Mimerquita

Lithos 106 (2008) 237260
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Lithos
j o u r n a l h o m e p a g e : w w w. e l s ev i e r. c o m / l o c a t e / l i t h o s
The mechanism of myrmekite formation deduced from steady-diffusion modeling

based on petrography: Case study of the Okueyama granitic body, Kyushu, Japan
Takashi Yuguchi , Tadao Nishiyama
Department of Earth and Environment, School of Science, Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1, Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
a r t i c l e
i n f o
Article history:
Received 11 January 2008
Accepted 29 July 2008
Available online 12 September 2008
Keywords:
Myrmekite
The reaction rim
Steady-diffusion modeling
Sub-solidus reaction texture
Granitic rock
a b s t r a c t
Myrmekite is an intergrowth texture consisting of vermicular quartz and albitic plagioclase (Ab93An7 in this
study), typically occurring between K-feldspar and plagioclase. It occurs ubiquitously in both metamorphic
and granitic rocks; however, its genesis has been an enigma. This paper describes myrmekite's petrography
and discusses its genesis from the Okueyama granitic body (OKG), which is a young (14 Ma) granite in
Southwest Japan with no evidence of deformation after solidication. The genesis of a newly observed
texture, the reaction rim, will be also discussed in relation to myrmekite. The reaction rim is an albite layer
(Ab95An5) with no vermicular quartz between K-feldspar and plagioclase, and it occasionally makes a
composite texture with myrmekite. Both myrmekite and the reaction rim are accompanied by a diffusive
boundary layer (Olg-layer) with a mean composition of oligoclase (Ab75An25) in the rim of neighboring
plagioclase rim.
The overall reactions in an open system for the formation of myrmekite and that for the reaction rim are
derived based on the following two models: 1) one based on the assumption of conservation of solid volume
with arbitrarily specied closure components, and 2) the other based on the assumption of closure of AlO3/2
together with an arbitrarily specied volume factor. Steady diffusion modeling in an open system based on
the overall reaction thus derived denes the stability eld of myrmekite and of the reaction rim in terms of
the ratios of phenomenological coefcients (L-ratios). The steady diffusion models for the above two models
have essentially the same features. Myrmekite is stable for large values (>10) of LAlAl/LCaCa, for moderate
values of LAlAl/LSiSi, and for only small values (b 1) of LAlAl/LNaNa. In the case of the reaction rim, the stability
eld is much wider in a plot of LAlAl/LCaCa vs. LAlAl/LNaNa, and its dependence on LAlAl/LSiSi is stronger than that
of myrmekite. The reaction rim is stable only for large values of LAlAl/LCaCa, which is consistent with the case
of myrmekite. Exchange cycles for myrmekite and the reaction rim show that the essential formation
mechanism is albitization of K-feldspar:
KAlSi3 O8 NaO1=2 NaAlSi3 O8 KO1=2 ;
which is coupled with albitization of plagioclase via diffusive transport of NaO1/2 and SiO2:
CaAl2 Si2 O8 NaO1=2 SiO2 NaAlSi3 O8 CaO AlO3=2 :
Formation of myrmekite requires more SiO2 than development of the reaction rim; some of the SiO2 is given
by decomposition of K-feldspar and some is supplied from the environment to the boundary between Kfeldspar and plagioclase.
2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
1. Introduction
Subsolidus reaction textures such as coronas, kelyphite, and reaction
zones have potentially provide records of pressure-temperature conditions (e.g. Joanny et al., 1991), and also as a source of information
Corresponding author. Present address: Mizunami Underground Research Center,
Japan Atomic Energy Agency, 1-64, Yamanouchi, Akeyo, Mizunami, Gifu, 509-6132,
Japan. Tel./fax: +81 96 342 3411.
E-mail address: yugtk4@es.sci.kumamoto-u.ac.jp (T. Yuguchi).
0024-4937/$ see front matter 2008 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.lithos.2008.07.017
concerning diffusion and reaction kinetics that can be used to interpret

the duration and nature of metamorphism (e.g. Fisher, 1978). Symplectite commonly occurs as a part of such subsolidus reaction textures (e.g.
hornblende and spinel symplectite in olivineplagioclase corona:
Nishiyama, 1983) and also as a breakdown or exsolution product of a
mineral (e.g., clinopyroxene and spinel symplectite in olivine: Ashworth
and Chambers, 2000). Myrmekite is one such subsolidus reaction
texture, showing symplectic intergrowth of quratz and sodic plagioclase.
The genesis of myrmekite has been an important subject in petrology
because myrmekite occurs ubiquitously in granitic rocks and in pelitic
238
T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260
Fig. 1. Photomicrographs showing occurrence of myrmekite and the reaction rim from the Okueyama granite. A: Rim myrmekite between plagioclase and K-feldspar. B: Intergranular
myrmekite occurring between two K-feldspar grains. C: The reaction rim between plagioclase and K-feldspar.
gneisses. But its genesis has been also an enigma, because no

stoichiometric relation exists between the product (myrmekite) and
the reactants (plagioclase and K-feldspar).
This paper will discuss the mechanism of myrmekite formation in a
granitic system, taking the Okueyama granite (OKG) as an example. Two
types of myrmekite have been identied (Phillips, 1974). One is rim
myrmekite (Fig. 1A), which is an intergrowth texture consisting of vermicular quartz and sodic plagioclase, and it develops between K-feldspar and
plagioclase. The other is intergranular myrmekite (Fig. 1B), which occurs
as a bleb between neighboring K-feldspar grains. Both types of myrekite
are observed in the Okueyama granite; however, the intergranular
myrmekite is very rare. Therefore, this paper concerns only the rim
myrmekite. Since myrmekite was rst described by Michel Levy in 1874,
various hypotheses for myrmekite have been proposed. Phillips (1974)
classied these hypotheses into six categories: 1) simultaneous or direct
crystallization, 2) replacement of K-feldspar by plagioclase, 3) replacement of plagioclase by K-feldspar, 4) solid state exsolution, 5)
incorporation of recrystallizing quartz in growing albite exsolved from Kfeldspar, and 6) miscellaneous hypotheses including combinations of
some of the above hypotheses. Recently one new hypothesis has been
proposed such that the myrmekiteforming reaction is triggered by the
combination of stress/strain concentration and uid inltration during
deformation (Tsurumi et al., 2003; Menegon et al., 2006). These seven
hypotheses will be briey reviewed and examined below.
1.1. The hypothesis of simultaneous or direct crystallization
The simultaneous or direct crystallization hypothesis is one of the
earliest, and it implies that myrmekite formed as the result of
simultaneous plagioclase and quartz crystallization from a melt or a
solution (Spencer, 1938). Barker (1970) argued against this hypothesis,
starting that myrmekite differs considerably from magmatic quartz
feldspar intergrowths such as granophyre and graphic granite in terms
of bulk composition as well as texture and occurrence. In particular, this
Fig. 2. The Okueyama granitic body. A: Locality map showing the Okueyama granitic body (solid symbol) in Kyushu, and the distribution of felsic Miocene igneous rocks in southwest
Japan (after Nakada and Takahashi, 1979). B: Rock facies distribution and cross-section for the Okueyama granitic body (BG, biotite granite; HG, hornblendebiotite granite; HGD,
hornblendebiotite granodiorite). Reprinted from Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Resarch, Vol.29, Masaki Takahashi, Anatomy of a middle Miocene Valles-type caldera
cluster: geology of the Okueyama volcanoplutonic complex, southwest Japan, Page No. 3370, Copyright (1986), with permission from Elsevier.
239
hypothesis does not explain why myrmekite occurs mostly between Kfeldspar and plagioclase. Myrmekite has not been considered a primary
igneous texture because it has been reported in various metamorphic
rocks (e.g. Shelley, 1964; Hall, 1966; Barker, 1970; Ashworth, 1972;
Shelley, 1973a,b; Phillips, 1980a; Nold, 1984). Myrmekite in granitic
rocks can be produced at the hydrothermal stage during cooling of the
granite body (e.g. Yuguchi and Nishiyama, 2007).
1.2. The replacement of K-feldspar by plagioclase hypothesis
The replacement of K-feldspar by plagioclase hypothesis is originally
based on Becke's (1908) model. Focusing on the relation between
anorthite content of the plagioclase and the volume of quartz in
myrmekite, Becke (1908) argued that myrmekite indicates the replacement of K-feldspar at the sub-solidus stage by the following two reactions:
KAlSi3 O8 Na NaAlSi3 O8 K
orthoclase
albite
and
2KAlSi3 O8 Ca2 CaAl2 Si2 O8 4SiO2 K
orthoclase
anorthite
quartz
The mixture of albite and anorthite components yields a sodic

plagioclase and the silica precipitates as vermicular quartz. This model
may explain the genesis of the rim myrmekite but not of intergranular
myrmekite (Phillips, 1974). The myrmekitic plagioclase is albitic,
Ab93An7 in our casewhich is inconsistent with this model.
1.3. The replacement of plagioclase by K-feldspar hypothesis
Drescher-Kaden (1948) proposed that myrmekite formed as a part of
reaction in which plagioclase is metasomatically replaced by K-feldspar.
The replacement requires excess silica as seen in the Becke's second
reaction above, and the source of this silica was discussed by
Bhattacharyya (1971, 1972) in that the residual silica in K-feldspar was
used to replace plagioclase in myrmekite from charnockitic rocks of
Eastern Ghtas, India. However, myrmekite commonly shows an invasion
texture in K-feldspar, as we will see later in the case of the Okueyama
granite, which contradicts this hypothesis.
1.4. The solid-state exsolution hypothesis
Schwanke (1909) proposed that K-feldspar has a hypothetical
silica-enriched An component (CaAl2Si6O16: now called Schwanke's
component). Exsolution of Schwanke's component may yield myrmekite by the following reaction:
CaAl2 Si6 O16 CaAl2 Si2 O8 4SiO2
Some petrologists (Spencer, 1945; Hall, 1966; Hubbard, 1966) had
supported this hypothesis because of the close occurrence of
myrmekite and perthite. However, Phillips (1974) stated that
Fig. 4. Photomicrograph and sketch showing lateral transition from myrmekite to the
reaction rim at one grain boundary between plagioclase and K-feldspar in the Okueyama
granite.
Schwanke's component is purely hypothetical, and is proven neither

