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Identifying Hazards
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1] By observing the physical conditions at your workplace and the variety of activities
being carried out there. This is a direct method which enables you to actually see the
physical aspect of the work stations and the work activities in progress.
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Health and Safety Executive guidance notes: these provide information on hazards and how to interpret legislation in
order to comply with legal requirements. Guidance notes have no legal standing.
British Standards Institution [BSI] and comparable International standards: These standards often refer to hazards and
how they may be managed effectively.
Industry and trade association guidance: Trade periodicals and journals provide a wealth of information on the hazards
that have been identified indifferent sectors of industry.
Examples of bullying:
Sarcasm.
Frequent criticism.
Shouting at employees.
Belittling jokes & remarks.
Ignoring certain employees whilst fully engaging with others.
Blocking promotion.
Constantly picking on employees in front of others to humiliate them.
As a manager, you have a responsibility to ensure that your employees understand the potential serious disciplinary
measures for anybody found to be bullying fellow employees, and also making equally clear that any employee who
believes that they are being bullied can talk to you privately and in absolute confidence.
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Below warning signs are used to identify different types of harmful substances:
Computer workstations:
Working on computer workstations for long periods of time can cause the following injuries:
Work Related Upper Limb Disorder [WRULD], which include repetitive strain injury [RSI] and normally take place as a
result of constant use of keyboard or mouse.
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Be aware of the early symptoms of WRULD, such as tingling in the fingers after prolonged keyboard use. Employees
should also be encouraged to report their symptoms and concerns to you.
Position the screen properly to reduce glare or reflection i.e. at eye height and not too far nor too close.
Wear glasses or lenses if needed to see the screen clearly.
Have their eyes tested regularly, and for your company to pay for this if their job necessitates the use of screens for long
periods of time.
Electricity:
The principal harm from electricity is electric shock caused by coming into direct contact with an electrical conductor
e.g. bare wires of a piece of equipment when it is live.
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Some people may suffer an electric shock whilst carrying out a simple task such as changing a light bulb, and possibly
suffering further injuries as a result of falling as a consequence of the electric shock.
What are the most common fatalities from electricity due to?
Most of the above can be avoided by methodical planning, and reasonable precautions.
You have a responsibility as a manager to assess the type of electrical work your staff carry out, and also assess the risks
associated with such work. You must ensure that your staff has adequate Instruction, Training, Information and
Supervision as well as implementing adequate controls to enable them to work without placing themselves or other
people at risk.
If your employees work near electricity, ensure that they are trained to:
Obtain and use an up to date map of gas, water and electricity services in the relevant area.
Locate and mark underground services.
Ensure that electrical supplies are turned off.
Seek the advice of an authorised and competent
person and adhere to it.
When using electrically powered equipment,
make certain that a procedure is developed to
ensure that:
Electrical equipment is suitable for the electric
supply.
A Residual Current Device [RCD] is used between the equipment and the electrical supply to protect the user of the
equipment rather than rely on the use of fuses which only protects the equipment.
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Electrical equipment is suitable for its intended use, and it is in good condition.
Employees are adequately trained to safely use equipment relevant to their work.
Finally, make certain that when employees are working on equipment, machinery or installation that the work is:
Only carried out by an authorised and competent worker.
The work is well planned
The work complies with the requirements of relevant national and / or industrial standards.
Fire:
What are the basic elements needed for fire to take place?
When oxygen mixes with fuel, and source of ignition is present, fire will
start.-
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A simple method of ensuring that entrances and exits are well maintained is by including them in routine inspections.
Movement of People:
The most common hazards from the movement of people arise from falls as a result of slips and trips.
These falls are usually divided into two categories:
Falls on the level
Falls from a height
These are caused by dangerous conditions of the surface on which people are walking. Particular hazards include:
Wet or greasy floors caused by spillages of fat or oils from working processes, from water and other liquids used for
cleaning purposes, or even from fruit, etc., fallen from market displays. In addition, outdoor surfaces may be made
hazardous by rain, snow or ice, or the presence of leaves, particularly when wet.
Uneven or loose surfaces caused by broken or poorly laid paving stones or other materials, ledges at doorways, edges
of mats, holes in carpets, ends of duckboards, unsecured mats or boards, etc.
