Unit-I

PART-A
1
1. What does 10.10.0.0/16 mean?
2
2. Which ICMP messages are used in PING command?
3
3. Give the IP address 126.110.16.7 what class of address is it?
4
4. Given a netmask of 255.255.255.0 how many subnets are available.
5
5. What are the advantages of doing reassembly at the ultimate
destination instead of doing it after the datagram travels across one
network?
6
6. Explain in detail about TCP levels.
7
7. Write short notes on RARP.
8
8. Illustrate the components of IP Address.
9
9. Explain briefly about Subnet mask.
PART-B
1.Explain subnetting and supernetting with examples.(10) (ii) Give the
advantages of CIDR.(6)
2. (i)Explain the message format of RARP and give its drawbacks.(10) (ii)Give
the enhanced features of IPV6.(6)
3. Describe in detail about Domain Server Message format.
4. Explain in detail ARP implementation and its relationship with other
protocols.
5. (a) Write any two differences between OSI and TCP/IP protocol suit. Also
give reasons why OSI is not popular. (3)
(b) Why is layering of the protocols done in TCP/IP stack ? (3)
(c) Explain any two functions of each layer of TCP/IP protocol stack. (4)
(d) Following IP addresses have special meaning. Explain them. (6) (i)
000000000000000000000000000 (ii) Network 1 1 1 1 . . . 1 1 1 1 1 1 (iii) 127
(decimal) Any Value
(e) How many address bits does the latest version of IP (IPv6) have ? What is
the maximum number of IP addresses possible with IPv6 ? (3)
(f) Identify the header of each flag and explain its meaning : (8) (i) URG (ii)
ACK (iii) FIN (iv) RST (g) How is flow control managed by Sliding Window
protocol ? (3)
6. (a) What is Ethernet ? How does it work ? Also explain the fields of
Ethernet Frame Format. (9) (b) What is First-Octet Rule ? Give an example to
explain it. (6)
7.(a) What is the significance of hierarchical naming scheme ? Differentiate
among following addresses and their meaning with reference of DNS : (9)
(i) www.ignou.edu (ii) www.ignou.ac.in (iii) www.ignou.ernet.in (iv)
www.ignou.nic.in
(b) How is the domain name mapped with IP address ? Use diagram to
explain the process. (6)

8.(a) How many bits are used to represent the netid and hostid part of an IP
address in Class A, B and C networks ? (6)
(b) What is multicast address and why is it used ? (3)
(c) Explain IP Routing and how it takes place. (6)
9.(a) What is the need of protocols in communication? Draw the mapping of
OSI & TC P /lP model showing different protocols included in TCP / lP . (6)
(b) Explain what is an ICMP. List any four functions of ICMP. (4)
(c) Explain the three-way handshake mechanism used by TCP for connection
establishment. (5) (d) What is HTTP? Explain any four methods used by HTTP
for data transfer. (5)
(e) What are the rules of determining IP address classes? Explain. (5)
(f) Differentiate between broadcasting and multicasting. How are the socket
options set for broadcasting and multicasting? (5) 9. What is the purpose of
layering? How many layers does the TCP/IP Protocol Suit Contain?
10. Explain the function of each layer of TCP/IP Protocol Suit.
11. What is the need of IP addresses ? Which format is used to store the IP
addresses ? Explain and differentiate different classes of IP address with an
example of each.: [10]
12. What are the functionalities of primary and secondary DNS servers ? How
does the DNS server work ? Explain with the help of suitable example for
recursive and iterative solution.: [10]
UNIT-2
PART-A
1.How is out-of-band data handled by TCP?
2. What is RED policy?
3. Define Socket?
4.What are the advantages of doing reassembly at the ultimate destination
instead of doing it after the datagram travels across one network?
5. What is the need for pre assigned UDP port numbers? Give the merits and
demerits.
6. When a TCP segment arrives at a host, the socket to which the segment is
directed depends on:
a. The destination port number.
b. The source port number
c. The source IP address of the datagram that encapsulated the segment
d. All of the above.
e. None of the above
7. Illustrate the components of IP Address. 8. Explain briefly about Subnet
mask. 9. Explain the features of TCP.
PART-B
1. (a) (i)How is connection established and terminated in TCP?(10)
(ii)Give the use of persist and keep alive timers.(6)
2.(i)How is flow control done in TCP?(8)
(ii)Explain the adaptive retransmission policy used in TCP.(8)

