Jul y 5- 10, Vienn a, Austri a

A. Golmirzaie and A. Panta

Advances in potato cryopreservation at CIP

M. Ghislain, B. Trogn itz, M . R. Herrera, L. Portal, M.
Esl ava, M. Orillo, J. Solis, R. Castillo, F. Trognitz, and
R. Nelson

Mapping QTL for quantitative resistance to late

blight in a cross between S. phureja and a dihaploid
S. tuberosum
Fifth Intern ational Symposium on the Molecular
Biology of the Potato, August 2-6, Bogensee,
Germany

Internationa l Workshop: Cryopreservation of Tropica l

Plant Germplasm: Current Research Progress and
Applications, O ctober 20-23, Tsukuba, Japa n
G. Scott and H. Zandstra

A global role for root and tuber crops: CIP's

research agenda for food security and trade
Intern at ional Congress on Trade and Rural
Development, November 26-28, Basque Country,
Spain

G. A. Forbes, R. J. Hijmans, and R. Nelson

Potato blight: a world problem

Seventh Intern ational Congress of Plant Path ology,
August 9-16, Edinburgh, Scotland
R. Nelson, M. Fredrix, G. Thi ele, and C. Mundt

Improving farmers' disease management decisions

through participatory research and training
Seventh International Congress of Plant Patho logy,
August 9-16, Edinburgh, Scotland

A. PANTA

During 1998, CIP

Workshops, Courses, and Conferences

Location

Funding

Date

CIP NCM-ELI SA Kit for the Detection of

Uganda

NARO

Feb. 2-6

training activities
were fully
integrated with

and targeted for

regional relevance.
In addition, 40
national scientists
received individual

R. solanacearum in Latentl y Infected Tubers

Soil Properties and the ir Application

research priorities

Number of
participants

Country
participants
Eth iopia,
Uganda

Ecuador

USAID

Feb.9- 13

Eth iop ia

CI P- PRAPAC E

Feb. 10-14

Ecuador

in Land Management
Potato Seed Prod uction in Farmer-based

20

Ethiopia

Systems
Detection of Bacterial W ilt Latent Infection

Ken ya

CIP

Feb. 13-15

15

Kenya

IPM for Andean Moth

Boli via

BID

March 23-25

22

Boliv ia

Potato Seed Prod uct ion

Peru

PROMESPA, CI P

March 23-28

40

Peru

Economic Impact of Agri cul tu ral

Peru

!NIA, CIP

March 30- April 1

16

Peru

Indonesia

CIP-ES EAP Reg ion

April 14-27

42

Indonesia

Potato Prod ucti on and Quality Contro l

Peru

PROMESPA, CIP

April 20-23

42

Peru

Potato Seed Product ion

Ecuador

PRECODEPA, CI P

Ap ril 20-30

33

Technologies
Sweetpotato ICM FFS Tra ining-of-Trainers
fo r Indonesian NGOs

training in specific
disciplines.

Boliv ia, Chil e,

Colombia,
Costa Rica,
Cuba, Ecuador,
Mexico,
Panama, Peru

Potato D isease Management

Peru

Marketing and Producti on Costs

Peru

Ag robase in Pl anning and Statistics Anal ysis

Peru

PROM ESPA, CIP

Apri l 24- 25

42

Peru

PROM ESPA, CI P

May 4- 5

26

Peru

CIP

May 4-Nov. 2

15

Peru
Peru

of Experi ment Des ign

Production Systems and Management

Peru

PROMESPA, CIP

May 6-7

39

Sweetpotato

Egypt

CIP-MENA Region

May 16-19

18

Egypt

Product Development and Marketing

Peru

CON DESAN,

May 26- 28

53

Peru
Peru

(Co nfere nce)

COSU DE

IDM for Potato Late Blight

Peru

PROMESPA, CI P

June 1-3

26

Agri culture Econom ics/ Investments

Peru

PROMESPA, CIP

Ju ne 8- 9

39

Peru

Posth arvest and Storage

Peru

PROMESPA, CIP

June 10

24

Peru
Peru

A ltern ative Crops an d Irrigati on Systems

Peru

PROM ESPA, CIP

June 11

15

Field Pl annin g and Marketing

Peru

PROM ESPA, CIP

July 6-7

35

Peru

IPM Impl ementati on in th e A ndea n

Peru

BID, CI P

July 7-9

18

Boli v ia,

Region

Co lom bi a,
Ecuador, Peru

Process ing of Potato and Other Food Crops

Peru

Characteri zati o n of A ndean Tuber

Peru

Crops

July 8

17

Biod iversi ty

Jul y 20- 23

Project

Peru
Boli v ia,
Ecuador, Peru

Bacteri al W ilt

China

CIP- ESEAP Region

Jul y 23-28

27

China

Potato and Sweetpotato Viru s Detection

China

CIP, Sichu an

Aug. 11 -27

29

China

Aug. 17- 18

100

Uganda

Tech nology
Pa rti cipatory Approach to IPM and NRM

52

PROM ESPA, CIP

Prov. Gov.
Uganda

AHi

Workshops, Courses, and Conferences

Location

Potato M anagement for Qua lity Seed and

Uganda

W are Crop Prod uction

Tecia solanivora: A Potent ial Th reat to

Date

A Hi ,

Aug. 30- Sep. 2

61

Ugand a

Sept. 2

82

Peru

Sept. 18-19

59

Peru

Sept. 24- 0 ct. 3

19

Peru

O ct. 4- 7

20

China,

Number of
participants

Country
participants

CIP- SSA Reg ion

Peru

Potato Produ ctio n (Conference)

N atio nal IPM

Funding

SEN ASA,
PROMESPA, CIP

Peru

CARE,
PROMESPA, CIP

Information Technology as a Too l for NRM

Peru

UNC,
CONDESAN, CIP

Participatory Research M ethodo log ies for

V ietnam

CI P-ESEAP Region

Indo nes ia,

Su stainable Crop Management

Nepal,
Philippines,
Vietnam
Soil Fertil izatio n and Management

Peru

PROM ESPA, CIP

Oct. 20- 22

35

Kenya

CIP- SSA Region

Nov. 2-6

Peru

for Potatoes
Identification of Duplicates in Sw eetpotato

Kenya,
Tanza nia,

Germp lasm Co llections

Uga nd a
Potato Produ ction (with emph as is o n

Pakistan

CIP/SDC

Nov. 2-22

16

seed produ c~ i on)