Obstacles on the surface particularly those which may be easily overlooked, such as trailing cables, small boxes, bags
and cases, etc.
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Working close to moving vehicles, such as in loading bays or carrying out road repairs.
Where vehicles cross or move around areas which are normally reserved for pedestrians, such as in parks.
Accidents involving moving object may be where normally secured objects break loose and hit people, such as a
container sliding down a slope.
Flying objects are usually the result of an accident, such as parts being ejected from a machine or a broken drill
bit coming off. They may also be naturally occurring events in work activities, such as waste materials flying out
from drilling or cutting operations.
Being hit by falling objects is perhaps the most common hazard, particularly on construction sites. Any
unsecured object near an edge or a sloping surface may be liable to fall given a vibration or a push (even from
the wind) and injure someone passing or working below. This can include materials on shelves or the tops of
cabinets, flowerpots on windowsills, etc.
Poor stacking in a store may leave pipes, rods or pieces of timber protruding.
The edges of scaffolding, or even the cross-poles themselves, may be at a level where people might walk into
them.
Boxes and containers may be left on pedestrian pavements outside shops, etc. awaiting removal to storage.
Any of these situations may be made more dangerous where visibility for the pedestrian is restricted, such as coming
out of a door or around a corner.
Environmental Conditions
The risks associated with any of the above hazards may be increased where lighting is poor. This may be as a result of
inadequate lighting levels, broken light bulbs, etc. or where weather conditions reduce visibility (as in dust, sand, rain,
snow, fog, etc.)
In addition, certain environmental conditions present risks in themselves:
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Heat extremes of heat may be a hazard, such as in foundries or deep refrigeration stores, but the general level
of heating in the workplace (either too hot or cold) can present health risks.
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Noise any operations creating high levels of noise can cause temporary or permanent damage to the hearing
of those nearby (who may not necessarily be workers).
Air quality dust, fumes and other harmful substances can be generated by a wide range of processes involving
the use of chemicals (glues, paint, sprays, etc.), cutting (wood dust) and burning (welding).
Precautions:
Floor Conditions Slip Resistant Surfaces, Spillage Control and Drainage
Floors, including suspended walkways, should be solid construction and be of appropriate strength and stability to cope
with the load placed on them and the traffic passing over them. They should not be overloaded.
The surface of pedestrian traffic route floors should be free from any holes, excessive slops, unevenness or unsecured
coverings which may be likely to cause a person to slip, trip or fall, or to drop or lose control of anything being lifted or
carried, holes, bumps or broken or uneven areas resulting from damage or wear, should be made good at the earliest
opportunity; and there should be procedures in place for reporting such conditions and for action to be taken in
response.
Floors which are likely to become wet or are subject to spillages should be of a type which does not become unduly
slippery. A slip resistant coating should be applied when necessary. Effective drainage should be provided where a floor
is liable to get wet. Floor near to machinery which could cause injury if anyone were to fall against it should be slip
resistant and kept free from slippery substances or loose materials. Any Spillages should be cleaned up immediately.
In regions where snow is problem, arrangements should be made to minimize risk from snow and ice on outside
walkways. This may involve gritting, snow clearing and closure of some routes, particularly in relation to outside stairs,
ladders and walkways on roofs. The same would apply where blown sand presents a similar problem.
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notices and signs. Physical barriers in the form of fencing and other types of guards should provide protection from
hazards to the sides, and from above and below. Handrails should be provided as necessary. Special rules ensuring that
designated walkways are kept clear of any obstacles should be in place and they should be checked to ensure
compliance.
Use of Signs
Clearly visible and easily understood signs, markings and notices should be provided to ensure that pedestrians,
however unfamiliar they may be with the workplace, are aware of any hazards and what they must do to avoid them.
Signs should conform with the international standards specified earlier:
Prohibition for example, no pedestrian access, no entry through a particular doorway, no smoking or no naked
lights in particular areas, etc.
Warning for example, relating to dangers from falling objects or hazardous substances.
Mandatory actions for example, compulsory wearing/use of personal protective equipment in an area.
