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Exam3StudyGuide
ROMANLAWANDGOVERNMENT

FoundingMythologies
o AfterthefallofTroy,AeneasledagroupofTrojansbyshiptothemouthofthe
Tiber
o Themenwantedtosailon,butawomannamedRomawantedtostayandshe
burnedtheirships
o FatheredbytheGodofMarsbyavestalvirgininthe8thcenturyB.C.,Romulus
andRemuswerenurturedbyashewolfunderafigtree
o RomuluskilledRemustofoundthecityofRome
o TheRomanstheninvitedtheSabine
King
o RomehadovercomethedominationofEtruria
Senate
o 509BCRomeestablishedastheoligarchicrepublic(richpeoplerepresent)
o Senatorsdebatedpublicpolicyopenly
o Senatorswereofficiallyelected,butgiventhepatronclientsystem,theyactually
heldtheirpositionduetowealth
o Accessbothtoandintothesenatecamethroughconnections
o 600senators
o Theforumiswherepeopleconductedbusinessandwherebusinessescouldsolicit
thesenators
o Senatorstakennotonlyaspolitical,butmoralauthorizes
o Publicly,senatorsweresupposedtomaintainabearingofgravity
o Thesenatecontinuedtoexistintheageoftheemperors
o StrugglesforpoliticalpowerbetweenthesenateandtheEmperor
Emperor
o Strugglesforpoliticalpowerbetweenwouldbeemperorsadthesenatepreceded
Caesar,butculminatedwithhisdeath
o Caesarsmurderresultedinapredictedbacklashagainstthesenate
o ThisallowedhisgreatnephewAugustustocometopower
o Augustuslong,stablerulechangepoliticalstatustoaempire
o Romehadanumberofgoodemperors,suchasAugustus,Trajan,Hadrian,and
MarcusAurelius
o However,absolutepoweralsocorrupted
o TiberiusrapedandkilledfreebornadolescentsinhisvillainCapri
o Caligulawasinlovewithhissisterandmadehishorseasenator(2yearsempire)
o Nerowantedtobeanactor,aprofessionusuallyassociatedwithslaves
o Elagabalustransvestedandprostitutedhimself(dressasawomanandsell
himselfempirefor4years)

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o Despitetheirpoweranddeificationemperorscouldsuffercriticismand
division,evenfromcommoncitizens
o GraffitocaricatureofNero,whosepopularity
o Assassinationswerenotuncommon,andnoemperormanagedtoleavethe
positionvoluntarily(4thcentury)
Provinces
o Romanempirewasdividedintoanumberofprovinces
o 53provinces
o Preexistinggovernmentsandhierarchiesweresometimesleftinpalcealongside
Romanperfects,orgovernorsandgoverningcouncils
o ThemilitaryguaranteesRome
RomanBureaucracy
o Bribeswerenotonlytakenforgranted,butcodified
o Thepublicsectorskimmedfromtheprivate
o Publicfunctionarieswereracketeers
o Theromangovernmentthatservedthepeopleoftentreatedthemas
subordinated
o Thoseinthepublicofficesstolefromtheirsubordinates
o Holdingpublicofficewasheldinhighesteem
o Itwasasignofknowinghowtoworkthesystem
PatricianCivism
o Donatetothecitizenpublicworksbaths,games,temples,parade
RomanLaw
o Began5thcenturyBC
o Twelvetables
o BasiswasfundamentalprincipleofequalityunderthelawofallRomancitizen
o Principleofcriminalintent
o Freedomwasnotformallyguaranteed
o Legalseparationofchurchandstate
o Freedomtochangeresidenceorprofession
o Freedomofspeech
o Nocrimesbetweenconsentingadults
o Nosexcrimesbetweenadultfreemenandslavesofanyage,ifthemaster
consented
o Widowwaitedforten(10)monthstoremarryaftertheirhusbanddeath
o Onlywomencouldbechargedwithadultery(apretextgothusbandstokeepthe
dowry)
o Asonnolegaltransactionaslongashisfatherwasalive
o Asonwhohasbeensoldintoslaverythree(3)timesbyhisfatherisfreeofhis
father
o Aneyeforaneye
o Arsonistwerepunishedbybeingburnedalive
o 4footedanimalthatcausedpropertydamageweretobesurrenderedtothe
offendedparty

