CDMA Network

Planning

by AWE Communications GmbH

www.awe-com.com

Contents
Motivation
Overview
Network Planning Module
Air Interface
Cell Load
Interference
Network Simulation
Simulation Results

by AWE Communications GmbH

Motivation
Challenges in Radio Network Planning
Characteristics of the WCDMA technique: DS-CDMA, FDD/TDD
Rake reception, power control, soft and softer handover
Different services (data rates, Eb/N0 requirements)
Spreading / de-spreading different spreading gains
Mutual influence of coverage and capacity

Coverage

Coverage limited by the uplink and capacity by the downlink

uplink
downlink

Capacity
by AWE Communications GmbH

Motivation
Radio Network Planning of GSM Networks
Only speech service (symmetric)

path loss prediction

Power control ~ 2 Hz
coverage

Mobile power up to 2 W
Constant cell capacity based on
FDMA/TDMA channels
Frequency planning

modifications

Separate planning of
coverage and capacity

network

capacity

traffic modelling

by AWE Communications GmbH

Motivation
Radio Network Planning of UMTS Networks
Different services (asymmetric)
Fast transmit power control ~ 1.5 kHz
coverage
+ capacity

Mobile power up to 0.125 W (speech)

Soft and softer handover
Interference limited system
(cell breathing / soft capacity)
Capacity depends on instantaneous
load situation (throughput and
user locations)

traffic
modelling

WCDMA
simulation
path loss
prediction
modifications network

Combined planning of
coverage and capacity
by AWE Communications GmbH

Overview
Radio Network Planning of CDMA Networks
Determination of transmitting power in UL and DL
power budget (variable interference power)
max. Tx power

Pt0

EIRP

by AWE Communications GmbH

PN
Noise Rise /
interference

Channel

CDMAsystem gain

TX

Path loss

noise rise due to

interference

Transmitter loss

noise power

Antenna gain

spreading gain

Eb/N0
Diversity gain

Rx antenna gain

Receiver loss

path loss

Pt0,max

Antenna gain

Tx antenna gain

Receiver

Overview
Radio Network Planning of CDMA Networks
Coverage influenced by provided capacity (cell breathing)
Regular cell
structure
Speech service
Variable traffic
density (cell load)
Soft capacity
Mutual influence
of coverage and
capacity

by AWE Communications GmbH

Network Planning Module

Air Interface (1/5): Overview
Multiple Access
(CDMA/WCDMA/HSPA)
UL / DL separation mode
(FDD / TDD)
Channel Bandwidth
Carriers available in network
Transmission Modes (MCS)
- Spreading Factor
- Modulation
- Code Rate
- Data Rate (DL/UL)

Cell assignment
- Highest received power
(pilot subcarriers) in DL
- Min. required SNIR and min.
Required Rx power in DL
by AWE Communications GmbH

Definition of air interface

8

Network Planning Module

Air Interface (2/5): CDMA/WCDMA/HSPA
Code Division Multiple Access
Chip rate
Orthogonality Factor (important for interference)
Handover windows (soft/softer)
Max. number of codes
Pilot Channel Settings
- Tx power backoff
- Spreading Factor

by AWE Communications GmbH

Network Planning Module

Air Interface (3/5): Carriers
Carriers available in the network
Bandwidth of carrier ( thermal noise)
Multiple carriers in different frequency
bands can be used in one project
(same bandwidth for all carriers required)
Arbitrary carriers can be assigned to a BS
TDD or FDD mode can be selected (identical for
all BS in whole network)
TDD mode: Ratio between UL and DL
(e.g.: 1:1 or 3:1) can be defined for whole
network
FDD mode: UL-DL carrier separation can be
defined (identical for all carriers)
Carrier definition

by AWE Communications GmbH

10

Network Planning Module

Air Interface (4/5): Services
Specification of an arbitrary number of
transmission modes for DL and UL
by definition of
Modulation
(BPSK/GMSK, QPSK, 8-PSK, 16-QAM, 32- QAM, 64-QAM)

Coding Rate
(1/2 ,1/4,.)

Spreading Factor

Definition of MCS

Overhead ratio
Parallel used codes
Data rate automatically computed
Min. required Eb/N0 target
at BS and MS
Min. required received signal level
Power Backoff at BS and MS
by AWE Communications GmbH

11

Network Planning Module

Air Interface (5/5): Duplex Mode
Duplex Mode:
FDD

- Specification of carrier separation of UL and DL

TDD
-

Specification of guard time to switch between UL and DL

- Total Frame Length
- Ratio between DL and UL (e.g. 1:1, 3:1,)

Options for settings of duplex mode

Default: whole network i.e. all carriers
and cells (BS) operating in same mode

Specific simulation of TDD mode

TDD simulated similar to FDD. But results
(max. data rate, etc.) are scaled
with DL:UL ratio

by AWE Communications GmbH

12

Network Planning Module

Definition of Parallel Used Codes
Definition of multiple codes for higher data rates (e.g. HSPA)
Increase of own cell interference in addition to interference due to
predefined cell load
Required Tx power increased
Limitations given by Eb/N0
target and the max. Tx power
Results on transmission mode
level consider only single code
Throughput results consider
the parallel used codes

by AWE Communications GmbH

13

Network Planning Module

Definition of Cell Load (Interference)
Definition of relative transmit power if no traffic is considered
Interference (Eb/N0) calculation influenced by this parameter

Value indicates how much of the data transmission power should be

considered for the interference calculation

50% means 50% of the linear data transmission power (in Watts)

Data transmission power is calculated based on total transmit power,

the power split (data/pilot) and the power backoff value

Cell load can be defined globally or individually for each transmitter

Definition of noise rise in uplink

by AWE Communications GmbH

14

Network Planning Module

Interference in CDMA networks
CDMA signal orthogonality:
ideal: no intra-cell interference
(orthogonal codes)
SNIR
real: orthogonality is reduced
Pown
e.g. due to multipath propagation
intra-cell interference arises
common practice in simulation:
orthogonality factor used to scale
intra-cell interference (constant for all UE)
Effect of orthogonality for coverage:

by AWE Communications GmbH

SF Puser
1 Pothers Pnoise

15

Network Planning Module

Simulation Results
Cell assignment
Cell area, site area, best server
Max. number of received carriers/transmitters/sites (in downlink)
Received power in mobile station Eb (energy per bit) and Ec (energy per chip)
Signal to interference ratio: Eb/N0 after despreading (Eb includes spreading
gain and own cell interference reduced by OF) and Ec/(N0+I0) with
interference power independent of OF (own cell, neighboring cells and noise)
Total received interference and noise power

Overall
Max. achievable data rate (DL and UL)
Max. achievable throughput (DL and UL)

For each transmission mode at each pixel

Min. required Tx power at MS (UL) and BS (DL)
Max. received Rx power at MS (DL) and BS (UL)
Max. achievable Ec/N0 and Eb/N0 in downlink and uplink
Reception probability in downlink and uplink
by AWE Communications GmbH

16

Network Planning Module

Simulation Results

Eb/N0 (DL)
by AWE Communications GmbH

17

Network Planning Module

Simulation Results

Max. throughput (DL)

by AWE Communications GmbH

18

Further Information

www.awe-com.com
by AWE Communications GmbH

19