Safe Conditions for example, emergency exits, fire escape routes, etc.
Hazard warning markings (for example, yellow diagonal stripes on a black background) should be fixed by tape or
painted onto any object likely to present a foreseeable hazard. Examples include the edges of steps, overhead
obstructions and cables or pipes temporarily laid across a floor. In addition, hazard markings on floors should indicate
which areas to avoid, such as around doors used by vehicles, and show the edges of safe walkways.
BS 5499-1:2002 specifies a system for geometric shapes and safety colours for use with appropriate graphical symbols to
produce safety signage. The table below illustrates types of sign and their meaning.
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Safety signs will indicate where such requirements are mandatory and they will apply to all people entering such areas,
even if they are just visiting or passing quickly through.
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Heights:
Falls from height are the most common cause of fatal injuries and the second most common cause of major injuries to
employees.
Common causes of falls from height are:
Not using the right equipment for the job or not using the equipment correctly.
Not providing adequate Information, Instruction, Training or Supervision to employees.
Failing to understand, recognise or assess the risk.
If work at height activities are your area of responsibility as a manager, then you must ensure that:
The employees carrying out the work are adequately trained i.e. competent.
The risks have been properly assessed and appropriate work equipment has been selected and adequate control
measures have been put in place.
The work has actually been planned and organised.
The risks associated with fragile roofs/surfaces have been adequately controlled.
If the work can be carried entirely or partially at ground level, then it should be.
If working at height can not be avoided:
Use appropriate work equipment or other measures to prevent falls.
Use appropriate work equipment to minimise the distance and severity of a fall.
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Housekeeping:
Poor housekeeping can result in untidy, dirty, over crowded and disorganised workplaces, which can lead to many
hazardous situations: spillages (a slip hazard), tools left around after use (at trip hazard), poorly stored hazardous
materials can block the route to a fire exit. A good approach to housekeeping would be to encourage people to clean as
you go
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Lighting:
Natural light is the best form of lighting and should the first choice in the workplace wherever reasonably practicable.
Adequate lighting can make recognising hazards easier, reduce the likelihood of discomfort and tiredness of the eyes.
Fundamental factors to consider with regard to lighting in the workplace:
Too much/too little light.
Shadows in safety-critical areas such as across an entrance or near stairs.
The provision of extra lighting to do the job safely. This may at times necessitate the provision of local lighting to the
work station.
Significant differences in the level of lighting between different areas e.g. inability to see workplace vehicles when
walking out of a dimly lit room into bright sunshine.
A thoroughly conducted risk assessment would ensure that the above factors are fully considered.
Employees must at all times be encouraged to express and discuss their concerns with you as their manager.
Manual handling:
What is manual handling?
This is any work activity that requires muscular strength such as: pulling,
pushing, lifting, lowering, sliding, carrying, rolling, levering etc.
Those activities are a principal cause of Musculoskeletal Disorders (MSD),
namely back pain, repetitive strain injury, and joint injuries.
Manual handling injuries take place across a wide range of industries, from
construction to the service industry to office work.
Musculoskeletal disorders are the most common cause of occupational
illness in the UK adversely affecting around one million people a year.
Principal factors affecting the risk of injury from manual handling:
The weight of the load: generally speaking the heavier the load, the greater
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T I L E
Task: what needs to be done, any aspect of it that might increase the risk i.e. twisting, reaching etc. What can be done
to lessen the risk.
Individual: Is the person trained, any factors that might increase the risk to him e.g. a history of back injuries?, what can
be done to reduce the risk to him?
Load: Examine the weight, size and shape of the load. Could these increase the risk of injury to the person performing
the task?
Environment: The route the task will be used in carrying out the task, the surroundings of the place e.g. obstructions,
uneven, wet conditions etc can increase the risk.
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Noise:
What is noise?
This can be simply described as any unwanted sound.
There are two fundamental causes of hearing damage:
The long-term , cumulative effect of noise. This is the result of exposure to loud noise
over a long period of time (chronic effect) and usually irreversible.
Exposure to one-off loud bangs or extreme noise that may cause permanent reduction in
hearing or even deafness. For example, demolition workers, military personnel, quarry
workers and mine workers may be at risk from exposure to massive sudden blasts (Acute effect).