by experiments nor by crystallographic studies. This hypothesis does
not explain the albite-rich composition of myrmekitic plagioclase,
either.
Castle and Lindsley (1993) proposed an exsolution model characterized by a silica-pump. However, no hypothesis based on
exsolution can explain the characteristic occurrence of myrmekite
between plagioclase and K-feldspar.
1.5. The hypothesis of recrystallizing quartz incorporation in growing
albite exsolved from K-feldspar
The next hypothesis considers incorporation of recrystallizing quartz
into growing albite (Shelley, 1964). Albite exsolved from K-feldspar
grows on the plagioclase seed crystal and encloses pre-existing rod-like
quartz structures at the crush-zones between plagioclase and K-feldspar.
This hypothesis was criticized by Ashworth (1972) based on the molar
proportion of quartz in myrmekite.
1.6. Combination of miscellaneous hypotheses
Fig. 3. Composite texture consisting of myrmekite and the reaction rim. Vermicular
quartz extends from plagioclase towards K-feldspar and terminates midway, making a
clear boundary with the reaction rim (albite layer free from vermicular quartz).
Ashworth (1972) discussed the possibility that both exsolution and

metasomatic replacement can form myrmekite simultaneously. In the
study of a two-feldspar migmatite suite, he found two kinds of myrmekite: one interpreted as a product of exsolution and the other as a
product of metasomatic replacement during retrograde regional metamorphism. Phillips (1980b) proposed a polygenetic myrmekite model
involving interaction between exsolution and metasomatic replacement
based on Ashworth's (1972) work. Clearly, no single hypothesis can
explain every kind of myrmekite, such as rim myrmekite and intergranular myrmekite. Each myrmekite requires a specic interpretation.
240
1.7. The hypothesis of deformation-triggered formation

Recently some petrologists focused on the relationship between myrmekite formation and deformation in metamorphic rocks. Tsurumi et al.
(2003) proposed that the myrmekite-forming reaction has been associated with deformation during mylonitization of granite along the
Hatagawa Shear Zone in NE Japan. Menegon et al. (2006) suggested that
the formation of intergranular myrmekite was triggered by the combination of stress/strain concentration and uid inltration during a ductile
shear deformation in metagranites from the Gran Paradiso Unit (Western
Alps). Deformation may play an important role in the formation of

myrmekite in such strongly deformed rocks; however, the presence of
myrmekite in non-deformed rocks such as granites strongly suggests that
deformation cannot be an essential driving force in myrmekite formation.
This paper will present a detailed description of the rim
myrmekite, including its occurrence, texture, and composition. The
description itself will preclude some hypotheses discussed above.
Diffusion modeling of myrmekite growth based on our description can
provide deeper insights with which to examine the pre-existing
hypotheses and present a new model for myrmekite genesis. The key
Fig. 5. Myrmekite between plagioclase and K-feldspar and their compositions. A: BSE image with the scanning line (above) and compositional prole (below) along the line. A steep
compositional gradient is observed in plagioclase near the boundary with myrmekite. B: OrAbAn compositional plot of core and rim of plagioclase, myrmekitic plagioclase and Kfeldspar rim.
signature is the occurrence of the reaction rim (Fig. 1C) in the

Okueyama granite, which is an albite-rich rim of plagioclase with no
vermicular quartz, and which only develops between plagioclase and
K-feldspar (Yuguchi and Nishiyama, 2007). Transitional textures
transitional from the reaction rim to myrmekite are occasionally
observed in the Okueyama granite, suggesting that the reaction rim is
either a precursor of myrmekite or something with a genesis similar to
that of myrmekite in its genesis. This paper will discuss differences
and similarities of myrmekite and the reaction rim based on
petrography and steady diffusion modeling, leading to an original
model describing their genesis.
241
2. Geological setting
The Okueyama granite (OKG) is located about 20 km south of the
Median Tectonic Line at the northern part of Miyazaki Prefecture, central
Kyushu (Fig. 2A). The Okueyama granite is one of the Miocene felsic
igneous rocks in the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan with the age of 14 Ma
(biotite KAr age, Shibata, 1978; whole rock RbSr age, Shibata and
Ishihara, 1979). The Okueyama granite intruded into the accretionary
prism called the Lower Shimanto Group of the Cretaceous (estimated by
radiolarian fossils), in the Outer Zone of Southwest Japan (Miyazaki and
Okumura, 2002). The Okueyama granite is a botholithic pluton and is the
Fig. 6. The reaction rim between plagioclase and K-feldspar and their compositions. A: BSE image with the scanning line (above) and compositional prole (below) along the line. A
steep compositional gradient is observed in plagioclase near the boundary with the reaction rim. B: OrAbAn compositional plot of core and rim of plagioclase, the reaction rim and
K-feldspar rim.
242
largest one (9 11 km2 on the surface) among several isolated stocks

forming the Okueyama granitic complex (Takahashi, 1986). Its formation
represents the nal episode of magmatic activity in the Okueyama
volcanoplutonic complex (Takahashi, 1986). The Okueyama granite has
a at roof boundary and a steeply dipping wall boundary (Fig. 2B:
Takahashi,1986), providing a contact metamorphism on the surrounding
sediments graded from the biotite zone through the cordierite zone to
the orthopyroxene zone (Miyazaki and Okumura, 2002).
The Okueyama granite is a zoned granitic pluton formed by a single
magma chamber, because the Okueyama granite has characteristic
vertical changes in its rock facies, mode and bulk chemical composition,
which have been interpreted to result from gravitational fractionation of
crystals (Takahashi, 1986, 1987). The rock facies grade downward from a
biotite granite, through a hornblende biotite granite, to a hornblende
biotite granodiorite (Fig. 2B: Takahashi, 1986). K-feldspar and quartz
decrease monotonously downward, while plagioclase and mac minerals (hornblende and biotite) increase in the same direction (Takahashi,
1986). Hornblende does not occur in the upper part of the Okueyama
granite (above 1070 m in the altitude). SiO2, K2O and K2O/Na2O decrease
monotonously downward from the roof, while other major oxides
increase in the same direction (Takahashi, 1986).
3. Petrography
Optical and chemical features of myrmekite and the reaction rim were
observed using a polarization microscope and an SEM. Minerals were
analyzed with an energy dispersive X-ray micro-analyzer (JEOL PC SEM
5600 combined with LINK ISIS) at Kumamoto University, operating at an
accelerating voltage of 20 kV and a beam current of 0.6 nA.
3.1. Myrmekite and the reaction rim
Myrmekite and the reaction rim formed by sub-solidus reactions
are observed between plagioclase and alkali feldspar in the Okueyama
granite (Yuguchi and Nishiyama, 2007). Myrmekite is an intergrowth
texture consisting of vermicular quartz and sodic plagioclase, whereas
Fig. 8. Schematic compositional prole of myrmekite and neighboring minerals (not to
scale). A diffusion boundary layer with a steep compositional gradient occurs between
plagioclase and myrmekite. The composition changes from Ab60An40 to Ab93An7 with a
mean of Ab75An25. The layer is approximated as a layer of constant composition of
Ab75An25, named the oligoclase layer (Olg-layer), and used for estimation of overall
reaction and steady diffusion modeling. The ratio of layer thicknesses is dened as the
Olg-layer: myrmekite = 0.53: 1 based on observation.
Fig. 7. Plot of volume fraction of vermicular quartz in myrmekite against altitude.
the reaction rim is an albite-rich rim free of vermicular quartz.

Although myrmekite is relatively rare, the reaction rim is ubiquitous at
the rims of plagioclase in contact with K-feldspar. There is an invasion
texture of the myrmekite front and the reaction rim front into Kfeldspar (Fig. 1). Myrmekite and the reaction rim are good indicators of
the cooling process for the Okueyama granite as discussed by Yuguchi
and Nishiyama (2007). They showed that the mean width of
myrmekite changes from 10 m at the roof boundary to 100 m at
1000 m below the roof (at the altitude of 350 m, the lowest surface
exposure of the Okueyama granite) with a systematic downward
increment. The development of the reaction rim has the same
tendency with altitude as myrmekite.
A composite texture consisting of myrmekite and the reaction rim
is found in the Okueyama granite (Fig. 3). Myrmekite in the plagioclase
side and the reaction rim in the K-feldspar side develop in parallel
between plagioclase and K-feldspar in this case. There is also a lateral
transition from myrmekite to the reaction rim at one grain boundary
between plagioclase and K-feldspar (Fig. 4). These textures imply that
the myrmekite and the reaction rim formed simultaneously during
the sub-solidus deuteric stage.
3.2. The chemical compositions of myrmekite and the neighboring minerals

Fig. 5A shows a BSE image and a concentration prole across
myrmekite from plagioclase to K-feldspar. The chemical composition
of plagioclase in contact with myrmekite changes from Ab60An40 at the
core to the Ab80An20 at the rim, with a rapid change in the transitional
layer adjacent to the myrmekite (about 30 m in thickness). This
transitional layer is named the oligoclase layer (Olg-layer) hereafter.
The composition of myrmekitic plagioclase is albitic and no less than
Ab90. K-feldspar is Or90Ab10 with no An content at the rim. Fig. 5B plots
243
the core and rim compositions of plagioclase in contact with

myrmekite, the composition of myrmekitic plagioclase, and the rim
composition of K-feldspar in contact with myrmekite on OrAbAn
diagrams. These results indicate that plagioclase is almost homogeneous with a mean value of Ab59An39Or2, but that the Olg-layer in
contact with myrmekite shows a mean composition of Ab82An18. The
mean composition of myrmekitic plagioclase is Ab93An7, and the rim of
K-feldspar in contact with myrmekite has a mean composition of
Or90Ab10. These values are constant in all samples collected from
various altitudes.
Fig. 9. Compositionvolume diagram in case of the largest proportion of varmicular quartz (A), the smallest proportion of vermicular quartz (B) in myrmekite, and the reaction rim
(C). fv = 1 denotes volume constant between reactant and product. Positive and negative values in vertical axis represent inow and outow amounts in stoichiometric coefcients,
respectively.
244
3.3. The chemical compositions of the reaction rim and the neighboring
minerals
Fig. 6A shows a BSE image and a concentration prole across the
reaction rim from plagioclase to K-feldspar. The chemical composition of
plagioclase in contact with the reaction rim ranges from Ab60An40 at the
core to Ab80An20 at the rim, with a rapid change in a transitional layer
located at the rim (about 30 m in thickness). This transitional layer is
also named the Olg-layer as in the case of myrmekite. The composition of
the reaction rim is albitic, no less than Ab90. K-feldspar in contact with
the reaction rim is Or90Ab10 with no An content at the rim. Figure plots
the core and rim compositions of plagioclase in contact with the reaction
rim, the composition of the reaction rim, and the rim composition of Kfeldspar in contact with the reaction rim on OrAbAn diagrams. These
results indicate that plagioclase in contact with the reaction rim is almost
homogeneous with a mean value of Ab59An39Or2, but that the Olg-layer
shows a mean composition of Ab81An18Or1. The mean composition of the
reaction rim is Ab95An5, and the rim of K-feldspar in contact with the
reaction rim has a mean composition of Or91Ab9. These values are
constant in all samples collected from various altitudes.
Table 1
The equations in the steady diffusion modeling (Johnson and Carlson, 1990) applied to
myrmekite formation in case of volume ratio of myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular
quartz = 2: 1 based on overall reaction (R1): conservation of solid volume and closure of
CaO
Fluxratio equations
bfor myrmekite >

