Fakultt fr

Ingenieurwissenschaften
Abteilung Maschinenbau
Institut fr Produkt
Engineering
Transportsysteme und
logistik

Anlagen Plannung Und Systemtechnik (WS 2014-15)

Advisor :

Frank Marrenbach

Group

AP5

SachSystem

Personal Computer/ Notebook

NAME

MATRICULATION NO.

COURSE

LAKHANI JAYESHBHAI
RANCHHODBHAI

DS0301525600

GENERAL MECHANICAL

SUTHAN CHELLAM NADAR

SUNDARALINGAM

DS0301449200

PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS

KATHIRIYA JATINKUMAR
JAYESHBHAI

ES0301474800

PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS

ROHANKUMAR VAGHASIA

DS0300146500

PRODUCTION AND LOGISTICS

List of Figures
1. Introduction............................................................................................... 1
1.1 Problem ..........................................................................................1
1.2 Goal of the Systems .....................................................................1
2. What is investment planning and systems engineering...1
2.1 Systems engineering.................................................................... 1
2.2 Investment Planning.................................................................... 2
2.3 Planning of system by Gerald Nadler...2
2.4 Complex System.....3
2.5 Systems Engineering Method in Needs Analysis in Complex System..5
2.6 What is a system? .....6
2.7 Sub System.7
2.8 Interface..9
3. Why is the computer a complex system .......................................................... 11
3.1 Components of the system .................................................................... 11
3.2 Systematic Function of the Computer ( Black Box Representation)..13
3.3 3D-Printing (Nadler Triangle)...............................................................14

4 Conclusion...............................................................................................15
References and Bibliography .................................................................16
Decleration.
....16

List of Figures
Figure 1 Nadler Triangle.......................................................................... 3
Figure 2 Complex System Hierarchy..4

Figure 3 Subsyestems in a Computer ......................................................8

Figure 4 Interface ..................................................................................... 9
Figure 5 ..........................................................................................8
Figure 6. Prospect for the future of 3D printing by Nadler...15

List of Abbrevations:
TRIZ

Theory of Inventive Problem Solving

APSE

System Planning and Systems Engineering

REFA

Association for Work Design

WMS

Warehouse management system

Page | 1

1 . INTRODUCTION
2 . 1.1 Problem
3.

Increasingly arise more comprehensive technical systems, which

increased need to a Planning, realization, utilization and control costs. To meet the
increasing Counteract complexity, a systematic approach is needed.The compatibility
of a system, or the smooth integration of Sub-systems is often the biggest
problem. Some obstacles to the implementation not only in technical systems but also
at the interface to the Environment.
4.
5 . 1.2 Goal of the System
6.
7.

Different type of possible solutions associated with the systematic

approach is the goal of the use of the methods. Here, both the function and structure
of the target system considered into account.
8.

9 . 2 . What is investment planning and systems engineering

10.

11.

2.1 Systems engineering

12.
13.

The function of systems engineering is to guide the engineering of

complex systems.
14.

Systems engineering is an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on

how to design and manage complex engineering systems over their life cycles.
15.
16.

System Engineering is about creating effective solutions to problems,

and managing the technical complexity of the resulting developments. At the outset,
it is a creative complexity, defining the requirements and the products to be built.
Then the emphasis switches again, to integration and verification, before delivering
the system to the customer. The later phases might involve mass production or to a
single customer paying for a one-off development. Even while components are
developed, system engineering performs a crucial role in technical management.
17.

Page | 2
18.

System engineering is not just a role for a specialist group of people, but a part

of the work of every individual working in the project team. On a small project, the
project manager will do the systems engineering, and perhaps the implementation as
well. On large systems, it will be performed at multiple levels throughout the
development by all disciplines.
19.
20.

Systems engineering deals with work-processes, optimization methods,

and risk management tools in such projects

21.

22.

2.2 Investment planning

23.
24.

Within projects goal of the investment planning is to implement

process plants. In investment planning the design of new technical equipment,

machines or systems from planning until acceptance is taken.
25.

26.

2.3 Planning of system by Gerald Nadler

27.
2 8 . According

to

Gerald

Nadler

in

his

book

Arbeitsgestltung

zukunftsbewusst-Entwerfen und Entwickeln von Wirksystemen,1969. We can plan a

new system in two ways. One may wonder how our system looks now and then start
in the various areas for improvement.

29.

Page | 3
30.

Figure 1: Nadler Triangle

31.

32.
33.