As a general rule of thumb, if you cant converse reasonably with a colleague at a distance of two meters, then it is quite
likely that the noise levels in your workplace are too high and you need to take action to lower the noise levels.
You may find it necessary to engage a competent person to carry out a noise survey involving noise measurements to
establish in which parts of your workplace the noise need addressing. Make certain that you consider where people
work and the duration and frequency of their exposure to noise.
Based on a proper risk assessment, adequate control measures must be implemented, such as Safe systems of work,
limiting exposure time and exposure frequency to employees, job rotation, quiet places for breaks, sound proofed
enclosures, quieter equipment and machinery and the provision of suitable personal protection equipment [ PPE ]as a
last resort.
As a manager, you need to encourage your employees to:
Co-operate with you to deal with noise issues.
Check if they are actually exposing themselves to noise away from work i.e.
noisy hobbies such as shooting.
Wear appropriate hearing protection when in hearing protection designated
areas, ensuring that their PPE fits properly, clean and undamaged and
appropriate for the type of noise they are exposed to.
Slips& Trips:
These are the most common cause of injuries at work. They take place almost
in every workplace and they are often the initial cause of a range of other
types of accidents such as falls from height.
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Contributory factors:
Peoples personal attributes and behavior can influence the risk of a slip or a trip.
Environment Noise, lighting and weather conditions can affect the risk of a slip or trip.
Footwear must be suitable for the environment and can play an important part in preventing slips and trips.
Flooring needs to be even, suitable for the work activities and well maintained.
Contamination and obstacles can increase the risk of slips and trips and therefore good housekeeping will reduce the
risk of slips and trips.
As a manager, when carrying out a risk assessment of your work activities, pay particular attention to slips and trip
hazards e.g. uneven floors, trailing cables, and slippery floors, Remember to also take into account older workers and
people with disabilities.
Slips and trips must be taken seriously and their causes must be identified clearly. They can be preventable and when
they cant be prevented, they must be controlled to reduce the risk.
As a manager, you should aim to:
Ensure that designing new work areas is correct from the start e.g. suitable floor surfaces.
Maintain good standards of housekeeping.
Ensure that lighting is adequate and is checked regularly as part of inspection program.
Ensure that floors are well maintained.
Whenever possible, provide designated walking routes.
We have discussed many common hazards above that can be encountered in the workplace, but we can not hope to
exhaustively discuss all the hazards, however, there are some straightforward steps that can be applied in all cases:
Properly assess the risks.
Encourage your employees to participate in assessing the risks and developing solutions to minimize them.
Provide information, instruction and training to those employees that need it.
Conduct a program of regular workplace inspections.
Seek competent advice when needed and act upon any recommendations made.
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Stress:
This is an individuals reaction to excessive pressure and other
demands placed on them.
Pressure can motivate workers but too much of it can cause stress.
Outside of work life can also be a cause of stress which can cause an
employee even more at risk from work-related stress.
What work-related factors can increase / create stress:
Bullying.
Fear of failure due to may be lack of competence.
Excessive work demands.
Not enough work leading to fear of redundancy.
What are the non-work factors that may contribute to an increase in / creation of stress:
Bereavement.
Financial concerns.
Family problems.
Divorce
Birth of a child.
As a manager, you need to be aware of the principal effects of stress:
Behavioral effects: misuse of alcohol and drugs, lack of sleep, aggressive or passive behavior, interpersonal conflict and
absenteeism.
Emotional effects: anxiety, depression, frustration, loss of confidence, loss of self-esteem and tension.
Physiological effects: Weight loss or gain, increased perspiration, aching neck and shoulder muscles, blurred vision,
increased blood pressure, tiredness and general feeling of being unwell.
As a manager you need to manage stress effectively by addressing six key areas of work design:
Demands: work load, work patterns and work environment
Control: How much of a say do workers have on the way they work.
Support: Are managers and colleagues supportive?, are resources provided by the organisation?
Relationships: Are there measures in place to deal with clashes of personality and unacceptable behavior.
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Change: Are changes within the organisation managed and communicated smoothly?