L
L
L
0:93 AlAl mmyKfs
0:07 AlAl mmyKfs
1:07 mmyKfs
2:93 AlAl mmyKfs
NaO1=2
CaO
SiO2
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

L
L
L
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
0:93 AlAl JNaO
0:07 AlAl JCaO
1:07 JAlO
2:93 AlAl JSiO
0
1=2
2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi
my-Kfs
Kfs
SiO
= JSiO
2
2
bfor Olg layer>

L
LAlAl PlOlg
L
0:75 AlAl mPlOlg
mCaO
1:25 mPlOlg
2:75 AlAl mPlOlg
NaO1=2 0:25
SiO2
AlO
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

L
L
L
Pl
Pl
Pl
Pl
0:75 AlAl JNaO
0:25 AlAl JCaO
1:25 JAlO
2:75 AlAl JSiO
0
1=2
2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi
mass balance equations

my-Kfs
+ 0.10my-Kfs
+ 0.93my-Kfs
NaO
Or
Pl(m) = 0
1/2
+ 0.07my-Kfs
my-Kfs
CaO
Pl(m) = 0
my-Kfs
Kfs
+ my-Kfs
+ 1.07my=0
AlO
Or
Pl(m)
3/2
Kfs
my-Kfs
+ 3my-Kfs
+ 2.93my+ my-Kfs
=0
SiO
Or
Pl(m)
Qtz
2
my-Kfs
+ 0.90my-Kfs
=0
KO
Or
1/2
Olg-my
my
+ 0.75Olg-my
+ 0.93Olg=0
NaO
Olg
Pl(m)
1/2
my
+ 0.25Olg-my
+ 0.07Olg=0
Olg-my
CaO
Olg
Pl(m)
Olg-my
+ 1.25Olg-my
+ 1.07Olg-my
AlO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
3/2
Olg-my
Olg-my
+ 2.75Olg-my
+ 2.93Olg-my
=0
SiO
Olg
Pl(m) + Qtz
2
Pl- Olg
Olg
+ 0.75Pl+ 0.60Pl-Olg
=0
NaO
Olg
Pl
1/2
Pl-Olg
+ 0.40Pl-Olg
=0
Pl-Olg
CaO + 0.25Olg
Pl
Pl-Olg
+ 1.25Pl-Olg
+ 1.40Pl-Olg
=0
AlO
Olg
Pl
3/2
Pl-Olg
SiO
+ 2.75Pl-Olg
+ 2.60Pl-Olg
=0
Olg
Pl
2
steady-diffusion equations
Pl-Olg
Olg-my
my-Kfs
Pl
Kfs
+ NaO
+ NaO
= JNaO
JNaO
NaO
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
Olg-my
Kfs
Pl-Olg
+ my-Kfs
= JPl
CaO + CaO
CaO
CaO JCaO
Pl-Olg
Olg-my
my-Kfs
Pl
Kfs
AlO
+ AlO
+ AlO
= JAlO
JAlO
3/2
3/2
3/2
3/2
3/2
Pl-Olg
Olg-my
my-Kfs
Pl
SiO
+ SiO
+ SiO
= JSiO
JKfs
SiO2
2
2
2
2
boundary ux equations
Pl
JNaO
=0
1/2
Kfs
= 0.961
JNaO
1/2
JPl
CaO = 0
JKfs
CaO = 0
Pl
=0
JSiO
2
Kfs
= 0.733
JSiO
2
Pl
= 0.489
JAlO
3/2
Kfs
=0
JAlO
3/2
extent reaction equation

my
Kfs
+ my=1
OlgPl(m)
Pl(m)
Fig. 10. Gradual change from myrmekite to the reaction rim at one grain boundary
between plagioclase and K-feldspar. A-1: Photomicrograph. A-2: Sketch. B: Measured
volume fraction of vermicular quartz in myrmekites L1 L3 and in the reaction rim L4. It
decreases from L1 (plagioclase side) to L3 (K-feldspar side).
Plagioclase in contact with other minerals such as quartz and

biotite does not show such a rapid compositional change as in the
vicinity of contact with myrmekite or with the reaction rim. For
example, plagioclase in contact with quartz has a gradual compositional variation from Ab58An40Or2 at the core to Ab64An34Or2 at the
rim. The rapid compositional change of plagioclase at the rim in
contact with myrmekite and also at the rim in contact with the
reaction rim implies that these textures are formed not by crystallization but by sub-solidus reactions. The analyses of myrmekite and
the reaction rim show that the reaction rim has a composition very
similar to that of the myrmekitic plagioclase.
3.4. The volume fraction in myrmekite

The volume fractions of myrmekitic plagioclase and vermicular
quartz in myrmekite from 60 samples collected at various altitudes
were estimated from their areal fractions by simply assuming the
equivalence of areal and volume fractions. The area of myrmekitic
plagioclase and vermicular quartz inside a myrmekite were converted
to a binary image by image processing software(Scion image). Fig. 7
plots the volume fraction of vermicular quartz in myrmekite against
the altitude. The maximal volume fraction is 0.4. The plot does not
show any systematic variation with the altitude.
4. Discussion
4.1. Overall reactions leading to formation of myrmekite
The outermost parts of plagioclase adjacent to myrmekite show a
rapid compositional change from the core composition (Ab60) to Ab93
(Fig. 8), as described for the oligoclase layer (Olg-layer) above. The
245
Olg-layer may have formed simultaneously with the myrmekite,

because such an abrupt compositional change is absent in plagioclase
not associated with myrmekite. We believe that the Olg-layer
represents a diffusion boundary layer active during the formation of
myrmekite.
The reaction leading to formation of myrmekite will be discussed
using average compositions of the plagioclase core (Ab60), the Olglayer (Ab75), the myrmekitic plagioclase (Ab93) and the K-feldspar rim
(Or90Ab10). Because volume ratios of plagioclase and vermicular
quartz are variable in myrmekite, ranging approximately from 2:1 to
4:1, we will consider these two extreme cases.
4.1.1. Case of the largest proportion of vermicular quartz
Molar ratios of minerals participating into the reaction can be
estimated from the relative thickness of the myrmekite and the adjacent
Olg-layer, giving the ratio of myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular quartz:
the Olg-layer= 1:2.2:0.793. Molar volume data for end member minerals
are taken from Helgeson et al. (1978). Values for the plagioclase solid
solution were estimated by liner interpolation between albite and
Fig. 11. Stability eld of myrmekite with myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular quartz = 2:1 in volume fraction (shaded) in a plot of LAlAl/LCaCa against LAlAl/LNaNa. A: Case of overall
reaction (R1) with assumptions of conservation of solid volume and closure of CaO. B: Case of overall reaction (R2) with assumptions of fv = 1.300 and closure of AlO3/2. Bold solid line
Pl- my
represents the condition of production of myrmekitic plagioclase and vermicular quartz in a constant proportion at the two boundaries (Pl-my
= my-Kfs
/Kfs-my
Qtz /Pl(m)
Qtz
Pl(m) ). The dotted
line and the dot-and-dash line represent null production of Olg-layer for LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.01 and 0.5, respectively.
246
anorthite. Plagioclase and K-feldspar are assumed to be reactants and

myrmekitic plagioclase, vermicular quartz, and the Olg-layer are
products. No reaction in a closed system satises both of these mineral
compositions and the molar ratios; therefore we consider an open
system reaction as follows:
aAb60 An40 bOr90 Ab10 X 0:793Ab75 An25 1:0Ab93 An7
2:2Qtz Y
(a > 0 and b > 0)
where X denotes the inux of chemical components through an
intergranular medium and Y indicates efux from the system. To
determine the stoichiometric coefcients a and b, and those of the
chemical components involved in X and Y, we need two additional
constraints. In the following considerations, we will discuss two cases;
that of constant solid volume and that of closure of AlO3/2.
4.1.1.1. The constant volume replacement case.
The assumption of
constant volume replacement (conservation of solid volume) may be
reasonable, because no deformation texture is observed around the
myrmekite. The conservation of solid volume is imposed as follows:
100:358a 100:718b 229:532
In addition to this, one more condition is necessary to determine the
absolute values of a and b. The mass conservation (closure condition) of
one of four components (NaO1/2, CaO, AlO3/2, and SiO2) can be a candidate for such a condition. Among four possible combinations of the
conservation of solid volume and closure of one of four components,
only the conservation of solid volume and closure of CaO give positive
values of a and b, as follows:
chosen by trial and error calculations for fv values near 1.273. Then we
get the following total reaction:
0:764Ab60 An40 0:992Or90 Ab10 0:967NaO1=2 2:349SiO2
0:793Ab75 An25 1:0Ab93 An7 2:2Qtz 0:037CaO 0:893KO1=2
(R2: fv = 1.300 and closure of AlO3/2)
The behavior of open components is essentially the same as in the
case of R1; that is, NaO1/2 and SiO2 are consumed together with two
feldspars and KO1/2 is evolved with the formation of myrmekite.
4.1.2. Case of the smallest proportion of vermicular quartz
In the second case of the smallest volume of vermicular quartz, we
have the following molar ratio; myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular
quartz: Olg-layer= 1: 1.1: 0.661. The same analysis as above gives the
following reaction:
0:588Ab60 An40 1:314Or90 Ab10 0:942NaO1=2 0:377SiO2
0:661Ab75 An25 1:0Ab93 An7 1:1Qtz 0:241AlO3=2
1:183KO1=2
(R3: conservation of solid volume and closure of CaO)
0:776Ab60 An40 0:810Or90 Ab10 0:879NaO1=2 1:400SiO2
0:661Ab75 An25 1:0Ab93 An7 1:1Qtz 0:075CaO 0:729KO1=2
(R4: fv = 1.200 (Fig. 9B) and closure of AlO3/2)
Although the values of stoichiometric coefcients are different in
some proportions, the behavior of mobile components is the same as
in the rst case.
a 0:671 and b 1:611

