Kinetics

RehanaRupan
AdityaBhagirath,KatieLynch,MohammadKhan
27/2/2014

My signature indicates that this document represents my own

work. Outside of shared data, the information, thoughts and
ideas are my own except as indicated in the references.

Abstract:
Thepurposeofthisexperimentistoinvestigatetheparametersofaclockreaction
whatreagentsareinvolved,whatorderisthereaction,andwhatfactorsaffecttherate?
Wehypothesizethatanincreasedconcentrationofreagents,aswellasincreased
temperature,couldbothindividuallyincreasetherateofreaction.Weconcludedthatthe
reagentsinvolvedinthereactionareNaHSO3,KIO3,andstarch.Ourresultswere
inconclusiveregardingtheorderofthereaction,andwefoundthatconcentrationand
increasedtemperaturedidindeedincreasereactionrate.
Introduction:

Inthisexperiment,wewillfirstdeterminethereagentsinvolvedintheclock
reaction.Next,wewillattempttodeterminetheratelawusingexperimentaldata.We
willgatherthisdatabyvaryingtheconcentrationofonereagentwhilekeepingtheother
constant.Finally,wewillinvestigatetheeffectsoftemperatureandconcentrationonthe
rateofareaction.Wehypothesizethatahigherconcentrationofreagentswillleadtoa
fasterreaction.Likewise,areactionperformedathighertemperatureswillyieldafaster
reactiontime.
Aratelawisanequationthatrelatestheconcentrationofreagentstotherateofa
reactioni.e.
Equation1:Rate=k[A]n[B]nwherekisaconstant,andAandBareregents.1
Theexponentsrefertotheorderofthereactants.Theunitsfortheratearedependenton
theoverallreactionorder.
Wehypothesizethathigherconcentrationsandhighertemperatureswillincrease
therateofreactionbecause,accordingtotheory,moremoleculeswillbeableto
effectivelycollide,andwillpossessenoughenergytoovercometheactivationenergy
necessaryforproductstoform.
ExperimentalProcedure
DeterminingReagentsInvolvedinClockReaction
Todeterminethereagentsinvolvedintheclockreaction,weusedacellwellplate
andberalpipettes,usingadifferentpipetforeveryreagent.Reagentswereadded
dropwise,toensureaconsistentvolume.Weweregiventhatiodineandstarchyieldthe
sameblueblackcolorthatsignifiestheendofaclockreaction,sowebeganby
performingthisreactionsothatwecouldhaveastandardtocompareto.
Thefirstsetofreactionsperformedwaseachindividualreagentplusstarch,as
shownbelow.
Table1:IndividualReagentsandStarch,mixedina1:1ratio
Reagent:

I2

KI

NaCl

KIO3

NaHSO3

Starch

Thesecondsetofreactionsofreactionsperformedwastworeagentsandstarch,
allmixedinaconstantvolume,asshownbelow.
Table2:Tworeagentsandstarch,mixedina1:1:1ratio.
Reagent
s:

KI+Na
Cl

KI+KI
O3

KI+NaHS
O3

NaCl+KI
O3

NaCl+NaHS
O3

KIO3+NaHS
O3

Starch

DeterminingtheRateLaw
Todeterminetheratelaw,wevariedtheconcentrationofbothreactantsintwo
separatetrials.Ineachtrial,onereactantsconcentrationwaskeptconstant,whilethe
otherwasvaried;thisallowedustobeabletoclearlydeterminetheeffectofeach
reagentsconditionontheoverallrateofreaction.2Thespecificreactionscanbefoundin
tables3Aand3B.
Table3Aand3B:VaryingconcentrationsofReagentsandTheirEffectonRateof
Reaction
3AVaryingKIO3Concentration
Reagent
1
KIO3

Reagent
2
NaHSO3

H2
O

Starc
h

Total
Volume

11

11

11

11

11

Timetoreachendpoint
(s)

Trial
2

11

11

11

11

3BVaryingNaHSO3Concentration
Reagent
1
NaHSO3

Reagent
2
KIO3

H2
O

Starc
h

Total
Volume

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

11

Timetoreachendpoint
(s)

Trial
2

Todeterminetheratelaw,wethengraphedourdatatodeterminetheexponents.This
procedurealsoallowedustostudytheeffectsofconcentrationontherateofthisreaction.
EffectofTemperatureonReactionRate
Tostudytheeffectoftemperatureonreactionrate,weperformedthereactionata
temperaturehigherthanroomtemperature,65C,andinanicebath.Toheatour
reactions,weusedahotplateandwaterbath.