Role: Do employees understand their role clearly? And does the company ensure that employees do not have conflicting
roles?
Temperature:
Temperature in work rooms should be reasonably comfortable without
causing employees to need special clothing. If due to hot or cold work
processes, all reasonable steps should be taken to keep temperature as close
as possible to the comfortable level.
Generally, the temperature in work rooms should be at least 16 degrees
Celsius. If the work however involves physical activity, then the temperature
should be at least 13 degrees.
As a manager, you need to carry out a risk assessment of the various work
activities under your control ensuring that you take into account the
temperature in the work environment, and also when allocating or
delegating work tasks the temperature must be taken into account.
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Remember, drivers sometimes have a restricted view when reversing vehicles. To reduce the risk of injury:
Use a one way system to minimise the need for vehicles to reverse.
Use a banks man to watch and guide the driver while reversing.
Make all employees aware of the risks associated with reversing vehicles.
Consider the use of mirrors on blind corners.
Impose strict speed limits.
As a manager, you need to ensure that vehicle risks in your area are managed effectively in your area, so ask yourself:
Do you know what vehicles are operating and what vehicles are not?
In particular you must consider:
Vehicles reversing, loading and loading, tipping, cleaning, maintenance and repair, cleaning and any other hazards in the
workplace.
Are you drivers competent in the use of their vehicles?, is there adequate monitoring to ensure that drivers are adhering
to site rules and procedures, such as speed limits, one-way systems and pedestrian walk ways?,
are drivers following correct procedures when loading/ unloading , when re-fuelling and re-charging their vehicles?
Are pedestrians similarly adhering to the designated pedestrian walk-ways?
Vibration:
There are two principal ways in which vibration at work can occur:
Hand Arm Vibration Syndrome [HAVS] where the vibration is transmitted from
work equipment into the workers hands and arms. This can be caused by the use
of hand-held power tools, such as road breakers, and hand guided equipment
such as powered lawn mowers or by the use of other machines such as grinders.
Whole-body vibration [WBV]-The vibration in this case is transmitted through
the spine , and occurs mainly when workers are driving vehicles such as tractors
and earth moving equipment for long periods of time.
If any of the following applies to your employees, then you must take
appropriate action to minimise the risk of injury :
Do your workers hold work pieces that vibrate while being processed by powered machinery?
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Have any of your workers reported tingling and numbness in their hands or fingers after using vibrating tools.
Do some of your workers use hand-held or hand-guided power tools and machines e.g. sanders, grinders, hammer drills
etc?
Do some of your workers frequently use hammer-action tools for more than 15 minutes/ day or some rotary and other
action tools for more than an hour a day?
Are you working in an industry where exposure to vibration are particularly high, such as foundries, heavy steel
fabrication or shipyards?
If the answer is yes to any of the above questions, then you will need to carry out a risk assessment
Based on the findings of your risk assessment, you may find it helpful to consider the following:
Are there alternative ways of working, which may enable you to eliminate or at least reduce exposure to vibration.
Can you source and purchase newer equipment with lower vibration levels but still capable of doing the required work
efficiently?
Can workstation design be improved to minimise loads on employees hands, wrists and arms caused by poor posture?
Is equipment well maintained?, poorly maintained equipment usually causes increased vibration.
The use of appropriate protective clothing can encourage good blood circulation, which will help workers from vibration
white finger.
Work Equipment:
Work equipment can present a number of hazards to
employees:
Mechanical hazards:
Entanglement, Friction and abrasion, cutting, shearing,
stabbing and puncture, impact, crushing, drawing in,
ejection and injury by compressed air or high pressure fluid
injection.
Non-mechanical hazards: chemicals
Electricity, Hot surfaces, noise & vibration, Biological-viral &
Bacterial, High/ Low temperatures, Chemicals that are
Toxic, Irritant, Flammable, Corrosive and explosive.
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With regard to mechanical hazards, guarding may present a good solution if you find that you can not eliminate or
reduce the hazard in any other way.
As a manager, you must ensure that work equipment is:
Suitable or fit for purpose.
Set up and used in a way that minimises risks.
Inspected and maintained regularly.
Operated by competent workers.
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