Stoichiometric coefcients of mobile components are calculated
based on the values of a and b, giving the following reaction:
0:671Ab60 An40 1:611Or90 Ab10 0:961NaO1=2 0:733SiO2
0:793Ab75 An25 1:0Ab93 An7 2:2Qtz 0:489AlO3=2
1:450KO1=2
The reaction (R1) shows that the myrmekite and the Olg-layer form by
consumption of two feldspars with inux of SiO2 and NaO1/2 accompanied by removal of AlO3/2 and KO1/2 through an intergranular medium.
4.1.1.2. The closure of AlO3/2 case. The closure of AlO3/2 may be a
reasonable assumption, because AlO3/2 has been generally considered to
be immobile during metamorphism and metasomatism. Note that the
closure condition is not exactly identical to the immobility condition; the
closure component can be mobile within the myrmekite but shows
neither inow into nor outow from the myrmekite. This assumption of
AlO3/2 closure is incompatible with the assumption of the constant volume
replacement as shown in Fig. 9A, in which the inow and outow of
components are plotted against the volume factor fv according to Gresens
(1967) under the assumption of AlO3/2 closure. The volume factor is
dened as:
fv100:358a 100:718b 229:532 fv : volume factor
fv should take the value between 1.105 and 1.553 to guarantee the
positive values of a and b. Following Gresens (1967) we rst tried to
specify the magnitude of fv to minimize the total inow and outow. At
fv = 1.273, CaO also becomes a closure component together with AlO3/2.
This value gives, however, uphill diffusion of AlO3/2 across the Olg layer
in the steady diffusion model which will be discussed later. Therefore we
specify fv = 1.300 to avoid the uphill diffusion of AlO3/2. This value was
Fig. 12. Figures showing a procedure of measurement of volume fractions of vermicular

quartz (VQ) and myrmekitic plagioclase (MP) in arbitrarily divided three areas from Al
(plagioclase side) to A3 (K-feldspar side) in a myrmekite. A: Original image
(photomicrograph) of a myrmekite. B: Image of a myrmekite after removing those of
other minerals. C: A1, A2 and A3 are areas of a myrmekite arbitrarily divided into three
pieces, and the volume fractions of vermicular quartz and myrmekitic plagioclase in A1
and A3 are measured with an image processing software(Scion image).
247
Fig. 13. Exchange cycle for myrmekite with the largest volume fraction of vermicular quartz (myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular quartz = 2:1). A. Case of overall reaction (R1):
conservation of solid volume and closure of CaO for LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.3, LAlAl/LCaCa = 96.628, and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5. B. Case of overall reaction (R2): fv = 1.300 and closure of AlO3/2 for LAlAl/
LNaNa = 1.0, LAlAl/LCaCa = 14.663, and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.4. Amounts of minerals and components produced and consumed are represented by positive and negative values in moles,
respectively. Thin arrows denote moving directions of components and bold arrows the directions of zone growth. Open uxes are designated by vertical arrows.
4.2. Overall reactions leading to formation of the reaction rim

The reaction rim is also accompanied by the Olg-layer as
discussed in the petrography section. The Olg-layer has a steep
compositional gradient in it, probably caused by diffusion during the
reaction rim formation. We will take an average composition of the
Olg-layer as Ab75An25, to derive the reaction leading to the formation
of the reaction rim. Other compositions used for the derivation are:
Ab60An40 for host plagioclase, Ab95An5 for the reaction rim, and
Or90Ab10 for K-feldspar. A molar ratio of the reaction rim and the Olglayer is calculated to be 1: 0.529 based on the volume ratio. Thus the
following reaction can be assumed:
aAb60 An40 bOr90 Ab10 X 1:0Ab95 An5 0:529Ab75 An25 Y
(a > 0 and b > 0)
We need two auxiliary conditions to obtain the values of
stoichiometric coefcients. As in the case of the myrmekite, we
will consider two cases: constant solid volume and closure of

AlO3/2.
4.2.1. The constant volume replacement case
The conservation of solid volume is employed, giving the following
relation:
100:35a 100:718b 153:138
The other condition will be one of four mass conservation (closure
condition) equations of NaO1/2, CaO, AlO3/2, and SiO2. Among four
possible combinations of the two conditions, the following three give
results consistent with the observation that plagioclase is consumed
more than K-feldspar (a b b).
0:456Ab60 An40 1:066Or90 Ab10 0:967NaO1=2
0:021SiO2 0:007AlO3=2
1:0Ab95 An5 0:529Ab75 An25 0:959KO1=2
248
0:473Ab60 An40 1:049Or90 Ab10 0:958NaO1=2 0:028SiO2

1:0Ab95 An5 0:529Ab75 An25 0:944KO1=2 0:007CaO
(R6: conservation of solid volume and closure of AlO3/2)
0:402Ab60 An40 1:120Or90 Ab10 0:994NaO1=2

0:021CaO0:028AlO3=2
1:0Ab95 An5 0:529Ab75 An25 1:008KO1=2
(R7: conservation of solid volume and closure of SiO2)
Although we have no reasoning to determine which reaction is the
most appropriate, we see a feature common to the above three
reactions such that the reaction rim is formed by consumption of two
feldspars associated with the inux of NaO1/2 together with removal of
KO1/2. Inux of SiO2 is also required in the former two reactions, but
the amounts are small.
4.2.2. The closure of alo3/2 case
Fig. 9C shows a compositionvolume relationship under the condition of AlO3/2 closure. The volume factor is given as:
layers (L1 to L4) can be recognized in this texture, based on the

proportion of vermicular quartz. The volume fraction of vermicular
quartz decreases from 0.245 in L1 to 0.094 in L3. L4 (the reaction rim)
is free from vermicular quartz. After some amounts of silica owed
into the intergranular medium between plagioclase and K-feldspar,
the myrmekite L1 richest in quartz formed, which was followed by
successive formation of lower-quartz myrmekite layers L2 and L3.
Finally after silica was used up, the reaction rim formed. This
interpretation can be also applied to the composite texture shown
in Fig. 3.
Table 2
myrmekite formation in case of volume ratio of myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular
quartz = 2:1 based on overall reaction (R2): fv = 1.300 and closure of AlO3/2
Flux-ratio equations
bfor myrmekite >

L
L
L
0:93 AlAl mmyKfs
0:07 AlAl mmyKfs
1:07 mmyKfs
2:93 AlAl mmyKfs
NaO1=2
CaO
SiO2
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

L
L
L
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
0:93 AlAl JNaO
0:07 AlAl JCaO
1:07 JAlO
2:93 AlAl JSiO
0
1=2
2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi
fv100:358a 100:718b 153:138

my-Kfs
Kfs
SiO
= JSiO
2
2
fv should take the value between 0.889 and 1.248 to guarantee a > 0
and b > 0. Here we chose the value of 1.020 for fv, which does not result
in the uphill diffusion of AlO3/2 in the steady diffusion model.
0:547Ab60 An40 0:946Or90 Ab10 0:924NaO1=2 0:146SiO2

0:529Ab75 An25 1:0Ab95 An5 0:851KO1=2 0:036CaO
(R8: fv = 1.020 and closure of AlO3/2)
This reaction (R8) forms the reaction rim under almost constant
volume by consuming two feldspars, NaO1/2 and SiO2 together with
evolving KO1/2. The amount of SiO2 necessary for this reaction is
smaller than that in the case of myrmekite (R2 and R4).
The myrmekite-forming reaction requires a volume increment.
The larger the proportion of vermicular quartz is in the myrmekite,
the larger the volume increment becomes in the myrmekiteforming reaction. The reaction rim can form with no volume change
or with only a small volume increment. The reaction rim occurs
much more frequently in the Okueyama granite than the myrmekite,
suggesting that the reaction with volume increment (the case of
myrmekite) is not likely to occur easily in the granitic system under
cooling.
4.3. Myrmekite and the reaction rim
The question arises: what causes the difference in products
(myrmekite and the reaction rim) given the same reactants (plagioclase and K-feldspar)? Reactions discussed above imply the following:
1) myrmekite will form when some amount of silica inows into the
grain boundary between plagioclase and K-feldspar; 2) the reaction
rim will form when the inux of silica is smaller than that required for
myrmekite formation; and 3) the greater the inux of silica, the more
the volume fraction of vermicular quartz in myrmekite increases. Thus
the difference between formation of myrmekite and the reaction rim
results from the amount of silica available for the reaction between
plagioclase and K-feldspar.
This hypothesis will help interpret the development of a composite
texture consisting of myrmekite and reaction rim. Fig. 10 is an example
of such a composite texture, showing a gradual development from
myrmekite to reaction rim between plagioclase and K-feldspar. Four
bfor Olg layer>

L
LAlAl PlOlg
L
mCaO
1:25 mPlOlg
2:75 AlAl mPlOlg
0:75 AlAl mPlOlg
NaO1=2 0:25
SiO2
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