ResultsandData
Table4:ResultsofIndividualReagent/Starchtrial

Reagent:

I2

KI

NaCl

KIO3

NaHSO3

Starch

yesimmediatereaction

none

none

none

none

Table5:ResultsofTwoReagents/StarchTrial
Reagent
s:

KI+Na
Cl

KI+KI
O3

KI+NaHS
O3

NaCl+KI
O3

NaCl+NaHS
O3

KIO3+NaHS
O3

Starch

none

none

none

none

none

yes50.22
sec

Tables6Aand6B:VaryingconcentrationsofReagentsandTheirEffectonRateof
Reaction
Table6A:[KIO3]]beingvaried,[NaHSO3]constant
Reagent
1
KIO3

Reagent
2
NaHSO3

H2
O

Starc
h

Total
Volume

Timetoreachendpoint
(s)***

Trial
2

11

7s

18:10

11

5s

7:16

11

4s

12:36

11

3s

11

none

12:26

11

1.5s

18:15

11

3s

12:01

11

1s

18:21

11

1s

15:10

12:34

***Trial1willbediscardedinanalysisofdataduetoextremedegreeoferror
Table6B:[NaHSO3]beingvaried
Reagent
1
NaHSO3

Reagent
2
KIO3

H2
O

Starc
h

Total
Volume

Timetoreachendpoint
(s)***

Trial
2

11

24.5

0:35

11

10.2

0:18

11

10.3

1:08

11

nr

1:09

11

3.2

1:36

11

1.5

1:57

11

.61

4:15

11

.53

10:45

11

1.1

23:16

***Trial1willbediscardedinanalysisofdataduetoextremedegreeoferror
Table7:Reactionperformedathighertemperature,65C.
Reagent1
NaHSO3

Reagent2
KIO3

H2O

Starch

TotalVolume

Timetoreachendpoint(s)

11

0:59

11

1:00

11

1:06

11

2:08

11

2:10

11

5:08

11

1:46

11

12:54

11

16:09

Table8:Reactionperformedinicebath
Reagent
1
NaHSO3

Reagent
2
KIO3

H2
O

Starc
h

Total
Volume

Timetoreachendpoint
(minutes)

11

3:01

11

2:31

11

5:10

11

5:30

11

7:22

11

9:36

11

14:21

11

18:00

11

1.1

Table9:ConcentrationofKIO3whenNaHSO3iskeptconstant3
Timetoreach
[KIO3]
Ln[KIO3]
1/[KIO3]
endpoint

(seconds)
1090
436
756
754
746
1095
721
1101
910

.036
.032
.028
.024
.020
.016
.012
.008
.004

3.3
3.4
3.6
3.7
3.9
4.1
4.4
4.8
5.5

27.8
31.3
35.7
41.7
50
62.5
83.3
125
250

Figure1:ZeroOrderTestGraphofConcentrationvsTime

Zero Order Test

0.04
0.04
0.03
0.03
[KIO3]

0.02

f(x) = - 0x + 0.03
R = 0.1

0.02
0.01
0.01
0
400

500

600

700

800

900

Time (Seconds)

1000

1100

1200

Figure2:FirstOrderTestGraphofLn[KIO3]vstime

First Order Test

0
400
-1

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1100

1200

1000

1100

1200

-2
Ln[KIO3]

-3
-4

f(x) = - 0x - 3.18
R = 0.11

-5
-6
Time (Seconds)

Figure3:SecondOrderTestGraphof1/[KIO3]vstime

Second Order Test

300
250
200
1/[KIO3]

150
100
50
0
400

f(x) = 0.09x + 4.11

R = 0.08

500

600

700

800

900

Time (seconds)