Bangladesh,
Bhutan, Nepal,
Paki stan

IDM for Potato Late Blight and

Kenya

CIP-SSA Region

Nov.8- 13

23

Burundi,Congo,
Eritrea,

Bacterial Wi lt

Eth iop ia, Kenya,

Madagascar,
Rwa nda,
Tanzani a,
Ugand a
Agricultural M arketing Methods

Kenya

CIAT, ICRAF, ll TA,

Nov. 9-15

23

Ethi opi a,
Kenya, M alaw i,

ICRISAT, ILRI

Tanza ni a,
Uga nda,
Z imbabwe
Sweetpotato ICM FFS Evaluation and

Indones ia

CIP- ESEAP Reg ion Nov. 12-14

69

Indones ia
C. AT ALAYA

Planning
Andea n Roots

Peru

CONDESAN, CIP

Nov. 15-22

22

Boli via, Braz il,

Co lom bi a,
Ecuador, Peru

Peru

CI P

Nov. 24-2 6

10

Chil e,

IPM Farmer Fi eld Schoo ls

Peru

CODIPAPA, CIP

Nov. 26

14

Peru

Sweetpotato Flour Process ing

Uganda

CIP

Dec. 7- 12

Deve lopment and Uti li zation of

Germany, Peru

Bacterial W ilt Transgeni cs

Kenya,
Tanza ni a,
Ugand a

53

 AARI Aegea n !A gri cultural Resea rch

Instit ute, Turkey A<:;I AR Au stra li an Centre
for Intern ati o nal Agri c u ltLra l Resea rch ADB
As ian Development Bank
GCD Adm i ni strati o n
Genera le de la Coopera tion au D ve loppement, Belgiu m
AIT A sia n In stitu te of Technology ARC Ag ri cultu re Researc h Ce nter, Egypt ARCS Au stri a l Research Centre at
Seidersdo rf AREA Ag ri c ultural Resea rch a d Exten sion Auth o rity,
Yemen ASPRAD A sian Sweetpotato and Pota to Resea rch and
D eve lopm en t AVRDC A sian Vegetable Rese rch and D eve lo pm ent
Center, Taiwa n BARI Bangladesh Ag ri cu ltur I Resea rc h Insti tute
Benguet State University, Phi l ippin es BMZ Germ a Min istry for Eco nomi c
D eve lopm ent and Cooperation Bogor Agricultural niversity, In dones ia
BRC Bi otec hno logy Resea rch Center, V ietnam CAA Chin ese Aca demy of
Agri c ultural Sc iences CARDI Caribb ea n Ag ricul tural R,e sea rc h and D evelo pment Institute, Trinida d CARE Cooperati ve for Ass istance Lnd Rel ief Eve ryw here,
In c. CBC Centro Bartol ome de las Casas, Peru CECOACAM 1 entral de Cooperativas
Agraria s de Ca nete y Ma la, Peru CEMOR Cemo r Editores & romoto res S.R.L ., Peru
CGIAR Co nsultati ve Group o n International Agricultural Rese ch, USA Chiang Mai
University, Th ail and CIAAB Centro de ln vesti gac iones Ag rico l s A. Boerger, Uruguay
CIAT Centro lnternaciqn al de Ag ricultura Tro pica l, Co lom b a CICA Centro de
lnvestigaci6n en Culti vos And i nos, Peru CIDA Ca nadi.an lnten ati o nal Deve lopment
Agency CIED Centro de ln vestigaci6 n, Educac i6 n y Desa rroll o, P ru CIRAD Centre de
Cooperation Intern ati o nale en Recherc he Agro no m ique pour le D e eloppement, France
CIRNMA Centro de ln vesti gaci6n de Recursos Naturales y M edi o Am iente, Peru CLADES
Co nsorc io Latino ameri ca no de Agroeco logia y D esa rro ll o CNCQS C inese N ati onal Ce ntre
for Q ual ity Superv isio n and Test of Feed CNPH Centro Nac io nal de esqui sa de H ortali <;as,
Braz il CON DESAN Con sortium for the Sustain ab le Deve lo pm ent oft e And ea n Eco reg ion
Cornell University, USA CORPOICA Co rporaci6n del ln stituto Co lo bi ano Agropec uari o
COTESU Cooperac i6 n Tecni ca Sui za, Sw itze rl and CPRA Centre de erfec ti o nnement et de
Recyc lage Ag ri co le de Sa.Ida, Tuni sia CPRI Centra l Potato Research I stitute, In d ia CPRODLO Centre for Pl ant Breeding and Reproduction Researc h-Ag ri c u lture Resea rc h D epartm ent,
N eth erl ands CRIFC Central Researc h In stitute for Food Crops, Indo nes ia CTCRI Central Tuber
Crops Resea rch Institute, Indi a EMATER Empresa de A ss istenc ia Tecn i a e Extensao Ru ra l do
Estado de Minas Gerais, Brazi l EMBRAPA Empresa Bras il ei ra de Pesq ui a Ag ropecuari a, Braz il
ENEA Comi tato Naz io nale per la Rice rca e per lo Sviluppo del l' Energia uclea re e dell e En ergie
A ltern ati ve, Italy EPAMIG Empresa de Pesqui sa A gropecuaria de M in s Gerais, Braz il ESH
Eco le Superieure d' H o rti culture, Tuni sia FAO Fo od and Ag ri culture O r ni zati o n of th e Un ited
N ati o ns, Italy FONAIAP Fondo N ac io nal de ln vesti gac io nes A grop cuari as, Venez uela
FORTIPAPA Fortalec imi ento de la ln vest igac i6 n y Producc i6 n de Semi la de Papa, Ecuador
FUNDAGRO Fu ndaci6n para el Desa rro ll o Agropecuari o, Ecuado r AAS Gu ando ng Academy of A gricu ltural Sc iences, Chin a GILB Global Initi ati ve o n Late Bl ht Global Mountain
Program GTZ German Age ncy fo r Technical Coo peration IA
lnstituto Agron6 mi co
Nac io nal , Par.aguay IAO lstituto Ag ronomi co per l' Oltremare, I aly IAR Institu te of
Agri cultural Resea rch, Ethiop ia IAV lnstitut A gro nomique et Veteri aire, Morocco IBTA
ln stituto Boli viano de Tecn ologia Agropecuari a ICAR Indi an oun c il of Ag ri c ultural
Resea rc h ICIMOD Intern atio nal Centre for Integrated Mountain eve lopm ent, Nepal
ICIPE Intern atio nal Centre for In sect Ph ys io logy and Eco logy, K. nya ICRAF Intern atio nal Centre for Research i n Ag roforestry, Kenya IDB Inter- meri ca n D evelopm ent
Bank IDEA ln stituto Intern ac ion al de Estud ios Ava nza do, Ve nez uela IDRC
Intern ational D evelopment Resea rch Centre, Ca nada I SR/ INTA lnstituto de
Econ o mia y Soc io logia Rural del INTA, A rge ntin a IFPRI In ern ati o nal Food Po li cy
Research Institute, USA llN l nstituto de ln vesti gac i6 n utri c io nal, Peru ILRI
In tern ati o nal Li vestock Researc h Institute IMA lnstitu de M anejo de Agua y
M edi o Amb iente, Peru INIA l nstituto Nac ional de ln vestigac i6n A grari a,
Peru INIA ln stituto N ac ion al de ln vesti gac io nes gropecuari as, Chil e
INIA l nstituto N ac io nal de ln vesti gac io nes Ag r , pecuarias, Uru guay
INIAP lnsti tu to Nacional de l nvesti gac iones Ag opec uari as, Ecuado r
INIFAP ln st i tuto Nac i o na l d e ln ves ti g c i o n es Fo res t a l es y
Agro pec u a ria s, M ex i co INIVIT ln st i tut o N ac i o n a l d e
ln vesti gaci6n de Vi and as Tropi ca les, Cuba INRA lnstitut
N ation al de la Rec herc he Agron o ique, France INRAT
ln sti tut Natio nal de la Rec herc he grono miqu e de Tun ez
INSA N atio nal Root and T ber Cro p Improvement
Institute, V ietnam INT ln stituto Nac io nal de