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o Civicmangaveaawtotheconceptofsoul,thedividinglinebetweenprivate
andpublicwaserased
o Privatevicebecameapublicconcern
o Separationofchurchandstatebecamecompromised
o Obscenelanguageinpoetrywasmadeillegal
o Menweremadetomarrytheirmistresses
o Abortionwasmadeillegal
o Romanhadfewercriminaloffenses,butmorecivilones
o Thismeantminimalexpenditureopenthepartofthegovernmenttoenforcethe
law
o Nopublicprosecutor
o Costcitizens
o Plaintiffhadtopaycourtexpenses,arrestthedefendant,makethedefendantshow
upattrial
Lawyers
o Establishingacareer,areputation,andformingalliances
o Debatedcouldattractlargeaudiences
o Morearguedthen
o Lawyertakecasesforfree,butthankmesomehow
o Rewardforsuccessfullawyer
o EmperorClaudiusestablishedastandardhonorariumforadvocated(lawyers)
o Unlesstheyhadacaseofrealinterest,thepoorgeneralrecourseonlytopoor
lawyers
o Twotypesoflawyers:
Consults
Orator
o Oratorsarguedthecaseincourt
o Womencouldnotbelawyers,senators,oranygovernmentpositions
o Womendidhavetherighttotakeacasetocourt
o Lawsuitswereheardby5060menfromtheupperclasses,butpresidedoverby
magistrates
Magistrates
o InRome,todayslawyerscouldbecometomorrowselectorsofsenators
o Interpretlawsinindividualcases
o Belongtothepatricianclass
o Judicialblackmail,paralegalextortion,andbriberyofmagistrates
RomanPolice
o PraetorianGuardwasusedforcivilunrestsimilartoNationalGuard
o ProtectedGovernment,notpeople
o Thenightwatchmen,aforceof7,000wereprimarilyonthewatchoutforfires,
oftenignoredcrimes
o NoactualpoliceforcesinRome
o Formalrightswereworthlesswithoutpolicetoenforcethem,againmakingmuch
legaldebatesport

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o Privatepolicebasicallythugsforhire,couldbepaidtoarrestanaccusedperson
o Streetjusticewascommon
RomanJustice
o Justicewasdependentonpower,wealth,andpatrons
o Patriciansbecamedefactoaristocratsdespitetheprincipleofequalityinthe12
Tables
o Wealthyriskexposuretolawsuitbyswindlers
o Romanobeyedbytherulingclass
o Graffitiintheforumexpressesdissatisfactionwiththegovernmentandthe
powerful
Punishment
o Imperialprisondidnotexistforcriminaloffenses
o Privateprisonsexistedfordebtorsandciviloffenses
o Variedaccordingtoonesstatusascitizenornoncitizen
o CitizenExile
o Noncitizendeathsentence
o Militaryservedasjailersandenforcedpunishment
o Crucifixionwasthemostpainfulformofdeathsentenceforcapitaldefenses
o Takeupto5daystodieforcrucifixion

ROMANMILITARY

RomanArmy
AfterthePunicWarsagainsttheCarthage(264146BC)Romemaintainedapunishment
army
Professionalarmybecamepaidandprofessionalstandardservice16years
300,000soldiersabout1%ofthemalepopulation
Individuallegionscouldbedisbandedineconomichardship
LoricaSegmentalorArmour
Scarfaroundneck
Weighabout20pounds
Corseletandthekilt
Chainmail
Thicktrousersworeincoldweather
Caligaeleadersandals
Scutumshield
o 3feettall
o Carriedinleftarm
Pilumspear
o Over6ftlong
o Carried1or2
o Rangeof100ft
o Useonce