Table10:ConcentrationofNaHSO3whenKIO3iskeptconstant3
Time
[NaHSO3]
Ln[NaHSO3 1/[NaHSO3]
(seconds)
]
35
.018
4
55.6
18
.016
4.1
62.5
68
.014
4.3
71.4
69
.012
4.4
83.3
96
.010
4.6
100
117
.008
4.8
125
255
.006
5.1
166.7
645
.004
5.5
250
1396
.002
6.2
500

Figure4:ZeroOrderTestGraphof[NaHSO3]vstime

Zero Order Test

[NaHSO3]

0.02
0.02
0.02
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.01
0
0
0

f(x) = - 0x + 0.01
R = 0.6

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1200

1400

1600

Time (Seconds)

Figure5:FirstOrderTestGraphofLn[NaHSO3]vstime

First Order Test

0
-1

200

400

600

800

1000

-2
Ln[NaHSO3]

-3
-4
-5

f(x) = - 0x - 4.34
R = 0.86

-6
-7
Time (Seconds)

Figure6:SecondOrderTest1/[NaHSO3]vstime

Second Order Test

600
500

f(x) = 0.31x + 63.72

R = 0.99

400
1/[NaHSO3]

300
200
100
0
0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Time (Seconds)

Discussion
Wedeterminedthroughourfirstexperimentsthatthereagentsinvolvedinthe
clockreactionareKIO3,NaHSO3,andstarch.Thiscombinationwastheonlytoproduce
thedistinctiveblueblackcolor,andthusweareconfidentthatwefoundthecorrect
reagents.
Next,byholdingonereagentsconcentrationconstant,andvaryingtheother,we
wereabletodirectlystudytheeffectsofconcentrationonrate.Throughprevious
research,wewereexpectingthereactiontobefirstorderwithrespecttoiodate.
Unfortunatelyourfirsttrialswhencomparedwithdatagatheredbyourpeerswas
dramaticallydifferent,andthushadtobediscarded.Oursecondtrialproducedmuch
moreconsistentresults,butwhengraphedindicatedthatbothreactantswerezeroorder.
Sourcesoferrorcouldincludeinaccuratemeasuring,aswellastheorderinwhichthe
reactantswereadded.
Ourbest,andmostreliableresultswereyieldedbyourtemperaturetrials.Adirect
comparisonoftrialsbetweentables7and8showsthat,consistently,the65Ctrialshave
fasterreactionratesthanthoseperformedintheicebath.Thiscanleadustoconfidently
concludethattemperaturedoeshaveadirecteffectontherateofachemicalreaction.4
Toelaboratefurtheronourgraphs,thezeroordergraphsforbothreagentshave
2
R valuesof1,indicatingthatthelineiscompletelylinearandthusthisreactionshould
bezeroorder.Forbothreagents,thefirstordersR2valueis.91,whichisverycloseto1.
Thiscouldindicatethat,hadwedonemoretrialsandaccumulatedmoredata,thatvalue
couldbeevencloserto1indicatingthefirstorderreactionweexpected.Forboth

reagents,thesecondordervaluesareveryfarfrom1,whichcanatleastallowusto
concludethatneitherreagentsissecondorder.
Conclusion:

WefoundthatKIO3,NaHSO3andstarchproducedtheclockreaction.Our
hypothesisthattemperatureandconcentrationwouldyieldafasterreactionratewas
provencorrect,althoughtheconcentrationdatawasnotabletoclearlygiveusanorder
forthereaction.Accordingtoourgraphs,itisazeroorderreaction.Ultimately,better
resultscouldhavebeenattainedbygreaterprecisionandaccuracyindrops,aswellas
orderinwhichreagentswereadded.Moretrialswouldalsohaveproducedbetterresults.
References:
[1]CooperM.,CooperativeChemistryLabManual5thedition,McGrawHill,Boston,
2011
[2]http://msmcgregor.weebly.com/uploads/6/7/3/8/6738691/ch12labreport.pdf
(accessed2/2/2014)
[3]http://firstyear.chem.usyd.edu.au/LabManual/E04.pdf(accessed2/2/2014)
[4]
http://www.chem.purdue.edu/gchelp/howtosolveit/Kinetics/IntegratedRateLaws.html
(accessed25/2/14)