L
L
L
Pl
Pl
Pl
Pl
0:25 AlAl JCaO
1:25 JAlO
2:75 AlAl JSiO
0
0:75 AlAl JNaO
1=2
2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

my-Kfs
NaO
+ 0.10my-Kfs
+ 0.93my-Kfs
Or
Pl(m) = 0
1/2
+ 0.07my-Kfs
my-Kfs
CaO
Pl(m) = 0
my-Kfs
Kfs
+ my-Kfs
+ 1.07myAlO
Or
Pl(m) = 0
3/2
my-Kfs
my-Kfs
+ 3my-Kfs
+ 2.93my-Kfs
=0
SiO
Or
Pl(m) + Otz
2
my-Kfs
+ 0.90my-Kfs
=0
KO
Or
1/2
Olg- my
+ 0.75Olg-my
+ 0.93Olg-my
NaO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
1/2
Olg-my
+ 0.25Olg-my
+ 0.07Olg-my
CaO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
Olg- my
+ 1.25Olg-my
+ 1.07Olg-my
AlO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
3/2
Olg-my
Olg-my
+ 2.75Olg-my
+ 2.93Olg-my
=0
SiO
Olg
Pl(m) + Qtz
2
Pl- Olg
+ 0.75Pl-Olg
+ 0.60Pl-Olg
=0
NaO
Olg
Pl
1/2
Olg
Pl-Olg
+ 0.40Pl-Olg
=0
PlCaO + 0.25Olg
Pl
Pl- Olg
+ 1.25Pl-Olg
+ 1.40Pl-Olg
=0
AlO
Olg
Pl
3/2
Pl-Olg
+ 2.75Pl-Olg
+ 2.60Pl-Olg
=0
SiO
Olg
Pl
2
Pl-Olg
Olg-my
my-Kfs
Pl
Kfs
+ NaO
+ NaO
= JNaO
JNaO
NaO
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
Olg-my
Kfs
Pl-Olg
+ my-Kfs
= JPl
CaO + CaO
CaO
CaO JCaO
Pl- Olg
Olg-my
my-Kfs
Pl
Kfs
AlO
+ AlO
+ AlO
= JAlO
JAlO
3/2
3/2
3/2
3/2
3/2
Pl-Olg
Olg-my
my-Kfs
Pl
Kfs
SiO
+ SiO
+ SiO
= JSiO
JSiO
2
2
2
2
2
JPl
NaO1/2 = 0
JKfs
NaO1/2 = 0.967
JPl
CaO = 0.037
JKfs
CaO = 0
Pl
JSiO
=0
2
Kfs
= 2.349
JSiO
2
Pl
=0
JAlO
3/2
Kfs
=0
JAlO
3/2

my- Kfs
Olg-my
Pl(m) + Pl(m) = 1
4.4. Steady diffusion modeling of myrmekite and the reaction rim

Myrmekite and the reaction rim are textures formed by diffusioncontrolled growth, because both textures have sharp boundaries at
their contacts with plagioclase and K-feldspar.
Here we will employ a steady diffusion model (Fisher, 1973; Joesten,
1977; Nishiyama, 1983) to clarify the interplay between diffusion and
reaction in forming these textures. The steady diffusion model is a
remarkable method for revealing a stability of the texture in terms of the
ratio of phenomenological coefcients (L-ratio). Because reactions
forming these textures are in an open system as discussed above, an
open system version (Johnson and Carlson, 1990; Ashworth and Birdi,
1990; Ashworth and Sheplev, 1997; Fukuyama et al., 2004) of the steady
diffusion model will be applied. Basic postulates of the steady diffusion
model are: 1) mineral assemblages and mineral compositions are constant
throughout each layer, 2) the system is in local equilibrium (a steady state)
and diffusion of a component through an intergranular medium is driven
249
by its chemical potential gradient, and 3) chemical reactions occur only at

layer boundaries and no reaction occurs within the layers.
4.4.1. Steady diffusion model for myrmekite
The following models assume the Olg-layer is a layer with a constant
composition of Ab75 by averaging the internal concentration gradient. We
will take NaO1/2, CaO, AlO3/2, and SiO2 as reaction-controlling components because neither myrmekite nor plagioclase contains appreciable
amounts of KO1/2. The overall reactions derived in the previous sections
are pre-requisites of the models, and the amounts of open components in
the overall reactions are taken as boundary uxes (Johnson and Carlson,
1990).
4.4.1.1. Case of the largest proportion of vermicular quartz based on
overall reaction (R1).
Table 1 shows a list of equations of the steady
diffusion model for the case of the largest proportion of vermicular quartz
(myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular quartz=2:1 in volume) based on the
Fig. 14. Stability eld of myrmekite with myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular quartz = 4:1 in volume fraction (shaded) in a plot of LAlAl/LCaCa against LAlAl/LNaNa. A. Case of overall
reaction (R3): conservation of solid volume and closure of CaO. B. Case of overall reaction (R4): fv = 1.300 and closure of AlO3/2. Bold solid line represents the condition of production of
Pl-my
my-Kfs Kfs-my
myrmekitic plagioclase and vermicular quartz in a constant proportion at the two boundaries (Pl-my
/Pl(m) ). The dotted line and the dot-and-dash line represent null
Qtz /Pl(m) = Qtz
production of Olg-layer for LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.01 and 0.5, respectively.
250
Fig. 15. Exchange cycle for myrmekite with the smallest volume fraction of vermicular quartz (myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular quartz = 4:1). A. Case of overall reaction (R3):
conservation of solid volume and closure of CaO for LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.116, LAlAl/LCaCa = 50.0, and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5. B. Case of overall reaction (R4): fv = 1.200 and closure of AlO3/2 for LAlAl/
LNaNa = 0.9, LAlAl/LCaCa = 10.713, and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.3. Amounts of minerals and components produced and consumed are represented by positive and negative values in moles,
respectively. Thin arrows denote moving directions of components and bold arrows the directions of zone growth. Open uxes are designated by vertical arrows.
overall reaction (R1). The system of simultaneous equations was solved

with the help of Maple mathematical software by taking the ratios of
phenomenological coefcients (L-ratios) as parameters. The result shows
that myrmekite will grow towards both sides, consistent with the
observations, when L-ratios satisfy the following ve conditions:

LAlAl
myKfs
mPl
>
0
:
b 2:318 : : :1
m
LNaNa

L
L
myKfs
> 0 : AlAl > 284:984 AlAl 17:748 : : : 2
mQtz
LCaCa
LNaNa

LAlAl
LAlAl
>
0
:
>
328:331
118:210 : : : 3
mOlgmy
Plm
LCaCa
LNaNa

L
L
> 0 : AlAl b 410:603 AlAl 308:885 : : :4
mOlgmy
Qtz
LCaCa
LNaNa

L
L
L
mOlgmy
b 0 : AlAl > 8:236 AlAl 68:601 AlAl 38:667 : : : 5
Olg
LCaCa
LNaNa
LSiSi
depend only on LAlAl/LCaCa and LAlAl/LNaNa, we will discuss the stability of

myrmekite on a plot of LAlAl/LCaCa vs. LAlAl/LNaNa. The shaded area in Fig.
11A represents the stability eld of myrmekite satisfying these
conditions.
The lowest boundary of the eld with respect to LAlAl/LCaCa is
determined by the last condition, which is dependent on LAlAl/LSiSi.
The limiting case LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.01 gives the widest area, becoming
narrower with increasing value of LAlAl/LSiSi. For reference the case of
LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5 is shown by a dashed-dotted line in Fig. 11A.
To further constrain the stability eld of myrmekite we examined
the volume fraction of vermicular quartz at the boundary with Kfeldspar and also at the boundary with the Olg-layer. After dividing
myrmekite arbitrarily into three sub-layers (the A1 layer adjacent to
the Olg-layer; the A2 layer in the central part; and A3 layer, adjacent to
K-feldspar), the volume fraction of vermicular quartz in each layer was
measured with image-processing software (Scion image). The result
shown in Fig. 12 indicate that the volume fraction is almost the same.
Thus we have the following relationship:
See Appendix A for the list of symbols used in this paragraph.

Because only the last condition depends on LAlAl/LSiSi and the other four
mmyKfs
=mmyKfs
mOlgmy
=mOlgmy
Qtz
Qtz
Plm
Plm
This equation gives a linear relation between LAlAl/LNaNa and LAlAl/

LCaCa:

LAlAl
L
LAlAl
366:454 AlAl 206:564
> 0;
LCaCa
LNaNa
LCaCa

LAlAl
: : : 6
>0
LNaNa
A thick solid line in Fig. 11A within the shaded area represents this
relationship.
This result implies that myrmekite is stable for only small values of
LAlAl/LNaNa and for large values of LAlAl/LCaCa. In other words, the stable
formation of myrmekite means LNaNa > LAlAl LCaCa in the intergranular medium. Although the relations are not shown in Fig. 11A,
combining of 5 and 6 gives

LAlAl
L
366:454 AlAl 206:564
LNaNa
LCaCa

LAlAl
LAlAl
LAlAl
L
: : :7
> 0;
> 0;
b0:183 AlAl 0:448
LCaCa
LNaNa
LNaNa
LSiSi
These relationships further mean that LAlAl/LSiSi b 2.445.
Fig. 13A shows an exchange cycle for myrmekite in the case of
LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.300, LAlAl/LCaCa = 96.628, and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.500, satisfying 7. The boundary reaction between plagioclase and the Olg-layer
consumes plagioclase, SiO2, AlO3/2, and NaO1/2 removes CaO, and
forms the Olg-layer. Myrmekite grows towards both sides, consuming the Olg-layer, SiO2, AlO3/2, NaO1/2, and CaO at one boundary and
consuming K-feldspar, NaO1/2, and CaO together with removing SiO2,
AlO3/2, and KO1/2 at the other boundary. This exchange cycle shows
the counterintuitive uphill diffusion of AlO3/2 from K-feldspar
towards An40 plagioclase across the Olg layer.
4.4.1.2. Case of the largest proportion of vermicular quartz based on
overall reaction (R2).
Table 2 shows a list of equations of the steady
diffusion model based on the overall reaction (R2) while assuming
fv=1.300 and closure of AlO3/2. The result shows that myrmekite will grow
towards both sides when L-ratios satisfy the following six conditions:

L
mmyKfs
> 0 : AlAl b 1:316 : : :8
Plm
LNaNa

L
L
mmyKfs
> 0 : AlAl > 945:347 AlAl 777:775 : : : 9
Qtz
LCaCa
LNaNa

L
L
mOlgmy
> 0 : AlAl > 341:211 AlAl 16:984 : : : 10
Plm
LCaCa
LNaNa

LAlAl
LAlAl
Olgmy
>0:
> 130:210
637:153 : : : 11
mQtz
LCaCa
LNaNa

LAlAl
LAlAl
LAlAl
b
0
:
>
5:838
30:590
5:556 : : :12
mOlgmy
Olg
LCaCa
LNaNa
LSiSi
mmyKfs
=mmyKfs
mOlgmy
=mOlgmy
Qtz
Qtz
Plm
Plm
LAlAl
L
1522:892 AlAl
LCaCa
LNaNa