This is the conventional approach We you can also proceed the other

way around, namely assume first a theoretical ideal system, which.Is not to be
realized. From there, We go backwards initially to an outermost Ideal system that
would be realized only if they had an improved technology and then proceeds to a
technologically feasible ideal system but also has this or that difficulty. Thats why we
go a little further back to a recommended system. This is then still far better than
the improved current system. .As a point of view we come cope best if we do it at the
highest possible level.
34.
35.

2.4 Complex System

Page | 4

36.
3 7 . Complexity is generally used to characterize something with many
parts where those parts interact with each other in multiple ways. Complexity often
depend on the concept of a systema set of parts or elements that have
relationships among them differentiated from relationships with other elements
outside the relational regime.

Page | 5
38.
39.
40.
41.

Figure. 2 Complex System Hierarchy

42.
43.

44.

Complex systems have a hierarchical structure in that they consist of a

number of major interacting elements, generally called subsystems, which themselves

are composed of more simple functional entities and so on down to primitive elements
such as gears, transformers, or light bulbs, usually referred to as parts. Commonly
used terminology for the various architectural levels in the structure of systems is
confined to the generic system and subsystem designation for the uppermost levels
and parts for the lowest.
45.
46.

2.5 Systems Engineering Method in Needs Analysis in Complex System

47.
48.

Being the initial phase in the system development cycle, the needs

analysis phase is inherently different from most of the succeeding phases. There being
no preceding phase, the inputs come from different sources, especially depending on
weather the auspices are the government or a commercial company.
49.
50.

Nevertheless the activities during the needs analysis phase can be

usefully discussed in terms of the four basic steps of the system engineering
method,with appropriate adaptions. These activities are summarized below
51.
52.

Operations analysis (requirements analysis):

53.
54.

Typical activities include:

Analysing projected needs for a new system, either in terms of serious deficiencies of
current systems or the potential of greatly superior performance or lower cost by the
application of new technology.
Understanding the value of fulfilling projected needs, by extrapolating over the useful
life of a new system.
Defining quantitative operational objectives and the concept of operation.
55.

Page | 6
56.

Functional analysis (functional definition):

57.

Typical activities include:

Translating operational objectives into functions that must be performed.

Allocating functions to subsystems by defining functional interactions an organizing
then into a modular configuration.
58.

Feasibility definition (physical definition):

59.

Typical activities include:

Visualizing the physical nature of subsystems conceived to perform the needed

system functions.
Defining feasible concept in terms of capability and estimated cost by varying the
implementation approach as necessary
60.

Needs validation (design validation):

61.

Typical activities include:

Designing or adapting an effectiveness model (analytical and simulation) with

operational scenarios, including economic (cost, market, etc.) factors.
Defining validation criteria
Demonstrating the cost-effectiveness of the postulated system concept, after suitable
adjustment and iteration.
62.

Formulating the case for investing in the development of a new system to meet

the projected need.

63.

64.

2.6 What is a system?

65.

A system is a collection of elements or components that are organized for a

common purpose. The word sometimes describes the organization or plan itself (and
is similar in meaning to method, as in I have my own little system) and sometimes
describes the parts in the system (as in computer system).
66.

Page | 7
67.

68.
69.

Fig. 2.2.1 System

A computer system consists of hardware components that have been carefully

chosen so that they work well together and software components or programs that run
in the computer.
70.
71.

The system is usually defined as the totality of its elements. TheSystem

boundary delimits such a system from the system environment and holds aclosed
unittogether. What is the system boundary thereby depends on three primary factors
of the beholder.
72.
73.

The system limit may vary from observer to observer and borders the system

from the environment.

Page | 8

74.
75.

System Types

76.

There are three different types of systems

77.

1.Target system,

78.

2.System of action and

79.

3.Tangible system.

80.
81.

Function of the system

82.
83.

Transfer function is the function of the system. The inputs are

transformed by the system and acts. The results are the outputs. The inputs are
influences from the environment and act on the system. And the outputs are produced
by the system and sends after the environment.
84.
85.

2.7 Sub System

86.
87.

The PC is a system, which means that it contains many different parts

that work together to accomplish its various tasks. However, not all of the various
components in the machine are connected together in the same way, or you could say,
at the same level.
88.
89.

There are some that are more centrally located and connected to more

of the other pieces; there are others that are more added on to the central core of the
machine.
90.

There are subsystemswithin the system that each do different jobs. The

subsystems each contain components that work together, and with the other
subsystems of the PC.
91.

Looking at the PC overall in this way is very important to design,

because design is usually done in subsystem terms. At least in the key subsystems,
components are normally specified as an integral whole, not one at a time.
92.
93.