Tecno logfa Agropec uari a, A rgenti na

IPGRI Inte rn ationa l Plant Ge netic Reso urces
In stitute, Italy IPO-DLO Institute fo r Plant Protection -Ag ricultu re Resea rch Depa rtment, Neth erlands
IPR Institu te fo r Potato Researc h, Pol and IRA ln sti tut de
Rec herc he Agro nom iq ue, Cameroon IRD lnsti tut de Recherche po ur le Development (fo rm erl y O RSTO M) ISABU
lnstitut des Sciences Agrono mi q ues du Burun d i IZ ln stytut
Z iemni aka, Pol and JAAS Ji angsu Academy of Agri cultural Sciences,
Chi na KARI Kenya n Agric ul tura l Resea rch In stitute LAC Latin America
and the Ca ri bbea n, CIP reg io n LEHRI Lemba ng Horti cul tural Resea rch
Inst itute, Indon esia LSU Loui siana State U ni vers ity, USA Makerere
University, Uga nda MARS M w ara Agricultural Resea rch Institute, Indonesi a
M cMaster University, Canada MEF Mi nisterio de Eco nomia y Finanzas, Peru
MIP Program a de M anejo ln teg rado de Pl agas, Domini ca n Republi c Mississippi
State University, USA MMSU M aria no Ma rcos State Un ive rsity, Ph ilippines
Montana State Uni versity, USA MPI Ma x Planck Institute, Germ any MSIRI
M auritius Su ga r Indu stry Research Institute NAARI Na mul onge Ag ric ultural and
Ani ma l Rese arc h In stitu te, Uga nda Nagoya University, Japan NARO Nati o nal
Agricultura l Research Orga n izat io n, Uganda NCSU North Caro li na State Uni ve rsity, USA
Nijmegen University, Neth erl ands NOMIARC North ern M inda nao Ag ri cultural Resea rch
Center, Philipp ines NPRCRTC No rthern Phili pp ine Root Crops Resea rch and Training Center
NPRP Natio nal Potato Res ea rch Prog ram, Nepa l NRI Natural Resources Institute, UK
OAS O rganizat ion of A meri can States ODA Overseas Deve lopm ent Admini stration, UK
OPEC O rga niza tio n of Petro leum Expo rting Countri es PCARRD Philippin e Counc il fo r Ag ri cultu re & Resources , Resea rc h & Develo pment, Phi lipp ines PDP Potato Deve lopment Prog ram,
Nepal PCS Plant Gen etic System s, Be lgiu m PICA Programa de ln vestigac i6n de Culti vos
And i nos, Peru PRACIPA Programa Andi no Cooperativo de lnvesti gac i6n en Papa, CIP netwo rk
PRAPACE Programme Reg io nal de I' Amel iorat io n de la Cu lture de la Pomme de Terre et de la
Patate Dou ce en Afr ique Centra le et de l' Est, CIP network PRECODEPA Programa Reg ional
Cooperativo de Papa, CIP netwo rk in Amer ica and the Ca ri bb ean PROCIPA Prog rama Cooperati vo
de lnvest igac io nes en Papa, CIP netw ork in Southern co ne PROINPA Proyecto de ln vesti gaci6 n
de la Papa, Bo li v ia PROMESPA Proyec to de Mej o ramiento de Papa, Peru PSPDP Pakistan-Sw iss
Potato Developm ent Program Rotham sted Experiment Station, UK SAAS Sichu an Academy of
Agricultural Sc iences, Chin a SARIF Sukamand i Resea rch In stitute fo r Food Crops, Indones ia
SARRNET Southern Afr ica Root Crop Research Network SCRI Scotti sh Crop Research Institu te
SOC Swiss Agency fo r Deve lopment and Cooperati o n SEAG Servicio de Extension Ag ricola y
Ganade ra, Paraguay SEARCA Sou th east Asian Regio nal Ce nte r fo r Grad uate Studi es and
Resea rc h in Agri culture, Phili ppin es SEMTA Servic ios M u ltipl es de Tecno logias Apropi adas,
Bo li via SENASA Servic io Nac io nal de San idad Agra ria, Peru SINITTA Sistema Nac io hal de
ln vestigac i6 n y Tra nsferenc ia de Tecno logia Agraria , Peru SPG Sociedad Peru ana de Genetica
SPI Smart Pl ant Intern atio nal, USA SPPC Centro de ln vestigac i6 n de Semi Il a de Papa, Ye men
Stanford University, USA TALPUY G ru po de ln vest igac i6 n y Desarro ll o de Cienc ias y
Tecno logia A nd ina TARI Tai wa n Agri cultu ral Research Institute TCRC Trop ical Cro ps
Resea rch Center, Ba nglades h TFNC Ta nza nia Foo d and N utr itio n Centre Universidad de
Ambato , Ecuador Universidad Au stral , Chil e Universidad Jorge Basadre Grohmann de
Tacna, Peru Universidad Mayor de San Simon , Bo li v ia Universidad Nacional Agraria,
Peru Universidad Nacional de Cajamarca, Peru Universidad Nacional del Centro del
Peru, Hua ncayo Universidad Nacional Daniel Alcides Carrion, Peru Universidad
N acional Mayor de San Marcos, Peru Universidad Nacional San Antonio Abad de
Cusco, Peru Universidad Nacional San Cristobal de Huamanga de Ayacucho, Pe ru
Universidad Ricardo Palma, Peru Universidad San Luis Gonzaga de lea, Peru
Uni versidad Tecnica de Cajamarca, Peru University of Birmingham, England
University of Georgia, USA University of Nairobi, Ke nya University of
Naples, Ita ly University of Oxford, U K University of the Philippines, Los
Banos University de Tiibingen , Germ any UCRI U pl and Crops Resea rc h
Institute, Chin a UNDP United Nation s Developm ent Programme, USA
UPWARD Use r's Perspective w ith Agri c ul tural Resea rch and Deve lopment, CIP netwo rk USAID U ni ted States Age ncy fo r Intern atio nal
Development USDA United Sta tes Departm ent of Ag ri culture
USVL Un ited States Vegetab le Laborato ry ViSCA V isayas Co llege of Ag ri cu lture, Phili pp in es Wageningen University,
Neth erlands WE Wor ld Educa tion XSPRC Xuz hou
Sweet Potato Researc h Center, China YGPPP Yemeni/
Germ an Pl ant Protection Proj ect

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Director General-HUBERT ZANDSTRA, PHO

Deputy Director General for
Finance/Administration-J osE V ALLE-R1ESTRA, PH D
Deputy Director General for Research
-WANDA COLLINS, PHO
Director for International Cooperation
-ROGER CoRTBAou1, PHO

Hugo Davis, Vehi c le Maintena ce Officer

Ximena Ganoza, Purchasi ng S pervisor
Atilio Guerrero, Vehicle Programmer
Jorge Locate lli , Capt.(r. ), Securi y Superv iso r
1
Jorge Luque, MBA, Warehouse supervisor
Micheline Moncloa, Front Desk Supervisor
Anton io Morillo, Maintenance Supervisor
Jose Pizarro, Purchasing Super isor

Director General's Office

Christine Graves, MA, Senior Advisor
Mariella Altet, External Relations Manager
Marcela Checa, Administrative Assistant

Carmela Sa lazar, Bilingual Secnletary

ltalo So lari , Electron ic Techni cian
Sandra Va lve, Bilingual Secretary
Djordje Velickovich, Pilot