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o Gladiusorsword
o 2ft.long
o 3lbofsword
o Handtohandback
o Doubleedgeblade
Plumbata
o Darts
o 5attachedtoshield
Pugio
o Shorterswordordaggerservedasasecondary
o Battleaxes
o Couldbedoubleorsingleside
o Weaponrybelt
o Aroundwaist
o Galeahelmet
o Madeofiron,hadaneckprotector
FullRegalia
o Militaryuniformandregaliaweremeanttoimpressedbothenemiesinbattle
RomanStandards
o SymbolsofancientRome
o flagnottoleavestandingonbattlefield
SiegeWeapons
o Scoripiohugecrossbowthatfiredagiantspear
o Onagorfiredastone30to40years
o Ballistadrawbackitsspringsandflingrocks
o Trebuchetflungweaponsbyreleasingacounterweight
o Improvedtoprecisetargets
SiegeTower
o Allowedbotharchersandballistastoschoolfromaboveoveracityswalls
o Providedcoverforsoldiersfrombeingattachedfromabove
o Batteringramisbuiltintothetower
InfantrySoldier
o Expectedtomarch20milesaday
o Woretheirarmor,andcarriedtheirweaponsandsupplies
Legion
o Consistedof5,400men,dividedinto10cohorts
o Eachcohortsconsistedofsixcenturiesledbyacenturion
Century
o Madeof80men,exceptforthefirstcohortwhichcontained160men
o Frontlineofsoldierschangedevery15minutestoguaranteeafreshfighting
o Newersoldierswereinfrontline
Survive,goodsoldiers
Cavalry

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o 120cavalryaccompaniedeachinfantrylegion
o Cavalryregimentconsistedof500to800menandweredividedinto16to24
unitscalledturmae
o Nostirrup,inventedin6thcentury
o Cavalrycarriedshields,swords,axes,spears,andlances
Archers
o Servedasauxiliaryforces
o AdaptfromtheSyrianarchers
Slingers
o Alsoauxiliaryforces
o FromBalearesislands
o Slingshotstohurlsmallprojectiles
WedgeFormation
o Usetopenetrateenemyline
o Breakenemyline
SlarmishFormation
o 6ftapart
o Swiftattackstoclearoutremains
Turtle
o Frontsideandtopsidecover
o Preventarrows
RepelCavalry
o Defensiveposition
o Oncomingcavalry
RomanOfficer
o Centurionsandpettyofficersneededtobeliterate
o Higherrankingofficerswereoftenpoliticalappointmentsbasedonconnections
Emperor
o Commanderinchief
o Militarysworeallegiancetotheemperor
Generals
o Armyhadmoreallegiancetogenerals
GeneralasEmperor
o Somegeneralbecameemperor
MilitaryDischarge
o Causiahealthissues
o Ignomirriosapoordiscipline
o Honestasatisfactoryservice
Military
o Pensionof70%oftheirsalary
o Punishmentforinfractionsfine,extraduty,corporalpunishment,demotionof
rank
o Soldierswouldbridesuperiorstogetoutofduties

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o Decimationkill10thsoldierwhenacohortdemonstratedcowardice
Comradeswouldstoneorclubthechosensoldierstodeath
o Disbandedoflegionifdemandedbetterpay/condition
o Desertionwasdishonorandpunishedbydeath
o Honorabledeath
o BuiltmilitarycampsonouterpartsoftheEmpire
o Digtrench,dirttobuildawallandontopwasabrickwall
o Armyengineerforbridges,roads,forts
o Tendedlivestockandformedtohelpprovideditsownprovision
o Economicincentivesfordevelopmentoftowns
o Guardtowersandforts
o Hadbath,theatre,etc.
o HadriansWall
o Romansoldiermarriedlocalpeasantwomen
o Marriagewereprohibiteduntil1stcentury
o SonbornoftheseunionsbecomeRomancitizensbyservingintheirfatherregime
o Mixracelessloyalty
o Overall,therewerelessRomanandmoremixrace
GLADIATOR:THEMOVIE

CiceroMaximussSlave
ProximoGladiatorSchoolFreemenownedslave
GracchusSenator(meetwithMaximus)
JubaWillbewithhisfamily(blackguy)
LuciusCommodusNephew
CommodusEmperorBroughtgamback
MaximusGeneralFoughtasagladiatorDied
MarcusAureliusFatherofCommodusand13thotherchildrenKilledbyCommodus
QuintasVictorianGuardDidnotletCommoduscheat
LucillaSisterofCommodusMotherofLucius
CaliguiatheEmperorthatlikedhissister
RichardIIKilledhistwonephew
Romansoldierswaitedbeforeattacking
Archersandcatapultsfirst
Romanmilitarywasveryorganized
QuintasbetrayedMaximusandthenbecometheVictorianGuard
Didnotlettheemperorcheatedcausedariotofpeople
SPQRlegion