LAlAl
L
: : : 13
1537:555
> 0; AlAl > 0
LCaCa
LNaNa
A thick solid line (13) in Fig. 11B represents a stability eld of

myrmekite that is located within the shaded area satisfying 812. The
stable formation of myrmekite means LNaNa > LAlAl LCaCa in the
intergranular medium.
Fig. 13B shows an exchange cycle for myrmekite in the case of
LAlAl/LNaNa = 1.000, LAlAl/LCaCa = 14.663 and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.400, satisfying
13. The boundary reaction between plagioclase and the Olg-layer
consume plagioclase, SiO2 and NaO1/2, removes AlO3/2 and CaO and
forms the Olg-layer. Myrmekite grows towards both sides, consuming the Olg-layer, SiO2, AlO3/2, NaO1/2, and CaO at one boundary and
consuming K-feldspar, NaO1/2 and CaO together with removal of
SiO2, AlO3/2 and KO1/2 at the other boundary. This exchange cycle
does not show the uphill diffusion of AlO3/2 across the Olg-layer that
was observed in Fig. 13A.
251
4.4.1.3. Case of the smallest proportion of vermicular quartz based on

overall reactions (R3) and (R4).
The same procedure as above was
applied to the case of smallest proportion of vermicular quartz in
myrmekite(myrmekitic plagioclase: vermicular quartz =4: 1) based on
the overall reactions (R3) and (R4). The result is shown in Fig. 14. The
stability eld of myrmekite (Fig. 14A) based on the overall reaction (R3)
(conservation of solid volume and closure of CaO) is far more restricted
than that in the former case (R1: conservation of solid volume and closure
of CaO; Fig. 11A), however, the basic relations among L-ratios are similar.
The stability eld of myrmekite (Fig. 14B) based on overall reaction (R4)
(fv =1.200 and closure of AlO3/2) is more enlarged than that in the former
case (R2: fv =1.300 and closure of AlO3/2; Fig. 11B), however, the basic
relations among L-ratios are also similar. Comparison of Figs. 11 and 14
tells us that larger values of L-ratios are preferable for the formation of
Table 3
the reaction rim formation in case of overall reaction (R5): conservation of solid volume
and closure of CaO
Fluxratio equations
bfor reaction rim>

L
LAlAl recKfs
L
0:95 AlAl mrecKfs
mCaO
1:05 mrecKfs
2:95 AlAl mrecKfs
NaO1=2 0:05
SiO2
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

L
L
L
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
0:95 AlAl JNaO
0:05 AlAl JCaO
1:05 JAlO
2:95 AlAl JSiO
0
1=2
2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi
bfor Olg layer>

L
LAlAl PlOlg
L
0:75 AlAl mPlOlg
mCaO
1:25 mPlOlg
2:75 AlAl mPlOlg
NaO1=2 0:25 L
SiO2
AlO3=2
LNaNa
L
CaCa
SiSi

L
L
L
Pl
Pl
Pl
Pl
0:75 AlAl JNaO
0:25 AlAl JCaO
1:25 JAlO
2:75 AlAl JSiO
0
1=2
2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

rec- Kfs
rec- Kfs
+ 0.10rec-Kfs
+ 0.95Pl(r)
=0
NaO
Or
1/2
Kfs
+ 0.05rec=0
rec-Kfs
CaO
Pl(r)
rec-Kfs
Kfs
+ rec-Kfs
+ 1.05rec=0
AlO
Or
Pl(r)
3/2
rec-Kfs
Kfs
+ 3rec-Kfs
+ 2.95rec=0
SiO
Or
Pl(r)
2
rec-Kfs
+ 0.90rec-Kfs
=0
KO
Or
1/2
Olg-rec
+ 0.75Olg-rec
+ 0.95Olg-rec
NaO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
1/2
Olg-rec
+ 0.25Olg-rec
+ 0.05Olg-rec
CaO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
Olg- rec
+ 1.25Olg-rec
+ 1.05Olg-rec
AlO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
3/2
Olg-rec
+ 2.75Olg-rec
+ 2.95Olg-rec
SiO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
2
Pl- Olg
Olg
+ 0.75Pl+ 0.60Pl-Olg
=0
NaO
Olg
Pl
1/2
Olg
Pl-Olg
+ 0.40Pl-Olg
=0
PlCaO + 0.25Olg
Pl
Pl-Olg
+ 1.25Pl-Olg
+ 1.40Pl-Olg
=0
AlO
Olg
Pl
3/2
Pl- Olg
+ 2.75Pl-Olg
+ 2.60Pl-Olg
=0
SiO
Olg
Pl
2
Pl- Olg
Olg- rec
rec- Kfs
Pl
Kfs
NaO
+ NaO
+ NaO
= JNaO
JNaO
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
Olg-rec
Kfs
Pl-Olg
+ rec-Kfs
= JPl
CaO + CaO
CaO
CaO JCaO
Pl-Olg
Olg-rec
rec- Kfs
Pl
Kfs
AlO
+ AlO
+ AlO
= JAlO
JAlO
3/2
3/2
3/2
3/2
3/2
Pl-Olg
Olg-rec
rec-Kfs
Pl
Kfs
SiO
+ SiO
+ SiO
= JSiO
JSiO
2
2
2
2
2
Pl
=0
JNaO
1/2
Kfs
= 0.967
JNaO
1/2
JPl
CaO = 0
JKfs
CaO = 0
Pl
=0
JSiO
2
Kfs
= 0.021
JSiO
2
Pl
=0
JAlO
3/2
Kfs
= 0.007
JAlO
3/2

Olg-rec
Kfs
+ rec=1
Pl(r)
Pl(r)
252
253
Fig. 16. Stability eld of the reaction rim in a plot of LAlAl/LCaCa against LAlAl/LNaNa. A: Case of overall reaction (R5) with assumptions of solid volume conservation and closure of CaO
(A1: LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.01 and A2: LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5). B: Case of overall reaction (R6) with assumptions of solid volume conservation and closure of AlO3/2 (B1: LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.01 and B2: LAlAl/
LSiSi = 0.5). C: Case of overall reaction (R7) with assumptions of solid volume conservation and closure of SiO2 (C1: LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.01 and C2: LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5). D: Case of overall reaction
(R8) with assumptions of fv = 1.020 and closure of AlO3/2 (D1: LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.01 and D2: LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5).
myrmekite richer in vermicular quartz. Fig. 15 is an example of the

exchange cycle with the smallest proportion of vermicular quartz based
on overall reaction (R3) in the case of LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.116, LAlAl/LCaCa =
50.000, and LAlAl/LSiSi =0.500 (Fig. 15A) and overall reaction (R4) in the
case of LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.900, LAlAl/LCaCa =10.713, and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.300 (Fig.
15B), which represent a point on the thick solid lines in Fig. 14. Basic
features of the each exchange cycle are the same as those in the former
case.
Fig. 17A shows an example of the exchange cycle for the reaction rim
with values of LAlAl/LCaCa = 40.0, LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.40, and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.50,
which satisfy the stability conditions 1 3. The Olg-layer formed by
consuming plagioclase, SiO2, AlO3/2, and NaO1/2 together with removing
CaO. The reaction rim formed by consuming all the four reactioncontrolling components at the boundary with the Olg-layer, and by
consuming NaO1/2 and CaO together with removing KO1/2 at the
boundary with K-feldspar.
4.4.2. Steady diffusion modeling of the reaction rim

Steady diffusion modeling of the reaction rim will be based on overall
reactions (R5), (R6) and (R7). Because we have no indication of which
reaction is most appropriate, we will discuss all the cases separately. As
in the case of myrmekite, NaO1/2, CaO, AlO3/2 and SiO2 are selected as
reaction-controlling components because no KO1/2 is contained in the
reaction rim.
4.4.2.2. A model based on overall reaction (R6): conservation of solid

volume and closure of AlO3/2.
The same model as above based on
overall reaction (R6) gives a stability eld shown in Fig. 16B and an
example of the exchange cycle in Fig. 17B. The stability eld is very
similar to the model based on overall reaction (R5). The only
difference is the lower limit with respect to LAlAl/LNaNa. We see no
large difference in the exchange cycle when compared to that based
on overall reaction (R5).

volume and closure of Cao.
All the steady diffusion model equations
are listed in Table 3. The solutions show that the reaction rim grows
towards both sides when L-ratios satisfy the following relations:

LAlAl
L
b11:474 AlAl 1:361 : : :1
LSiSi
LNaNa

LAlAl
L
L
Olgrec
> 687:927 AlAl 27:02 AlAl 4:06 : : : 2
mPlr > 0 :
LCaCa

LNaNa

LSiSi
LAlAl
LAlAl
LAlAl
Olgrec
> 7:420
59:620
2:367 : : : 3
mOlg b0 :
LCaCa
LNaNa
LSiSi
mrecKfs
>0:
Plr
Fig. 16A shows a stability eld (shaded area) of the reaction rim
satisfying the above relations on a plot of LAlAl / LNaNa vs. LAlAl/LCaCa. The
stability eld depends also on LAlAl/LSiSi, and two cases, LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.01
(A1) and 0.5 (A2), are also shown. As LAlAl/LSiSi increases, the stability
eld becomes wider. The dependence on LAlAl/LSiSi is stronger than in the
case of myrmekite. The reaction rim is stable only for large values of LAlAl/
LCaCa, which means LAlAl LCaCa. This result is consistent with that of the
case of myrmekite.