Marfa Elena Lanatta, Bilingual Secretary

Lilia Salinas, Administrative Assistant
Gladys Neyra, Administrative Assistant
Haydee Zelaya, Administrative Assistant,
Internationally Recruited Staff Officer
Office of the Executive Officer
Jose Luis Rueda, PhD, Executive Officer
Gloria Solis, Administrative Assistant
Veronica de Armero, Guest House Supervisor
Human Resources
Lucas Reano, CPC, Human Resources
Manager
Janneth Carballido, Compensation &
Benefits Assistant
Monica Ferreyros, Auxiliary Services
Supervisor
David Halfin, MD
Sor Lapouble, Auxiliary Services Assistant
Estanislao Perez, Compensation &
Benefits Assistant
Martha Pierola, Social Worker, Superv isor
Lucero Schmidt, Nurse
Marfa Amelia Tavara, Bilingual Secretary
Yoner Varas, Compensation & Benefits
Assistant
logistics & General Services
A ldo Tang, Comdr.(r.), Logistic & General
Services Manager
Arturo Alvarez 2 , Purchasing Supervisor
Pilar Bernui, Bilingual Secretary
Si lvia Cordova, Bilingual Secretary

1
2
3
4

56

Proj ec t leader
Jo ined durin g th e ye ar
Le ft during th e ye ar
Funded b y spec i a l project
Joint Appointm ent

Percy Zuzunaga, Pilot

Travel Office
Ana Marfa Secada, Travel Offi e Supervisor
Office of the Chief Financial Office
Carlos Nino-Neira, CPA, CFO
Amalia Lanatta, Administrative Assis ant

Accounting Unit
Miguel Saavedra, CPA, General Accounta nt
Sandra Albarracin, Accountant
Eliana Bard alez, CPA, Senior Acaountant
Edgardo de los Rios, CPA, Senior Accounta nt
Rod me I Guzman 1, Accountant Ass istant
Blanca Joo, CPA, Accountant
Silvia Loayza 1 , Bilingual Secretar
Sandra Od ria 2 , Bilingual Secretary
Fernando Olaechea 2 , Acco unta n ~
Ernesto 0 1ivera, Accountant
Milagros Patino, BA, Accountant
Eduardo Peralta, Accounta nt
Carmen Ramos 1, Bilingual Secret ry
Cesar Tapia, Accountant Assistan
Budget Unit
Alberto Monteb lanco, CPA, Seni r Accou ntant
Treasury Unit
Denise Giacoma, CPA, Treasurer
Sonnia Solari, Chi ef Cashi er
Crop Improvement and Genetic Resources
Department
Merideth Bonierbale, PhD, Senior P ' tato
Breeder, Head
Walter Amoros, MS, Agronom ist, Research
Associate
Carlos Arbizu , PhD, Andean Crops Specialist
Zhang Dapeng, PhD, Plant Breeder*
Nelly Espinola, MS, Nutritionist, Research Associate
Marc Ghisla in , PhD, Molecular Biol0gist

Ali Go lmirza ie, PhD, Genetic ist

Mi chae l Herm ann, PhD, And ea n Crops Spec iali st*
Miguel Holle, PhD, Andean Crops Coordin ator*
Z6s imo Hu aman, PhD, Germpl asm Curator*
Sven Jacobsen, PhD, Plant Breeder
Ju an Landeo, PhD, Pl ant Breeder
Carl os Ochoa, MS, Taxonomi st, Sc ienti st Emeritu s
A lberto Sa las, Agronomi st, Research Assoc iate
M aria Scurrah, PhD, Adjun ct Sc ientist
Bodo Trogni tz, PhD, Geneti cist
M ahesh Upadhya, PhD, Pl ant Breeder, Prin cipal
Scienti st*
Cesa r Aguil ar, Agronomi st, Research Ass ista nt,
Fi eld/G reenhouse Supervi sor (Sa n Ram on)
Jorge Benav ides, Bio logist, Resea rch Ass istant
Raul Blas 1, Resea rch Ass istant
Rolando Cabell o, Agronomi st, Research Assistant
Patri cia Cipri ani, Biologist, Research Ass istant
Lorena Da nessi, Bilingual Secretary
Sil via de la Fl or, Bilingual Secretary
Lui s Diaz, Agronomi st, Resea rch Assista nt
Jorge Esp inoza, MS, Agronomi st, Resea rch Ass istant
M anuel Gaste lo, MS, Agronomi st, Research
Ass ista nt
Rene A. Gomez, Agronomi st, Resea rch Assistant
M aria Lui sa Gueva ra Fujita1, Bi o log ist
Carm en Herrera1, Bi ologist, Resea rch Ass ista nt
Maria del Rosari o Herrera, Bi ologist, Resea rch
Ass istant
M ari tza Luque, Bilingual Secretary
Mari ana Ma rtin, Bilingual Sec retary
Eli sa Mih ov il ovi ch, MS, Biol og ist, Resea rch
Ass ista nt
Lui s H . Nopo, Biologist, Resea rch Ass istant
M ati Ide O rri ll o, Biologist, Resea rch Ass ista nt
An a Luz Panta, BS, Biologist, Research Ass istant
Leticia Portal, BS, Bi o logist, Resea rch Ass istant

Daniel Reynoso, M S, Agronomi st, Research

Ass istant
Flor de M aria Rodriguez, BS, Research
Assistant
Rosa Sa laza r, Bilingual Secretary
Judith Tol edo, BS, Biologist, Research Assistant
Fanny Vargas, BS, Agronomi st, Research Ass istant

Crop Protection Department

Lui s Salaza r, PhD, Principal Scienti st, Virologist,
Head*
Jesus Al cazar, M S, Agronomist, Resea rch Assoc iate
Teresa Ames, PhD, Sci enti st Emeritu s
M anuel Canto, PhD, Nematologist
Fausto Cisneros, PhD, Entomologist*
Edward French, PhD, Sc ienti st Emeritu s
Segund o Fuentes, MS, Pl ant Path ologist,
Research Assoc iate
Guillemette Garry1 , PhD, Phytopath ologist,
Associate Expert
Stefa n Keller 1, M S, Agronomi st, Assoc iate Sc ienti st
Aziz Lagnaoui, PhD, Entomol ogist*
Charl otte Li za rraga, MS, Plant Pathol og ist,
Resea rch Assoc iate
Rebecca Nelson, PhD, Molecular Path ologist*
Maria Palac ios, Bio logist, Resea rch Assoc iate
Sylvie Priou, PhD, Bacteri ologist 3
M addalena Q uerci, PhD, Molecul ar Virologist*
M arc Sporl eder 1, M S, Agronomi st,
Assoc iate Scienti st
Hebert Torres, M S, Pl ant Pathol ogist,
Resea rch Assoc iate
Lod J. Turkensteen, PhD, Adjun ct Sc ienti st
(Neth erlands)

Jea n-Loui s Zeddam, PhD, Entomov irologist

(IRD, fo rm erl y O RSTOM 4 )
Pedro Al ey, M S, Pl ant Path ologist, Research
C. GRAVES
Ass istant
Jeni Barboza1 , Research Assista nt
Id a Bartolini, M S, Bi ochemi st,
Research Assistant
Ju an Cabrera2 , Agron omi st, Research
Ass istant
Veroni ca Canedo, Biol og ist,
Research As sistant
Ca rl os Chuquill anqui, BS,
Agron omist, Resea rch Ass ista nt
Chri stian Delgado, M S, Biochemist,
Research Ass istant
Ju dith Echegaray 2, Research
Ass istant