COLOSSEUM

Colosseum

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AmphitheatersthroughouttheRomanEmpiresuchasthisoneinNimes
220amphitheatersintheRomanEmpire
Seating23,000spectators
SixthlargestoneinPula,Croatia
ThecityofRomestartedbuildingtheamphitheatersin69AD.ThecityofRome
itselfhavenoamphitheaters
Earlieronesmadeoutofwoodhadburneddown
Buildingwas:
12storieshigh
564feetlong
468feetwide
Arenafloorwas:
268feetlong
157feetwide
Whenthecolosseumwasfinishedin80AD,itwasthelargestbuildinginthe
RomanWorld
200,000tonsoftravertineandtufawereusedtobuildit
Supportedbyaconcreteraftandabedofclaybeneathitasitsfoundation
Originallyheldstatuesineacharch
ItwascoveredwithwhitetravertinestonethatwaspaintedaMediterraneanblue,
brightyellow,etc.
Itwascooledbythewaterrunningundertheseat(duringthehotweather)
Topofthecolosseumwaspartiallycoveredbyaclothcalledthevelariumthat
providedshade
Thevelariumwashoistedbysailorsfrompolesthataresetinthesestandsbuilt
forthepurpose
Seatingaccommodated60,00070,000spectators
Ticketsweredistributedtothepeopleoverthemanydaysevents
Ticketsmatchedthenumbersontheentrywayarches,andleduponlytothe
assignedseating
Exitswerefewerandnarrowerthehigheryouwent,tocontroltrafficflow
Frombottomtotop:
Emperorandofficials
Senators
Equestrians
Freemen
Freedmen
Slavesandwomen
Theemperorsatonthesouthside,infacingthenorthtoavoidthesun
Nettingprovidedprotectionfortheemperortoavoidanyassassinationscausedby
thegladiators,etc.
Whilethecolosseumhadtwolargebathroomsandagullyforurinationranalong
thesideofthehallwayattheupperlevel
Overonehundred(100)waterfountains

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o BeneaththefalseAmphitheatrefloorwascoveredinsandwascalledthe
hypogeum
o Hypogeumwastwostoriesdeep,containedasystemofpulleys,elevators,
hallways,andcorridorsthatallowedappearancesofgladiatorsoranimals
o Theoriginalhypogeumwasmadeofwoodandwasremovable
o Arenafloorcouldbefloodedinamatterofhours
o Cementtocreatewatertight
Naumachia
o Arenafloorfloodedcallednaumachia
o Largesthadfifty(50)shipsoneachsideand19,000sailors
Venationes
o Typicaldaybegininthemorningwithvenationesoranimalfight
o Animalfightingwasin251BCusingelephantsdoingtricks,but1stcentury
becameanimalfighting
o Animalfoughtoneanother
o Femalevenationesexisted
o Privatecitizenscouldparticipateasvenatorstoshowcasetheirhuntingskills
o Filledwithtreesandbushes
o Deer,wildboar,stag,goat,etc.
o EmperorCommoduslikedtoshowoffhishuntingskills
o Createdscandalbycompetingasavenator
o Likehuntingostrichesinparticular
o Hyenas,bulls,rhino,giraffes,bears,wildcats
o Openingdaykilled5,000animals
o Putunusualcombinationsfromdifferentpartsoftheworld
o Putmetalspikesontheelephanttusks
o Drayhorseswerenecessarytocarrydeadbodiesoff
o Firstrecordedventiohad63panthersagainst40bearsandseveralelephants
o Rhinousuallywon
o 1,000wildcatsinonevenatioalone
o Severalspeciesextinct
o Asmostas1millionanimalswerekilled
o North:Africanelephantandostrich
o Animalkeeperwasresponsibleforkeepinganimalshealthy,buthungryandready
toattack.
o Hugebusinessincapture,sell,maintenance,andpreparationoftheanimals
o Atmidday,thehalftimeshowduringwhichsomegetlunchfeatured
executions
o Prisoners,criminals,andwarcaptiveswerefedtothelion
o ManyoftheJewshelpedbuildthecolosseumasslaveswereputtodeathsinit
o Slavesdraggeddeadbodiesoffthefloorofthecolosseumwithropesandhooks
o Gladiatorialcompetitionsbegan5thcenturyBCaspartoffuneraryservicesto
honorthedeathofprominentpersons
o Firstpublicshowofgladiatorialcompetitionwasin246BC