This case gives a somewhat different
volume and closure of SiO2.
from the above two cases. The stability eld shown in Fig. 16C is
narrower than those of the other two cases, especially at larger values
of LAlAl/LSiSi (Fig. 16C2). The basic features of the exchange cycle shown
in Fig. 17C are almost the same as those of the other two cases.
All three models for the reaction rim growth discussed above show
the common features: 1) The open components move in the same
directions in all exchange cycles, and 2) the amounts of reactants and
products at each boundary are almost the same. The reaction rim
stability eld shows an area much wider than that of myrmekite in a plot
of LAlAl/LCaCa vs. LAlAl/LNaNa, and it is remarkably dependent on LAlAl/LSiSi.
All exchange cycles based on these models show uphill diffusion of AlO3/2
across the Olg layer.
4.4.2.4. A model based on overall reaction (R8): fv = 1.020 and closure of
A set of the steady diffusion model equations (Table 4) gives
AlO3/2.
the stability eld shown in Fig. 16D. The basic features of the stability
eld shown in Fig. 16D are almost the same as those of the three cases
254

Table 4
the reaction rim formation in case of overall reaction (R8): fv = 1.020 and closure of AlO3/2
Fluxratio equations
bfor reaction rim>

L
LAlAl recKfs
L
mCaO
1:05 mrecKfs
2:95 AlAl mrecKfs
0:95 AlAl mrecKfs
NaO1=2 0:05
SiO2
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

L
L
L
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
0:95 AlAl JNaO
0:05 AlAl JCaO
1:05 JAlO
2:95 AlAl JSiO
0
1=2
2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi
bfor Olg layer>

L
LAlAl PlOlg
L
0:75 AlAl mPlOlg
mCaO
1:25 mPlOlg
2:75 AlAl mPlOlg
NaO1=2 0:25
AlO
SiO2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi

L
L
L
Pl
Pl
Pl
Pl
0:75 AlAl JNaO
0:25 AlAl JCaO
1:25 JAlO
2:75 AlAl JSiO
0
1=2
2
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa
LSiSi
Mass balance equations

rec-Kfs
Kfs
+ 0.10rec-Kfs
+ 0.95rec=0
NaO
Or
Pl(r)
1/2
Kfs
+ 0.05rec=0
rec-Kfs
CaO
Pl(r)
rec-Kfs
Kfs
+ rec-Kfs
+ 1.05rec=0
AlO
Or
Pl(r)
3/2
rec-Kfs
Kfs
+ 3rec-Kfs
+ 2.95rec=0
SiO
Or
Pl(r)
2
rec-Kfs
+ 0.90rec-Kfs
=0
KO
Or
1/2
Olg- rec
+ 0.75Olg-rec
+ 0.95Olg-rec
NaO
Olg
Pl(m) = 0
1/2
Olg-rec
Olg-rec
Olg- rec
+ 0.25Olg
+ 0.05Pl(m)
=0
CaO
Olg- rec
rec
+ 1.25Olg-rec
+ 1.05Olg=0
AlO
Olg
Pl(m)
3/2
rec
Olg-rec
+ 2.75Olg-rec
+ 2.95Olg=0
SiO
Olg
Pl(m)
2
Pl- Olg
Olg
+ 0.75Pl+ 0.60Pl-Olg
=0
NaO
Olg
Pl
1/2
Pl- Olg
+ 0.40Pl-Olg
=0
Pl-Olg
CaO + 0.25Olg
Pl
Pl- Olg
Olg
+ 1.25Pl+ 1.40Pl-Olg
=0
AlO
Olg
Pl
3/2
Pl- Olg
Olg
+ 2.75Pl+ 2.60Pl-Olg
=0
SiO
Olg
Pl
2
Pl- Olg
Olg-rec
rec- Kfs
Pl
+ NaO
+ NaO
= JNaO
JKfs
NaO
NaO1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
1/2
Pl- Olg
Olg-rec
rec-Kfs
Pl
Kfs
CaO
+ CaO
+ CaO
= JCaO
JCaO
Pl-Olg
rec- Kfs
Pl
Kfs
AlO
+ Olg-rec
AlO3/2 + AlO3/2 = JAlO3/2 JAlO3/2
3/2
Pl- Olg
Olg-rec
rec-Kfs
Pl
Kfs
SiO
+ SiO
+ SiO
= JSiO
JSiO
2
2
2
2
2
255
4.5. Driving force for formation of myrmekite and the reaction rim
Exchange cycles for myrmekite and the reaction rim show that
their principal formation mechanism is albitization of K-feldspar and
plagioclase. At the contact with K-feldspar the essential reaction is
written as:
KAlSi3 O8 NaO1=2 NaAlSi3 O8 KO1=2 ;
R9
which is equivalent to an ion exchange reaction between K-feldspar

and albite (Orville, 1963). This reaction proceeds irreversibly from the
left to the right. At the same time the following reaction occurs at the
contact with plagioclase:
CaAlSi2 O8 NaO1=2 SiO2 NaAlSi3 O8 CaO AlO3=2 ;
R10
which forms myrmekitic plagioclase and also the Olg-layer. Therefore, the
driving force for myrmekite and the reaction rim formation will be the
introduction of NaO1/2 with or without SiO2 into the grain boundary
between K-feldspar and plagioclase. The difference between myrmekite
and the reaction rim can be explained as follows; Almost all orthoclase
components in K-feldspar are converted to albite by (R9) in the case of the
reaction rim, whereas only 55 to 75% (by mole fraction) of the same
component is transformed to albite by (R9). The remaining orthoclase
component decomposes into oxides, from which SiO2 precipitates as
quartz together with SiO2 supplied from the exterior in the case of
myrmekite. Therefore the difference is mostly due to the extent of reaction
(R9), which is determined by the amount of NaO1/2 available for the
reaction. In other words, the introduction of NaO1/2 into the boundary
between K-feldspar and plagioclase will make K-feldspar unstable,
resulting in formation of albite with or without quartz. Further, inow
of SiO2 into the boundary favors the formation of myrmekite. (R9) is
coupled with albitization of plagioclase (R10) by exchange of SiO2 (Figs.13,
15 and 17), and therefore both myrmekite and the reaction rim form only
between K-feldspar and plagioclase.
5. Conclusions
Pl
=0
JNaO
1/2
Kfs
JNaO
= 0.924
1/2
JPl
CaO = 0.036
JKfs
CaO = 0
Pl
=0
JSiO
2
Kfs
= 0.146
JSiO
2
Pl
=0
JAlO
3/2
Kfs
JAlO
=0
3/2

rec-Kfs
+ Pl(r)
=1
Olg-rec
Pl(r)
based on overall reactions R57. Fig. 17D shows an example of the

exchange cycle for the reaction rim with values of LAlAl/LCaCa = 40.0,
LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.40, and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.50. The Olg-layer consumes plagioclase, SiO2, and NaO1/2 together with removing AlO3/2 and CaO. The
reaction rim consumes all the four reaction-controlling components at
the boundary with the Olg-layer, and consumes NaO1/2 and CaO and
removing KO1/2 at the boundary with K-feldspar. This exchange cycle
does not show uphill diffusion of AlO3/2 across the Olg layer, which is
observed in Fig. 16AC.
All the hypotheses heretofore proposed for the origin of myrmekite

were critically examined in the study. Our petrographical study of
myrmekite from a young granitic body with no deformation after
solidication precludes most of preexisting models such as the model of
direct crystallization, the model of solid state exsolution and the model of
deformation-triggered formation. Only a model involving replacement of
K-feldspar by plagioclase is consistent with the occurrence of the rim
myrmekite, our major concern in this paper, but this model fails to explain
the albite-rich composition of myrmekitic plagioclase. In this paper we
presented a new model for the genesis of the rim myrmekite and the
reaction rim, which is a texture with some similarity to the rim myrmekite
in its occurrence and origin. Systematic development of myrmekite
according to the depth of the granitic body (Yuguchi and Nishiyama, 2007)
indicates that myrmekite forms by a sub-solidus reaction during the
deuteric stage, together with other sub-solidus textures such as
patchperthite and the reaction rim. Our diffusion model based on a
detailed petrographical study claried how and why myrmekite occurs
typically between K-feldspar and plagioclase. One model using the
assumption of solid volume conservation gives an exchange cycle with
uphill diffusion of AlO3/2 across the Olg layer. The other model, with an
AlO3/2 closure condition, can give an exchange cycle with no such uphill
behavior if the volume factor is larger than unity (the volume increases
Fig. 17. Exchange cycle of the reaction rim. A: Case of overall reaction (R5) with assumptions of solid volume conservation and closure of CaO for LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.4, LAlAl/LCaCa = 40.0 and
LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5. B: Case of overall reaction (R6) with assumptions of solid volume conservation and closure of AlO3/2 for LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.4, LAlAl/LCaCa = 40.0 and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5. C: Case of
overall reaction (R7) with assumptions of solid volume conservation and closure of SiO2 for LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.4, LAlAl/LCaCa = 110.0 and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5. D: Case of overall reaction (R8) with
assumptions of fv = 1.020 and closure of AlO3/2 for LAlAl/LNaNa = 0.4, LAlAl/LCaCa = 40.0 and LAlAl/LSiSi = 0.5. Amounts of minerals and components produced and consumed are represented
by positive and negative values in moles, respectively. Thin arrows denote moving directions of components and bold arrows the directions of zone growth. Open uxes are
designated by vertical arrows.
256
due to the formation of the myrmekite). We have no denite criteria at

present to determine which model is more appropriate. However, the
essential feature is the same in both modelsdecomposition and partial
albitization of K-feldspar and albitization of plagioclase triggered by
introduction of NaO1/2 and SiO2 into the boundary between the two
minerals. Albitization of K-feldspar itself can occur everywhere around
the K-feldspar crystal; however, the key signature for myrmekite
formation is a coupling between decomposition and partial albitization
of K-feldspar and albitization of plagioclase by the following reactions:
KAlSi3 O8 NaO1=2 NaAlSi3 O8 KO1=2 albitization of K feldspar
KAlSi3 O8 KO1=2 AlO3=2 3SiO2 decomposition of K feldspar
CaAl2 Si2 O8 NaO1=2 SiO2 NaAlSi3 O8 albitization of plagioclase

The coupling between the reactions is maintained by diffusive
transport of NaO1/2 and SiO2. The increase in activity of NaO1/2 in the
grain boundary between K-feldspar and plagioclase destabilize both
minerals, leading to albite formation. Additional increments in SiO2
activity due to the inux of SiO2 and/or decomposition of K-feldspar
favors formation of myrmekite; otherwise the reaction rim forms.
Acknowledgements
We are grateful to Dr. H. Isobe for his assistance in electron-probe
works. This paper has been beneted from a critical and constructive
review by an anonymous reviewer. The editorial handling and comments
by Prof. Ian Buick is also appreciated. This work was nancially supported
by a Grant-in-Aid for Scientic Research (B: 14340164 and A: 17204045)
to T.N. from the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science and also a
Grant-in-Aid from the Fukada Geological Institute to T.Y.
Appendix A. List of symbols for steady-diffusion model
b Boundary between myrmekite and K-feldspar>
my-Kfs
Or
my-Kfs
Otz
my-Kfs
NaO
1/2
my-Kfs
CaO
my-Kfs
AlO
3/2
my-Kfs
SiO
2
my-Kfs
KO
1/2
Stoichiometric coefcient of myrmekitic plagioclase(Pl(m))

at the boundary between myrmekite and K-feldspar
Stoichiometric coefcient of orthoclase at the boundary
between myrmekite and K-feldspar
Stoichiometric coefcient of vermicular quartz at the boundary between myrmekite and K-feldspar
Stoichiometric coefcient of NaO1/2 at the boundary between
myrmekite and K-feldspar
Stoichiometric coefcient of CaO at the boundary between
Stoichiometric coefcient of AlO3/2 at the boundary between
Stoichiometric coefcient of SiO2 at the boundary between
Stoichiometric coefcient of KO1/2 at the boundary between
b Boundary between Olg-layer and myrmekite >