57

Viol eta Flores, Biologist, Research

Assistant
Soledad Gamboa,
Biologist, Research
As sista nt
Veronique Gerard 2 ,
Biologist, Research
Assistant
Rosa Ghil ardi, Bilingual
Secretary
Erwin Gueva ra, Agronomist, Resea rch Assistant
Liliam Gutarra, Agronomist, Research Assistant
An a Hurtado, BS, Biologist, Research Assistant
An ge la M atos 2 , Agronomist, Research Assistant
Norma Mujica, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Giovanna Muller, Biologist, Resea rch Ass istant
Ricardo Orrego, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Willmer Perez, Agronomist, Research Assistant
Karina Petrovich, Bilingual Secreta ry
Magnoli a Santa Cruz, Biologist, Research Assistant
Mirtha Soldevill a, Secretary
Ana Maria Taboada, BS, Biologist, Research
Assistant
Jorge Tenorio, Biologist, Research Assistant
Alcira Vera, Biologist, Research Assistant
Julia Zamudio, Bilingual Secretary
Octavio Zegarra, Biologist, Research Assistant

Production Systems and Natural Resources

Management Department
Roberto Quiroz, PhD, Land Use Systems
Specialist3 , Head*
Walter Bowen, PhD, Nutrient Cyc ling Spec iali st
(IFDC 4 )
Catherine Brabet, PhD, Food Scientist 3
Eli as Muji ca, MS, Anthropologist, Adj unct Scienti st,
CONDESAN 3
Robert J. Hijmans, MS, Geographi c Information
Scientist 3
Carlos Leon-Vel arde, PhD, Animal Production
Systems Specialist (ILRl 4 )
Aart Osman, MS, Associ ate Expert 3
Noel Pallais, PhD, Physiologist, Head of Seed Unit
Joshua Posner, PhD, Agronomist, Coordinator,
CONDESAN 3
M ario Tapia, PhD, Agroecologist, CO NDESA N 3
M ari an van Hal, MS, Assoc iate Expert3
M aria de los Angeles Laura, Bi li ngual Secretary,
CON DESAN

58

C. RO SSENOUFF

Guillermo Baigorri a 1, MS, Climato l gist, Research

Assistant
Ciro Barrera, MS, Pl ant Pathologist, Research
Assistant
Aurora Cornejo, Bilingual Secretary
Rosa ri o Fal con, BS, Biologist, Resea ch Ass istant
Carla Ferradas 2, Bilingua l Sec retary
Enrique Grande, Tec hni cian
Aldo Guta rra 1, BS, Researc h Assistant
Lui sa Hu accho 1, MS, Resea rch Assistant
Ana Marfa Ponce, Eng., lnfoA ndin a, CONDESAN 3
Jorge Roca 2, Biologist, Resea rch Ass "stant
Ivonne Va ldizan, Bilingual Secretar
Percy Zorogastua1, MS, Research As ista nt

Social Sciences Depa rtment

Thomas Walker, PhD, Econom ist, Prin cipal
Scientist, Head*
Thomas Bernet, MS, Economi st, Swiss
Associate Expert 3
Ruben Dario Estrada, MS, Natura l esources
Economi st 3 (CIA
Hugo Fano, MS, Econom ist, Resear h Associate
Oscar Ortiz, PhD, Spec ial Project oordinator
Soni a Sa las, MS, Food Techno logist, Research
Assoc iate
Gregory Scott, PhD, Economist*
Paul Winters, PhD, Econom ist 3
Beatriz Cabrejos 2, Bi lingua l Secretary
Cristina Fonseca, MS, Agronomist, Research
Assistant
Lui s Maldonado, BA, Economist, Research Ass istant

Eliana Mogni , Bilingual Secretary ~

Joanne Sears 1, MA, CICRTCR Assist nt
Victor Suarez, Statisticia n, Ass istant
Zandra Vasquez, Bilingual Secretar
1

Training Unit
Patri cio Ma lagamba, PhD, Head
Nelson Espinoza, Biologist,Trai ning Specialist

Martha Hu anes, Training Coo rdin ator

M erce des Suito, Bilin gual Secreta ry
America Vald ez, MS, Trainin g M aterial Spec iali st
Communications Unit
Steven Kea rl , MS, Sen ior Writer/ Editor, Head
Ca nd elari a Atalaya 1, Photographer
Mariel la Corvetto, Communi ca tion Services
Coo rdin ator
Ruth Delgado, Exhibits/D isp lay, Assistant
Nini Fern andez-Co ncha, Graphi c Designer,
Assi stant
Amparo Galindo, Bilingual Sec retary
Milton Hidalgo, Graphi c D es igner, Assistant
Cec ili a Lafosse, Ch ief Des igner
Godofredo Lagos, Print Chi ef
Victo r Madrid, Graph ic Des igner, Assistant
Susa na M enac ho 2 , Bilingu al Sec retary
An se lmo M ora les, Graphi c Des igner, As sistant
Ana Luisa Munoz, Photograph y Ass istant
Feli x Munoz, Pub Iica tion s, f\ss istant
Zoraida Portill o, Wr iter/Spani sh Editor
Alfredo Pu ccin i, Graphic Des igner, Assi stant
Cesa r Rosseno uff2, Photographer
Information Technology Unit
Anthony Co llin s, MS, Head
Monica Aria s, BE, User Support
Lili ana Bravo, BE, User Support
Andrea Caceres, User Support
Roberto Castro 2, Eng., Systems Deve lopment
Moises Fernandez 1, Systems Ana lyst, Admin .
Systems (OBA)
Jose Navarrete, Systems Support
Pia M arfa Oliden, Database Administrator
Gianca rlo Rodrfguez 1, User Support
Eri c Romero, Eng., Systems Admini strato r
Ed ga rdo Torres, Eng., Systems Deve lopment
Analyst
Alberto Ve lez, Eng., Network Administrator
Cl!' ARCH IV(S

Library
Cec i Iia Ferrey ra, Head
Carmen Arnillas, Bilingual Secretary
Gri se ld a Lay, Librari an, Ass ista nt
Gl enda Negrete, Libraria n, Assi stant
Field Research Support
Victor Otaz u, PhD, Head
Lomba rd o Cetraro 2, Fie ld/Greenh ouse Supervisor
(Sa n Ramon)
Roberto Duarte, Eng. Agr. , Fi eld/ Greenhouse
Supervisor (La Molina)
Hu go Goyas, En g. Agr., Fi eld/Greenhouse
Supervisor (Hu anca yo)
Carmen Lara, Secretary
Statistics
Alfredo Ga rcia, MS, Experimental Statistics
Felipe de Mendiburu , Statistics Engineer, Assistant
Office of the Director for International
Cooperation
Ruth Arce, Admini strative Assistant
Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC)
Regional Office

Lima, Peru
Fern ando Ezeta, PhD, Agronomi st, Regional
Representative
Alberto Go nza les, MS, Research Assoc iate,
Phytopathologi st
Isabel M el, Bilin gual Sec retary

Cochabamba, Bolivia
Andre Devau x, PhD, Project Coord inator,
Agronomi st 3 , Regional And ea n Program/S OC
(formerly PROINPA)
Graham Thiele, PhD, Anthropo log ist3 , Reg ional
Andean Program/SOC (formerly PROINPA)

Quito, Ecuador
Charl es Crissman, PhD, Econ om ist, Liai son
Scienti st
Gregory A. Forbes, PhD, Plant
Patho logist
Pedro Oya rzun, PhD, Myco logist3 ,
Reg iona l Andean Program/S OC
(formerl y FORTIPAPA)
Steve Sherwood, MS, Training Specialist
Magaly Aspi az u, Admini strative Assistant
Susana Barri ga, Accountant
Lilian Basa ntes, Trainin g, Resea rch
Assi stant