The design of a system usually begins with the system processing core,

which contains the components that most centrally define the nature of the PC. The

Page | 9
video and storage subsystems are then added to that core, each one designed so that its
constituent components match each other. Then other satellite components are
added to round out the system.
94.
95.

Of course, dividing components into subsystems isnt a neat and tidy

affair. These groups are intended to help you think about how a system is designed,
not to make you believe that the subsystems are all independent of one another. In
fact, some components fit into more than one subsystem. Where each particular part
of the PC falls into a subsystem doesnt matter as much as comprehending the roles
played by the subsystems themselves.
96.
97.
98.

P a g e | 10
99.

100.

Figure 3. Subsystem in a Computer

101.
102.

2.8 Interface

103.
104.

An interface is a shared boundary across which two separate components

of system exchange information.

105.
1 0 6 . Each Element added or elaborated in the design process must be properly
connected to its neighboring elements and to any external inputs or outputs.
107.

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108.

Exchange can be between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices,

humans and combinations of these. Some computer hardware devices such as a touchscreen can
send and receive data through the interface, while others such as a mouse, microphone or joystick
are one way only.
109.

110.

1 1 1 . Fig. 4 Interface

112.

There are two type of Interface in system:-

1. Hardware Interface:113.
Hardware interfaces exist in many of the components such as the

various buses, storage devices, other I/O devices, etc. A hardware interface is described by the
mechanical, electrical and logical signals at the interface and the protocol for sequencing them
(sometimes called signalling)
2. Software Interface:-

1 1 4 . A software interface may refer to a wide range of different types of interface at

different "levels": an operating system may interface with pieces of hardware.
115.
Software components, such as computer operating systems and application
programs, are inherently complex and hence sources of program risk, and should be treated
accordingly.
116.
117.
Three type of software are especially difficult to analyse without proto typing.
These are
1. Real time software
2. Distributed processing, and
3. Graphical user interface software(GUIs)
118.

GUIs are most commonly seen in PC operating system such as Macintosh OS and

Microsoft Windows. And the power of the World Wide Web owes a great deal to its GUI formats.

P a g e | 12
119.
120.

Further, many hardware elements are controlled by or interface with software.

121.

122.

Target System

123.
124.

By black box representation we can easily elaborate target function of the System.

125.

126.

127.

Here for Output we always need input.

128.

If we consider Computer as a System then we give any website name as a input we got

Home page of that website. So input is necessary.

129.
130.
131.
132.
3. Why is Computer a Complex System?
133.
Each component computer comprises is actually an independent machine

which can perform certain function on its very own. For example: 1) the power supply could
be used to power other units, not just the computer. 2) The memory could be and it is, used in

P a g e | 13
other than just computers. Of course, various components mentioned above are intricately
tailored to perform coherently in computer. That makes computer an enormously complex
system. Now the keyword associated with complex systems is non-linearity. (not derivable
from the summations of the activity of individual components). The process of emergence of
the need for new, complementary modes of description is known as hierarchical selforganization, and systems that observe these characteristics are called complex and computer
is definitely one of them as it is continuously evolving and that too at rapid pace.
1 3 4 . 3.1 Component of System (Pc/notebook)
135.

1 3 6 . The Input and Output units are components that are inverses to each other, and
therefore easily discussed together, are the wires and circuits through which information moves
into and out of a computer. A computer without Input or Output units is useless because there is
no means to enter the information or to receive the information.
137.
1 3 8 . The Arithmetic/Logic Unit (ALU) performs the indicated operation or
instruction. The ALU is part of the computer that generally does the work during the Instruction
Execute (EX) step of the Fetch/Execute Cycle.
139.
1 4 0 . The Control Unit is the hardware implementation of the Fetch/Execute Cycle.
Its circuitry fetches an instruction from memory and preforms the other operations of the
Fetch/Execute Cycle on it.
141.

142.

The subsystems of the computer include the hardware:

143.

144.

Important components of PC
145.
146.

1. Housing

147.

2. Main processor (CPU)

148.

3. Motherboard

149.

4. Memory (RAM)

150.

5. Hard disk

151.

6. Drive

152.

7. Power Supply

153.

8. Graphics Card

P a g e | 14
154.

9. Optional PC components

155.

10. Sound Card

156.

11. Card Reader

157.

12. Blue Ray Drive

158.
159.

For a more detailed of the basic parts of a computer, see the following

sections
160.
161.

166.

Processors
162.

CISC

163.