3. Explain the header formats for the three major protocols in the TCP/IP
protocol suite. [3+5+8 marks]
4. An organisation has a class network 200.1.1 and wants to form subnets
for FOUR departments A, B, C, D will hosts as follows A : 72 Hosts B : 35
Hosts C : 20 Hosts D : 18 Hosts 5.i) Give a possible arrangement of subnet
masks to make this possible ii) Suggest what the organization might do if
department D grows to 34 hosts.
6.a)i) Draw the TCP state machine and explain. [12 marks]
ii) Trace the state transition for two machines that agree to close a
connection gracefully. [4 marks]
7.(a) What is count-to-infinite problem in distance vector routing ? Show
with the help of an example. (5)
(b) What is the meaning of Type of Service field used in the header of IP
datagram? Also, explain the maximum number of hops that a datagram can
remain in, in the network before it is discarded. (5)
8. (a) Explain the various services offered by TCP to a running process on
application layer? (5) (b) Write the algorithm for connectionless and
concurrent server: (5)
9.What is the Distance vector routing algorithm ? Explain its working with the
help of a suitable example.: [5]
10. (a) Differentiate between Stateful and Stateless Programs (Servers). Why
is designing of stateful server difficult? (5)
(b) What is byte ordering? Explain the functions used for byte order
conversion. (5)
UNIT-3
PART-A
1.What is MBone?
2.What is the use of pseudoheader?
3.What is the special case in which a host connected to an Ethernet need not
use ARP or an ARP cache before transmitting an IP datagram.
4. Is it possible to address a datagram to a routers IP address? Does it make
sense to do so?
5a.Assume you have a Class A address and you need to divide into 1000 sub
networks with maximum possible number of hosts in each sub net. Calculate
and assign the mask for it. 5 b.How does SMTP operate?
c.System calls close() and shutdown() both are used to close a socket. Give
an example to show how these system calls differ. Also ,explain which one is
graceful. 5
d.Write an algorithm each for TCP Client and Server with the following
specifications: 10
i.Client program prompts the user to enter a series of numbers (after
authentication from server) and send these numbers to the TCP Server.
ii.TCP Server should be able to handle multiple clients and send the sum
given numbers, prefixed with the user name

6.a.How do the problem arise due to unreliability and connectionless

behavior of IP ?
6 b.What are fields in TCP which handle the following issues: 4
i.When the segment contains urgent data.
ii.Header length is to be specified.
iii.To specify the size of window maintained by the other party.
iv.To specify the source port number.
7.a.Give an example to explain the count-to-infinity problem in distance
vector routing. Also explain the maximum number of fragments that can
result from a single IP datagram. 5 b.Differentiate between the following: 5
i.Stateful and Stateless servers.
ii.Big endian and Little endian byte ordering.
PART-B
1 (a) (i) Give the structure of the IP routing table.(8)
(ii)How is multicasting implemented in internet?(8)
2. (i)How is fragmentation and reassembly of datagrams implemented?(8)
(ii)Explain any one routing algorithm used in Internet.(8)
3.i) Explain the karns Algorithm to avoid the problem of ambiguous
acknowledgements. [8 marks]
ii) What is silly window syndrome and how it can be avoided on the receiver
side. [8 marks] 4.a)i) List the order in which the following functions should
likely be called in a TCP server: accept(), bind(), close(), listen(), socket(),
read(). Give the syntax of each system call. [8 marks] ii) what are the
purpose of the ntohs(), htons(), nothl() functions in a socket program? Give
the syntax of each. [6 marks]
iii) Why is it a good idea to close() each socket when you are done with it? [2
marks]
5. Explain the following system clls that a process can use to receive data
through a socket: read(), readv(), recvfrom(), recvmsg(). Bring out their
differences giving examples. [16 marks]
UNIT-4
PART-A
1.What is the use of window advertisement in a TCP segment?
2.What is socket abstraction?
3. How is an end point identified
4. Write short notes on UDP Header.
5. Write short notes on Internet Multicasting.
6.Explain in detail about TCP levels. 7. Write short notes on RARP.
PART-B
1.(a) (i)Explain the TCP finite state machine and its implementation.(16).
2.(i) Discuss about the various data structures used in TCP implementation.
(8) (ii)How is input and output processing implemented in TCP.(8).

3.Explain the working of Sliding Window protocol with an example.Show the

window status at sender and receiver in the example. 5
4. Explain the syntax of the following system calls along with the meaning of
parameters used by them. 10 i.accept() ii.setsockopt() iii.getservbyname()
iv.inet_ntoa() v.writev()
5. Write short notes on the following : (a) TCP Header. (b) Structure of TCP.
6. Elucidate the Client Server Model of interaction socket interface.
7. Explain in detail TCP/IP layering.
8.Describe in detail about Domain Server Message format.
9. Explain in detail ARP implementation and its relationship with other
protocols.
10. Describe the IP Routing Algorithm in detail.

UNIT-5
PART-A
1.What are RAW sockets? What kind of applications require raw sockets?
2. How is a TCP socket different from a UDP socket?
3.What is silly window syndrome?
4. Name the timers used in TCP congestion control.
5a.How does ARP resolve an IP address to an Ethernet MAC address? Also,
write how it resembles with RARP.
5 b.What does fragment offset field in the header of IP data gram represent?
Also, explain the maximum number of fragments that can result from a
single IP data gram. 5
6. Explain in detail UDP Port Numbers.
PART-B
1. Write a server side and a client side socket program for a String Reverse
service. The client sends a string to the server in the request and the server
responds with the reverse of the string. Make necessary assumptions. [16
marks]
2. Write a server side and a client side socket program for ECHO service. The
server must be capable of handling multiple concurrent connections. Make
necessary assumptions. [16 marks]
3(i). Give the implementation of timer process.(8)
(ii)How is the push function implemented(8)
4.How is congestion avoidance and control done in T CP? Give its
implementation(16)
5. Explain any three of the following with the help of a suitable
diagram/example : (5x3)
(i) 3-way handshaking for connection establishment
(ii) Flow control at transport layer

(iii) IP Subnetting (iv) UDP Header Format

6. Explain the syntax of the following system calls along with meaning of
parameters used by them: (10) (a) getservbyname ( ) (b) inet-addr ( ) (c)
recvfrom ( ) (d) send ( ) (e) shutdown ( )