59

Maria Gabriela Chacon , MS, Pathology,

Research Assistant
Lynn Erelyus, PhD, Pathology, Research
Assistant
Lui s Escudero, Agronom ist, Re search Assistant
Patricio Espinoza, MS, Economist, Research
Assistant
Francisco Jarrin, Pathology, Research Assistant
Julio Molin ero, Pathology, Research Assistant
Fabia n Munoz, Statistics, Resea rch Assistant
Ma riana Perez, Nurse, Research Ass istan t
Ricardo Rodri guez, Eng. Agr., Experiment
Station Superintendent

Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

Regional Office

Nairobi, Kenya
Peter Ewell, PhD, Economist, Regional
Representative
Edward Carey, PhD, Regional Sweetpotato Breeder
Ramz y El-Bedewy, PhD, Pl ant Breeder
Vital H age nim ana, PhD, Food Sci entist 3
H ai le M. Kidan e-Mariam 2, PhD,
Regional Potato Seed Specialist, Plant Breeder
Berhane Kiflewahid, PhD, ASARECA/CIP,
Coordinator, Technology Transfer Project
Virgini a Kirumba, Ad ministrat ive Secretary
Thomas Mcharo, MS, Sweetpotato
Breed ing, Research Assistant
Rosemary Muttungi , Secretary
George Ngu ndo, BS, Technici an, PQS Breeding,
Research Ass istant
Alice Njoroge, Sec reta ry
Simon Obaga, Accounts
Peter Ojiambo, MS, Pathologist, Resea rch Ass istant

Bamenda, Cameroon
Joseph Koi , MS, Agronomist, Li aison Scientist

Kampala, Uganda
Nicole Smit, PhD,
Regional Entomo logist,
Li aison Sci entist
Berga Lemaga, PhD,
Pathologist, Regional
Research Fell ow,
African Hi ghlands
lnitiati ve/CIP
N.B. Lutaladio, PhD,
ASAR ECA/CIP,
Coordinator,
PRAPACE

60

Josep h Otieno 1, PhD, Geograph e,

Rockefeller Foundation Felio
Vin cent Ogiro 1 , BS, Research Asf ista nt (Soroti)

South and West Asia (SWA)

Regional Office

New Delhi, India

Sarath ll angantileke, PhD, Postharvest Specialist,
Regional Representati ve
Sushma Arya, MA/MS, Program Coordinator,
Accountant
T.R. Dayal , PhD, Pl ant Breeder
M.S. Kadian, PhD, Agronomist
V.S. Khatana, PhD , Socioeconomist
K.C. Th akur, PhD, TPS Breeder
L. Mon y, BS, Secretary

Islamabad, Pakistan3
Oscar A. Hidal go, PhD, Patholo ist, Project
Leader, Project CIP/ SDC
Atif M anzoor, BS, Accou ntant
Zareen Siddiqi 1, BA, Secretary

Kathmandu, Nepa/3
Deepak Ojha, PhD, Reg. Coord -(CR
Binod Saha, PhD , Reg . Coord./MWR
Basant Thapa, PhD, Reg. Coord fFWR
Bahadur Bhandari , BS, Accountant
Puspa Rai, BA, Secretary

East, South East Asia, and the Pacific (ESEAP)

Regional Office

Bogar, Indonesia
Gordon Prain, PhD, Social Anthropo logist,
Regional Representative
Keith Fuglie 1 , PhD , Agricultural Ee nomi st
II-Gin Mok, PhD, Pl ant Breeder
1
Christopher Oates, PhD, Visiting SCJienti st,
Food Technology
Dai Peters, PhD, Rural Developme t Spec ialist3
CIP ARC HIV ES

Elske va n de Fli ert, PhD, IPM Spec iali st

lrfa nsya h 2, BS, Food Techno logy,
Researc h Ass istant
Dessy Kusba ndi , Executi ve Sec retary
Sukendra Ma halaya, BS, Agronomy, Info rm ati on
M anagement Coo rdin ator
Kusye Nawaw i, Accountant
N ina Li sna Nings ih , MS, Pl ant Breed ing, Resea rch
As sis tant
Rusm ad i, BS, Agronomy, Resea rch Ass ista nt
Tjintoko hadi , BS, Soc ioeconom ics, Research
Ass istant
Warsito 1 , BS, Pest M anageme nt, Resea rch Assi stant
Caeci l ia Afra Wid yastuti , BS, Agri cul tura l Extension

Frederika Voge l, BS, Agri cu ltura l Econom ist,

Dutch Assoc iate Expert3

Baguio, Philippines
Upali Jayas inghe, PhD, Viro log ist, Li aison
Sc ienti st*

Beijing, China
Yi W ang, PhD, Pl ant Physiol og ist, Liai so n
Scienti st
Yup ing Bi , PhD, Mo lecu lar Bio log ist, Resea rch
Assistant
Ka iyun Xie, PhD, Potato Specia li st, Resea rch
Ass ista nt
Ji e Ji ang, BS, Secretary
Lin Yuan , BS, Admin istrati ve Ass istant

Lembang, Indonesia
Enriqu e Chuj oy, PhD, Potato Spec iali st*
lnn e Herniyati, O ffice M anager/Accountant
lstanti Surviani , BS, Agri c ultural Engin eer,
Resea rch Ass istant

Los Banos, Philippines

Dind o Campi lan, PhD, Soc iol ogist,
Coordi nator, UPWARD
Cherry Leah Baga lanon, MS, Human Ecologist,
Progra m Assoc iate
Lorna Darlene Beluli a, BS, Accou nta nt
Raul Boncodin, BS, Ethn obotani st, Program
Assoc iate

Central and Eastern Europe, Trans-Caucasia and

Central Asia (ECA)

Berlin, Germany
Peter Schmi edi che, PhD, Plant Breeder,
Coordin ato r
Egypt

(unt i l November 1998)

Kafr El-Zayat, Egypt

Ramzy El -Bedewy, PhD, Plant Breeder, Li aison
Scienti st

CIP staff we re first-place w inn ers in an October 1998 national compet iti o n fo r rat ional use of energy. Deve lo ped by Ge neral Se rv ices M anage r A ldo Tang and impl emented in M ay 1995 by the CIP Maintenance Unit
under th e superv isio n of Ma intenance Chief Anto ni o Morill o, CIP's energy-sav in g program has saved $87,000
per ye ar and c ut kilowatt cons umpti o n by almost

h~f durin g peak ho urs. Th e energy co nse rv at io n award was

spon so red by Ca rl Duisberg Gese ll uhatt (C OG) and the Peru via n Mini stry of En ergy and Minin g's Project to
Save En ergy. Pri zes included a w rite- up in t he energy trade pub I ica tion Rationa l Uses of Ene rgy for Medium
and Sm all Enterp r ises, plu s a wee k's v isit to bu sin esses in German y for CIP Manage r Tang. In August 199 8, CIP
was des ignated as a mode l fo r rationa l use of energy durin g a trainin g sess ion for entrepreneurs. And in Dece mber 1998, Tang p resented CIP's energy-sav in g program to 80 spec ialists and three COG del egates in Lim a,
Peru. CIP 's Staff has proven that w ith a simpl e and ration al approac h-a lon g w ith a littl e c reati v ity- it is
possibl e to ac hi eve hu ge sav ings in operatin g ex penses, and in valuab le en ergy resources .