RISC

164.

DSP

165.

Hybrid

Buses
167.

Kinds of buses

168.

Bus standards

169.

Memory

170.

Memory hardware issues

173.

171.

Main storage

172.

External storage

Basic memory software approaches

174.

Static and dynamic approaches

175.

Absolute addressing

176.

overlay

177.

Reloadable software

178.

demand paging and swapping

179.

Indirection, pointers, and handles

180.

stack frames

181.

Virtual memory

182.

OS memory services

183.

Memory maps

184.

Low memory

185.

P a g e | 15
186.

Memory stores both the program while t is running and the data on which the

program operates. Memory has the following properties:

187.
188.

Discrete Locations: Memory is organized as a sequence of discrete locations

189.

Addresses: Every memory location has an address

190.

Values: Memory locations record or store values

191.

Finite Capacity: Memory locations have a finite capacity

192.
193.
194.

3.2 Systematic Function of the Computer ( Black Box Representation)

P a g e | 16
195.

196.
197.
198.
199.
200.
201.

3.3 3D-PRINTING (NADLER TRIANGLE)

202.

P a g e | 17
2 0 3 . Transforming the procedure according to Nadler on the Range of
additive manufacturing (3D Printing), you must first be clarified as the current state
looks like. The present system is capable of melt able plastic (e.g. ABS) and sintered
powder etc. in layers produce prototypes.
204.

The grounds are very expensive, which is why they usually only in developing

corporate finds. From the end of creation sees the present as follows from [see Fig. 2].
The data from the computer drawing program via STL Transmitted format to the
system, which created the prototype. With this model one to test now able to function
any problems have to revise the development process. One moves up the Nadler
Triangle on the second level (technologically feasible Ideal System), one can starting
from a 3D printer that will come in the near future on the market is already available
or if the required capital is available.Special company (Aerospace or automotive
development) are already in the Location with 3D Printing Spare parts for printing in
a relatively short production time. System output is a functional replacement
component which performs the functions at 100%.
205.

Applying this already feasible ideal system further and want an extreme

Define ideal system, this would be a 3-D printing, the cost, save time and accurately
can supply any spare parts, which can be used immediately and to the functional part
of the exchanged completely takes over. Next thought would be the optimal target
system, a printing press, the cost and is as small as possible so that customers also
duplicate of At home all product types can and in least possible time and in different
types of materials.
206.

The vision is to be able to duplicate all the systems, such as the items an

airplane that only need to be connected to each other at the end.

207.

P a g e | 18
208.

209.

Figure 6. Prospect for the future of 3D printing by Nadler

210.
4. Conclusion

211.
2 1 2 . Individualization in hardware and software is the key thing in
computer. For different target functions, there are different systems performing
required output. For example: 1) Gaming PCs 2) Industrial PCs 3) Personal
Computers.
213.
2 1 4 . Focused planning techniques can lead to better productivity and can
also help satisfy diverse needs. Companies keep updating their methodology and
thats necessary considering they fetch great monetary benefits. Their constant goal is:
to increase the efficiency without increasing the price and make the product as
compact as possible. But the nature of it demands answer to several questions like:
Who is the target customer? How complex is the system? How simpler is the system
as compared to others in market? How much time does it take to manufacture it? And
several many. That is why; system engineering and its methods are a basic,

P a g e | 19
fundamental tool to minimize the complexity of system thereby achieving the desired
goal. System planning hugely benefits from this kind of methods. Final conclusion
should be, with the help of system planning, complex systems can be better designed
and dimensioned.
215.
216.
217.
218.
219.
220.

References

221.
222.

R. Haberfellner; E.Fricke; O.de Weck; S.Vssner

223.

Systems Engineering; 11th edition, published by orellfssli, Zurich

2012
224.
225.

Alexander Kossiakoff; William N. Sweet

226.

Systems Engineering; Principles and Practice, published by John

Wiley & Sons, New Jersey 2003

227.
228.

S. Richard; B. Peter; J. Ken; A. Stuart

229.

Systems Engineering; coping with complexity, published by Pearson

Education, Great Britain 1998

230.
231.

http://www.zukunft-frieden-schulze.de/index.htm?http://www.zukunft-frieden-

schulze.de/a_system.htm
232.
233.

http://www.zukunft-frieden-schulze.de/index.htm?http://www.zukunft-frieden-

schulze.de/a_zukunf.htm
234.
235.

http://www.mindmeister.com/de/303644854/3-major-subsystems-of-a-computer

236.
237.

DECLERATION

P a g e | 20
238.