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o Eitherbeslavesorcriminalswithdeathsentence
o Freemenwhowereskilledfightermightbecomecontractgladiator,usuallya
periodof3to5years
o Femalegladiatorsorgladiatricesduringthefirst2ndcenturyAD
o In88AD,theEmperorDomitianstagedagladiatorialcombatbetweenwomen,
Moors,andpygmies
o Traininggladiatorcostalargeamountofmoney
Goodfood,decentaccommodation,goodmedicaldevice
o CityofRomehad4gladiatorschoolswith2,000gladiatorreadytofight
o Disciplinecouldbeharsh,usuallywhipping
o Firstusedwoodenweapon,thenpaddedones
o Inflictingaquickkillwaspreferabletoanincapacitatingwound
o Ratherincapacitatingwoundwaspreferredthanslowkilling
o Identifiablebytheircowder,orashortponytail
Gladiator
o Severaltypesofgladiators,andtheyusuallyfoughtinunmatchedpairs
o Foughtonepairatatime
o Alsohadintherefereedbyanumpire
o Said,HailCaesar,thosewhoabouttodiesaluteyou
o Riskdeath
o Onaverage1in5gladiatorialcombatsendedindeath
Gladiatorial
o Importantfightwell
o Decidedbythepresidingofficial,whousuallydeferredtothedecisionofthe
crowd
o Thumbsup,ortowardthethroat,meantdeath
o Thumbsdown,orawayfromthethroat,meanthelifewasnotspared
o Ifnotkilledincombat,adefeatedgladiatorwaskilledwithaslitofthroat
o Gladiatorsandvenatorswhosurvivedbutlaterweredeemedandkilledifthey
hadaninjurythatmakesthemunabletofight
o Three(3)yearsofcombatreceivedawoodenswordandfreedom
o Couldbecomepopularandwealthy
o Couldbuythemselvesout
o Gladiatorsweatsoughtbywomenaphrodisiac
o Intypesofgladiator,therewasatradeoffbetweenperipheralvisionmobility,and
protection
o Usuallyfoughtdifferentgladiatorthanthesametype
Gladiator:Thraex
o Thracianorthraex
o Greeksoldier
o Worevisorhelmet
o Carriedasmallroundshield
o Mostdistinguishedbyhisseimitarorsword
Gladiator:Murmillo

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o Largeroundshield
o Helmetcoverface
o Greavesononeleg
o Usedgladius
Gladiator:Hoplomacus
o Romansoldier
o Carriedascutumsword
o Worehelmetthatcoveredface
Gladiator:Secutor
o Helmentwithsmalleyehole
o Shortsworeordaggerinrighthand
o Leftsidewasprotectedwithgreavesonleg
o Largeoblongshield
Gladiator:Retiarius
o Fisherman
o Carriedanet
o Tridenttostabenemy
o Protectedleftshoulder
o Woreonlyheadbandandloincloth
o Undergoduetolackofarmor
Gladiator:Dimacherius
o Foughtwithtwoswords
o Noshield
o Worearmguardsandgreaves
Gladiator:Catevarius
o Groupfighters
Gladiator:Equites
o Horseback
o Couldbewomen
ImperialGladiator
o Caligula,Nero,andCommodusallcompetedinthecolosseumorgladiators
causingascandals
PatricianGladiator
o 63AD,Nero,forceduntrainedpatricianmenandwomentocompeteasgladiator
o GladiatorialcontestandvenationescontinuedintheChristianEra

CIRCUSMAXIMUSANDCHARIOTSRACES

CircusMaximus
o CircusMaximuswasbegunin326BCandbuiltlargerovertime
o Itwaseventually115feethighandaccommodated250,000spectators
o 200yardswideand600yardslong,thelengthofsix(6)footballfield