This list indicates

CIP's principal
contact points
worldwide, by
region. For more
details, contact
the office of the
Director for

LATIN AMERICA AND THE CARIBBEA N

(LAC)

REGION A L OFFICE

Peru (C IP Headquarters)
Intern atio nal Potato Center
Aveni da La Universidad 795, La Molina
P.O. Box 155 8
Lim a 12, Peru
Phon e: (51 -1) 349 -601 7/ 5 783
Fax: (51-1) 349 -56 38
E-m ail: c ip@cgiar.org or cip@c ip a.o rg.pe
W ebsite: www .cipotato.org
Co ntact: Fern and o Ezeta, Reg iona l Representativ e

International
Cooperation
(CIP- lntCoop@cgiar.org) .

Liaison Offices
Ecuador
International Potato Center
Santa Catal ina Experiment Station
Km. 14 Panameri ca na Sur
P.O. Box 17-21-197 7
Qu ito, Ec uad or
Phon e: (593 -2 ) 690- 362/ 363
Fax: (593-2) 692 -604
E-mai I: c i p-qu ito@cgiar.org
Co ntact: Cha rle s Cri ssman , Li aiso n Scienti st
Regiona l Andean Program/ SOC
(formerly FORTIPAPA)
Internationa l Potato Ce nter
Santa Cata lin a Experiment Station
Km. 14 Panameri ca na Sur
P.O . Box 17-21-1977
Qu ito, Ec uado r
Phone: (593-2) 694-921 / 922
Fax: (593 -2 ) 690-364/990
E-m ai I: oya rzun @fpapa.org .ec
Contact: Pedro OyarzCm , Myco logist
Boli v ia
Region al Andean Program/ SOC (fo rm erly
PROINPA)
Internati ona l Potato Center
Ave nid a Bl anco Galind o Km . 12.5
Ca ll e C. Prado s/ n (Q uillacoll o)
P.O . Box 4285
Cochabamba, Boli v ia
Phone: (59 1-42) 360-800/80 1
Fax: (59 1-42 ) 360-802
E-m ai l: pro inp a@cgiar.org or

62

proinpa@proinpa. org
Contact: Andre Devau x, Project Coo rdinator

Networks
CONDESAN (Consortium for th e Sustainable
D eve lop ment of the And ea n Ecoreg ion)
c/ o Intern ati o nal Potato Center
A ve nida La Universid ad 795 , La M o lina
P.O. Box 15 58
Lim a 12, Peru
Phon e: (5 1-1 ) 349 -601 7
Fax: (5 1-1 ) 349-5638
E-m ail : condesan@.cg iar. org
Website: www.co ndesan.org
Contact: Joshu a Posner, Coordinator

Global Initi at ive o n Late Blight (GILB)

c/o Intern at io nal Potato Center
Avenida La Uni ve rsid ad 795, La M lin a
P.O. Box 1558
Lima 12, Peru
Ph o ne: (51-1) 349-601 7/ 5783
Fa x: (5 1-1) 349-5638
E-mail: gilb@ci p-e xch. cg iar.org
W ebsite: www .c ipotato.o rg/pir/gilb gilb.htm
Contact: Wanda Collins, Coo rdin at r
The Global Mountain Program
c/o Internat iona l Potato Center
Avenida La Uni versidad 795 , La M o lin a
P.O. Box 1558
Lim a 12, Peru
Ph o ne: (5 1-1 ) 349-6017
Fax: (5 1-1 ) 349-5638
E-m a i I: r.qu i roz@cg iar.org
Contact: Rob erto Quiroz , Coordin a o r

Sus-SAHARAN AFRICA

(SSA)

REGIONAL OFFICE

Kenya
International Potato Center
ILRI Ca mpu s, Naivasha Road
P.O. Box 25171
N airobi , Ken ya
Phon e: (254-2 ) 632 -054
Fax: (254 -2 ) 630-005 o r 63 1-499

Cable: 22040
E-m ail: cip-nbo@cg iar.org
Pete r Ewell , Reg iona l Representative

Liaison Offices
Cameroon
Internation al Potato Center
c/o Provincial Delegati on of Agriculture
P.O. Box 279
North W est Province
Bamenda, Ca meroon
Ph one: (23 7) 362-289 (pub I ic booth)
Fax: (237) 363-921 or 2111
E-m ail: cip-bamenda@cg iar.org
Contact: Josep h Koi, Li aison Office M anage r
Uganda
Intern at ion al Potato Center
c/ o llTA
Plot 7, Banda li Ri se, Bu go lobi, Kampal a
P. 0. Box 7878
Kampala, Uganda
Ph one: (256-41) 236-91 8
Fax (c/ o): (256-41 ) 223-494
E-m ai l: nsmit@ imul.com o r
prapace@i nfocom. co. ug
Contact: Nicole Smit, Li ai so n Scientist

Networks
CIP-African Highl and s Ini tiat ive (A Hi )
c/ o Kalengyere Resea rch Station
P.O . Box 722
Kabale, Uganda
Ph o ne: (256-486) 22684
Fax (c/o) : (256-4 86) 4880
E-mail: berga@imul.com
Contact: Berga Lemaga, Pathologist
PRAPAC E (Regiona l Potato and Sweet Potato
Improvement Program for East and South Afri ca)
Pl ot 7, Bandali Rise, Bugolobi
P.O. Box 22274
Kampala, Uganda
Phone: (256-4 1) 22 3-445
Fax: (256-4 1) 223-494
E-mail : prapace@infocom.co .ug
Contact: N.B. Lutaladio, Coo rdin ator
(B erga Lema ga, as o f M ay 1999)

SouTH AND WEST As1A (SW A)

REGIONAL OFFICE

Indi a
International Potato Center
c/o IARI Campus
New Delhi 110012, Indi a
Phone: (91-11) 571-9601
Fax: (91-11) 573-1481
Cable: CIPAPA, New Delhi
E-mai I: c ip-delhi@cgia r.org
Contact: Sarath llangantileke,
Regional Representati ve

Liaison Offices
Pakistan
Potato Development Project for Bhutan,
Nepal, and Pakistan-Project CIP/SDC
Intern ational Potato Center
NARC - Park Road
P.O . Box 2122
Islamabad, Pakista n
Phon e: (92 -51) 243 -2 87
Fax: (92-51) 240-909
E-ma il: ohidal go@c ip-sdc.sdnpk.undp.org or
o .h id algo@cg iar.o rg
Contact: Osca r A. Hid algo, Proj ect Leader
Nepal
Potato Development Project fo r Bhutan,
Nepa l, and Pakista n-P roject CIP/SDC
Khumaltar (NARC)
P.O. Box 246, Patan
Lalitpur, Nepa l
Phone: (97-71) 525 -51 3
Fax: (97-71) 525 -358
E-m ail : potato@pps.wlink.com.np
Co ntact: Deepak N. Ojha, Tea m Leader/ Nepal

EAST AND SOUTHEAST ASIA AND THE PACIFIC

(ESEAP)
REGIONAL OFFICE

Indon es ia
International Potato Center
Kebun Perco baan Muara,
Jalan Raya Ciapus

63

Bogor16610
Indonesia
Phone: (62-251) 31 7-951 /3 13-687
Fax: (62-251) 316-264
E-mai I: cip-bogor@cgiar.org
W ebsite : www2.bonet.co.id/cip
Contact: Gordon Prain, Regional Representative

Liaison Offices
Indonesia (Lembang Annex)
International Potato Center
c/o Research Institute of Vegetables (RIV)
JI. Tangkuban Perahu 517
Cikole, Lembang
Bandung, 40391, West Java
Indonesia
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 1586
Bandung 40001
Indon es ia
Phone: (62-22) 278-8151
Fax: (62-22) 278-6025
E-mail: cip-indonesia@cgiar.org
Contact: Enrique Chujoy, Potato Specialist

Philippines (until August 1999 )

International Potato Center
c/o NPRCRTC
Benguet State University
La Trinidad, Begu et Province
Mailing Address:
P.O. Box 1051
2600 Baguio City
Philippines
Phone: (63-918) 280-8688 (direct) or 282-1600
Fax: (63-7 4) 422-3429
E-mail: cip-baguio@cgiar.org or
solanum@bgo.cyberspace.com.ph
Contact: Upali Jayasinghe, Liaison Scientist
China
International Potato Center
c/o The Chinese Academy of Agricultural

64

Scien ces
Bai Shi Qiao Road No. 30
West Suburbs of Beijin g,
Beijing, Peo ple's Republic of China
Phone: (86-1 0) 6897-5504
Fa x: (86-10) 6897-5503
Tel ex : 22233 or 222720 CAAS
Cable: AGRIACA
E-mail: c ip-china@cgiar.org
Contact: Yi Wang, Li aison Scientis

Networks
UPWARD (User's Perspective with
Agricultur al Research and DeveloRment)
PCARRD Complex
Los Banos, Laguna
c/o IRRI MCPO
P.O . Box 3127
Makati City, Manila
1271 Philippines
Phon e: (63-49) 536-0235
Fax: (63-2) 891-1292
E-mail: cip-manila@cgiar.org
Website: www2.bonet.co.id/cip/upward.html
Contact: Dindo Campilan, Coordinator

CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE,

CAUCASIA AND CENTRAL ASIA

T]

ANS-

(E A)

REGIONAL OFFICE

Germany
International Potato Center
Weissenburger Str. 46
13595 Berlin
Germ any
Phone: (49-30) 332-3427 or 3510- 416
Fax: (49-30) 351 0-341 5
E-mail : p.schmiediche@cgiar.org
Contact: Peter Schmiediche, Coordinator

CIP Regional and Liaison Offices

Central and Eastern Europe,

Trans-Caucasia and Central Asia

(ECA)
.----- South and West Asia

(SWA)

Sub-Saharan Africa

(SSA)
East and Southeast Asia
and the Pacific
Latin America and
the Caribbean

(ESEAP)

(LAC)

65

:_..,_. :

;
...

'

,l

~';,,;

'.

.,,,

CGIAR's mission
is to contribute
to food security
and poverty
eradication in
developing
countries
through research,

..._:

'

The Consultative Group on International

Agricultural Research (CGIAR) promotes
sustainable agricultural development based on
the environmentally sound management of
natural resources. The CGIAR's mission is to
contribute to food security and poverty
eradication in developing countries through
research, partnership, capacity-building, and
policy support.
Established in 1971, the CGIAR is an informal
association of 58 public and private sector
members that supports a network of 16
international agricultural research centers. The
CGIAR's budget for 1998 was fully funded at
US$345 million.

partnership,
capacitybuilding, and
policy support.

The World Bank, the Food and Agricultural

Organization of the United Nations (FAO), the
United Nations Development Programme (UNDP),
and the United Nations Environment Programme
(UNEP) are cosponsors of the CGIAR. Ismail
Serageldin, Vice President for Special Programs at
the World Bank, serves as the Group's Chairperson.
Challenges posed by the interrelated global issues
of poverty, hunger, population growth, and
environmental degradation confront the world as it
approaches the 21st century. Sustainable
agriculture must be part of the response to these
challenges as agriculture is the cornerstone of
development in poor countries, where over 70

percent of the people depend on the land for their

livelihood. Experience shows that agriculture is a
powerful engine for development, Helping to:
increase food security and lower food prices;
create employment and generate income for the
rural poor; alleviate rural and urban poverty;
protect and conserve the environm : nt; stimulate
development in the rest of the econ my; and
ensure overall prosperity through t e stimulation of
global trade and greater global pol"tical stability.
Agricultural growth has to be achie ed with
methods that preserve the producti ity of natural
resources, without further damage o the Earth's
precious life support systems-land water, flora,
and fauna-that are already under tress. Research
is the means by which the world's nowledge of
agriculture is increased and improved. Agricultural
research, conducted to help the world's poorest
people make lasting improvements in their lives,
and in the lives of their children, is therefore,
critical to human progress.
CGIAR centers conduct research pr grams in
collaboration with a full range of partners in an
emerging global agricultural resear h system. Food
productivity in developing countrie ~ has increased
through theapplication of research-based
technologies. Other results include reduced prices
of food, better nutrition, more rational polices, and
stronger institutions.

Future Harvest is a pub I ic awareness campaign ere ed by the

16 Centers of the CGIAR to build understanding of he
"Our hopes for the next century depend on a green and
prosperous Earth that provides abundance, health, and
peace to its people. This vi sion can only be realized if
we devote attention and resources to scientifi<l research
for food, the environment,
and the world's poor."

\
... .'

importance of agricultural issues and international gricultural

research. Future Harvest links respected research institutions,
influential public figures, and leading agricultural s ientists to
underscore the wider social benefits of improved a .riculture:
peace, prosperity, environmental renewal, health, a d the
alleviation of human suffering.

CGIAR Research Centers

rlJ

WAR DA
West Africa Ri ce

ISNAR

D eve lopment

L~i-----.Association

Intern ation al
Se rvi ce for National
Agricultural Resea rch

IFPRI

I CARDA
Intern ati onal Center
fo r Agricu ltu ral
Research in I.he

IPGRI

IFPRI

Intern ational Plant

Genetic Resources
Institute

ICRISAT
,

Cl MM YT
International Center
for the Improveme nt
of Maize and Wheat

Intern ation al Crops

Resea rch In stitute for
th e Semi-Arid Trop ic s

Internati onal Center

for Living Aquatic
Resources M anagement

CIP

RRI

Intern ational
Potato Center

IRRI

Internatio nal Rice

Researc h In stitute

ICRAF

llTA
CIAT
International
Center for
Tropic al Agri culture

Inte rnational
In st itute of Tropi ca l
Agriculture

WMI

International
Ce ntre for Resea rch
in Agroforestry

....,".~<r;;t
IC~

IWMI

In ternational
Water Management
Institute

(\

j:;

~4>

ILRI

,.J

Ce nter fo r
Intern ational
Forestry Research

ILRI
International
Livestock Resea rch
Institute

67

Contributors
Rola ndo Ca bell o, Ted Care y, Ma ri ell a Co rvetto ,
Peter Ew ell, Ceci li a Ferrey ra, Ma rc G hi slai n,
Ch rist in e G raves, Z6si rn o H uaman , Ja ck Keyser,
Az iz Lagnao u i, Ju an Land eo, James La ng,
Jon M ill er, A ni Munoz , Ca rl os N i no-Nei ra,
Oscar Orti z, Noe l Pal lais , Da i Peter s,
Fred Pow led ge, Sy lv ie Pri o u, Lucas Rea no,
Luis Salaza r, G reg Sco tt , M arfa Am elia T<i vara,
El ske van der Fl iert, Trevo r W i lli ams
Editors
Abb y H o l I ister, Steve Kearl
Designers
N in i Ferna ndez -Co nc ha, M ilto n Hid algo,
Cec ili a Lafos se, A lfredo Pu cc ini, V ictor Mad ri d
Production Advisor
Chri sti ne Gra ves
Production Coordinators
Cecil ia Lafo sse, Goclofred o Lago s