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o Wastheprimaryvenueforchariotraces,aswellasthesiteforotherathletic
eventsadforvenationes
o Horsesracedaroundthespina,thecentralbarrier,whichwasdecoratedwith
dolphins
o Theturnwasabruptbutwideatoneend,andcurvedbuttightattheotherend
o Thechariotracingassociatedwithgamblingmorethananyothersport
ChariotRacing
o Nottothedeath,butriskeddeath
o Concussionsandbrokenboneswerecommon
o Lightweightchariotwasdifficulttostayinespeciallyaroundthecorner
o Turninfrontofeachother,hopingtoforceacollision
o Driverswrappedthereinsaroundtheirwaiststopreventbeingthrownasmuchas
40feetintheair
o Beingdraggedtodeathwasalsoarisk,soaknifewascarriedtocutthereinsif
necessary
Equestrians
o SupplyhorsesfortheRomanArmy
o Responsibleforsupplyinghorses
o Mainfractions
Reds
Whites
Greens
Blues
o Rivalriesandgamblingledtocheating,andthedruggingofhorsesandcharioteers
o Causedtheemperortosupplytheirownhorses
RaceHorses
o Werecarefullybredandtheirpedigreeimportant
o BesthorseswerefromSpainandNorthAfrica
o Famousracehorsescouldberecognizedbysightandhadfansamongthecrowds
o Charioteersareusuallyslavesbutcouldbecomefree,famous,andrich
o Earn100timesasmuchasalawyer
Charioteer
o Ifafreedmanorcitizen,acharioteercouldthreatentorider
o Dicoleswon1,462outof4,247racesin24years
Began18andretired42
o 2,3,4,oreven10horsesperchariotweresometimesused
o 4horses,quadrigae,weremostcommon
o Inthequadrigae,only2centerhorseswereyoked,allowedforbettercontrol
AnimalRaces
o Dogsraced,camels,ostriches
o Numberofracesgrewfrom12adayto100perday
o Mostracefeatures12teams
Seating
o Dividedintozonesbywalkways

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o Firsttierswascoveredinmarbleandreservedforsenators
o Notassegregatedascolosseum
o Spectatorswerefreetogoinandoutmultipleexitsatwill
o Belowtheseatingwerearcadeofshops,cooks,prostitutes,fortunetellers
TheCircusandPolitics
o Emperorwereexpectedtoattend
o Providedmassesofopinion
o JuliusCaesarandMarcusAureliusavoidedit
CircusMaximusToday
o Largelydismantleforitsmarble,brick,antravertine

NAVYANDSHIPPING

PunicWars
o RomesprimarynemesisinitsrisetopowerforcontroloftheMediterraneanwas
Carthage
o WhileRomehadalargerarmy,Carthagehadthemoreformidablenavy
o TheartificialportofCarthagecoulddockover170ships
RomanShipbuilding
o Duringthewar,RomanscapturedaCarthaginian
o Wasimportanttotransportsoldiers
o Primarilyforcommercialshipping
o Itsheightinfirst2centuriesBCandAD
o Lackedrudderandlimitedmaneuverability
o Shipscalledtriemes
o Mainsailswhichareloweredfromthemass
o Secondimportanttoitsarmy
o Boardingrampcalledcorvuswithspikesthathooktothedecktotheenemyship
o Allowedsoldierstoboardship
o Used300professionaloarsmenandcarried120marines,readytoboardandfight
otherships
o Navalbattleswerearmybattlesatdea
o Professionaloarsmenguaranteednecessaryspeedinanattacktomakethe
batteringrameffective
o Lackedcompletecontroloftheseasbecauseofthepiratestoprotectits
commercialshipping
o Mirrorswereusedtocommunicatebetweenlandtoshiporbetweenshipsto
ships
o Seawasfasterandsaferthanlandtransport
o Withoutsextonorcompassknowledgeofastronomywasparticularlyimportant
fornavigation
o Builtlighthousesthroughouttheempire
o Shipwreckswerecommon
o Sailingseasons100to120daysperyear

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o EgypttoRomeinaweek
o GrainregularcametoRomefromEgypt
o Builtartificialharbors
o NamesoftheportcityofCaesareawastakenbyinsult
o Ostia(artificialharbor)mainportofRome
o 20milesontheTiberRiver
Commercial
o Poweredbysailratherthanbyoar
o Usedlargermerchantshipsandbypirates(slaves)
o 1,700shipsperyeararrivedat3Romesmainports
o Returnedshipswereempty
o Nostatecontrolmerchantfleets
o Leftprivateenterprise
o 100to300tonsofcargo
o Builtcanals.