Olg-my
Pl(m)
Olg-my
Olg
Olg-my
Qtz
Olg-my
NaO
1/2
Olg-my
AlO
3/2
Olg-my
SiO
2
Stoichiometric coefcient of myrmekitic plagioclase(Pl(m))

at the boundary between Olg-layer and myrmekite
Stoichiometric coefcient of oligoclase at the boundary between Olg-layer and myrmekite
Stoichiometric coefcient of vermicular quartz at the
boundary between Olg-layer and myrmekite
Olg-layer and myrmekite

b Boundary between plagioclase and Olg-layer >

Pl-Olg
Pl
Pl-Olg
Olg
Pl-Olg
NaO
1/2
and
my-Kfs
Pl(m)
Olg-my
CaO
Pl-Olg
CaO
Pl-Olg
AlO
3/2
Pl-Olg
SiO2
Stoichiometric coefcient of host plagioclase at the boundary between plagioclase and Olg-layer
Stoichiometric coefcient of oligoclase at the boundary
between plagioclase and Olg-layer
plagioclase and Olg-layer
b Boundary ux >
Kfs
JNaO
1/2
Pl
JNaO
1/2
JKfs
CaO
JPl
CaO
Kfs
JAlO
3/2
Pl
JAlO
3/2
Kfs
JSiO
2
Pl
JSiO
2
Flux of NaO1/2 at the boundary between myrmekite and Kfeldspar

Flux of NaO1/2 at the boundary between plagioclase and Olglayer
Flux of CaO at the boundary between myrmekite and Kfeldspar
Flux of CaO at the boundary between plagioclase and Olg-layer
Flux of AlO3/2 at the boundary between myrmekite and Kfeldspar
Flux of AlO3/2 at the boundary between plagioclase and Olg-layer
Flux of SiO2 at the boundary between myrmekite and Kfeldspar
Flux of SiO2 at the boundary between plagioclase and Olg-layer
Appendix B
The equations in the steady diffusion modeling (Johnson and
Carlson, 1990) applied to myrmekite formation in case of volume ratio
of myrmekitic plagioclase : vermicular quartz = 4 : 1 based on overall
reaction (R3): conservation of solid volume and closure of CaO.
Flux-ratio equations
bfor myrmekite>

L
LAlAl myKfs
0:93 AlAl mmyKfs
0:07
1:07 mmyKfs
mCao
NaO1=2
AlO
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa

LAlAl myKfs
L
Kfs
mSiO2
2:93
0:93 AlAl JNaO
1=2
LSiSi
LNaNa

L
LAlAl Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
1:07 JAlO
2:93
JSiO2 0
0:07 AlAl JCaO
3=2
LCaCa
LSiSi
Kfs
mmyKfs
JSiO
SiO2
2
bfor Olg-layer>

0:75

LAlAl PlOlg
L
1:25 mPlOlg
mNaO1=2 0:25 AlAl mPlOlg
CaO
AlO
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa

LAlAl PlOlg
L
Pl
0:75 AlAl JNaO
mSiO2
2:75
1=2
LSiSi
LNaNa

L
L
Pl
Pl
Pl
0:25 AlAl JCaO
1:25 JAlO
2:75 AlAl JSiO
0
2
3=2
LCaCa
LSiSi
Appendix C

Carlson, 1990) applied to myrmekite formation in case of volume ratio
of myrmekitic plagioclase : vermicular quartz = 4 : 1 based on overall
reaction (R4): fv = 1.200 and closure of AlO3/2.
Fluxration equations
bfor myrmekite>
myKfs
0:93mmyKfs
0
mmyKfs
NaO1=2 0:10mOr
Plm
mmyKfs
0:07mmyKfs
0
CaO
Plm
mmyKfs
1:07mmyKfs
0
mmyKfs
Or
AlO3=2
Plm
3mmyKfs
2:93mmyKfs
mmyKfs
0
mmyKfs
Or
Qtz
SiO2
Plm
myKfs
0
mmyKfs
KO1=2 0:90mOr
0:93
Olgmy
mOlgmy
0:93mOlgmy
0
NaO1=2 0:75mOlg
Plm
0:25mOlgmy
0:07mOlgmy
0
mOlgmy
CaO
Olg
Plm

LAlAl myKfs
L
1:07 mmyKfs
mNaO1=2 0:07 AlAl mmyKfs
CaO
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa

L
L
Kfs
0:93 AlAl JNaO
2:93 AlAl mmyKfs
SiO
1=2
2
L
LNaNa
SiSi

LAlAl
L
Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
0
JCaO 1:07 JAlO3=2 2:93 AlAl JSiO
0:07
2
LCaCa
LSiSi
1:25mOlgmy
1:07mOlgmy
0
mOlgmy
AlO3=2
Olg
Plm
mOlgmy
SiO2
2:75mOlgmy
Olg
2:93mOlgmy
Plm
mOlgmy
Qtz
PlOlg
0:60mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
NaO1=2 0:75mOlg
Pl
0:25mPlOlg
0:40mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
CaO
Olg
Pl
1:25mPlOlg
1:40mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
AlO3=2
Olg
Pl
mPlOlg
2:75mPlOlg
2:60mPlOlg
0
SiO2
Olg
Pl
Kfs
JSiO
mmyKfs
SiO2
2
bfor Olg-layer>

0:75

LAlAl PlOlg
L
mNaO1=2 0:25 AlAl mPLOlg
1:25 mPlOlg
Cao
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa

L
LAlAl Pl
0:75
JNaO1=2
2:75 AlAl mPlOlg
SiO
2
L
LNaNa
SiSi

LAlAl
L
Pl
Pl
Pl
0
0:25
2
LCaCa
LSiSi
Olgmy
myKfs
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
NaO1=2 mNaO1=2 mNaO1=2 JNaO1=2 JNaO1=2
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgmy
mmyKfs
JCaO
JCaO
CaO
CaO
CaO
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgmy
mmyKfs
JAlO
JAlO
AlO3=2
AlO3=2
AlO3=2
3=2
3=2
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgmy
mmyKfs
JSiO
JSiO
SiO2
SiO2
SiO2
2
2
Pl
JNaO
0
1=2
Kfs
JNaO
0:942
1=2
Pl
JCaO
Kfs
JCaO
0
Pl
JSiO
0
2
Kfs
JSiO
0:377
2
Pl
JAlO
0:241
3=2
Kfs
0
JAlO
3=2
257
myKfs
0:93mmyKfs
0
mmyKfs
NaO1=2 0:10mOr
Plm
0:07mmyKfs
0
mmyKfs
CaO
Plm
mmyKfs
1:07mmyKfs
0
mmyKfs
Or
AlO3=2
Plm
3mmyKfs
2:93mmyKfs
mmyKfs
0
mmyKfs
Or
Qtz
SiO2
Plm
myKfs
mmyKfs
0
KO1=2 0:90mOr
Olgmy
mOlgmy
0:93mOlgmy
0
NaO1=2 0:75mOlg
Plm
0:25mOlgmy
0:07mOlgmy
0
mOlgmy
CaO
Olg
Plm
1:25mOlgmy
1:07mOlgmy
0
mOlgmy
AlO3=2
Olg
Plm
2:75mOlgmy
2:93mOlgmy
mOlgmy
0
mOlgmy
Qtz
SiO2
Olg
Plm
PlOlg
0:60mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
NaO1=2 0:75mOlg
Pl
0:25mPlOlg
0:40mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
CaO
Olg
Pl
1:25mPlOlg
1:40mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
AlO3=2
Olg
Pl
mmyKfs
1
mOlgmy
Plm
Plm
2:75mPlOlg
2:60mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
SiO2
Olg
Pl
258
Olgmy
myKfs
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
PI
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgmy
mmyKfs
JCaO
JCaO
CaO
CaO
CaO
mPlOlg
AlO3=2
mOlgmy
AlO3=2
mmyKfs
AlO3=2
Pl
Kfs
JAlO
JAlO
3=2
3=2
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgmy
mmyKfs
JSiO
JSiO
SiO2
SiO2
SiO2
2
2
recKfs
mrecKfs
0:95mrecKfs
0
NaO1=2 0:10mOr
Plr
mrecKfs
0:05mrecKfs
0
CaO
Plr
recKfs
mrecKfs
1:05mrecKfs
0
AlO3=2 mOr
Plr
mrecKfs
3mrecKfs
2:95mrecKfs
Or
SiO2
Plm 0
recKfs
mrecKfs
0
KO1=2 0:90mOr
Olgrec
mOlgrec
0:95mOlgrec
0
NaO1=2 0:75mOlg
Plm
0:25mOlgrec
0:05mOlgrec
0
mOlgrec
CaO
Olg
Plm
Pl
0
JNaO
1=2
1:25mOlgrec
1:05mOlgrec
0
mOlgrec
AlO3=2
Olg
Plm
Kfs
0:879
JNaO
1=2
mOlgrec
2:75mOlgrec
2:95mOlgrec
0
SiO2
Olg
Plm
Pl
0:075
JCaO
Kfs
0
JCaO
PlOlg
0:60mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
NaO1=2 0:75mOlg
Pl
Pl
0
JSiO
2
0:25mPlOlg
0:40mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
CaO
Olg
Pl
Kfs
1:400
JSiO
2
1:25mPlOlg
1:40mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
AlO3=2
Olg
Pl
Pl
0
JAlO
3=2
2:75mPlOlg
2:60mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
SiO2
Olg
Pl
Kfs
0
JALO
3=2

mOlgmy
Plm
mmyKfs
Plm
Appendix D
Carlson, 1990) applied to the reaction rim formation in case of overall
reaction (R6): conservation of solid volume and closure of AlO3/2.
Fluxration equations
bfor reaction rim>

0:95

LAlAl recKfs
L
1:05 mrecKfs
mNaO1=2 0:05 AlAl mrecKfs
Cao
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa

LAlAl recKfs
L
Kfs
0:95 AlAl JNaO
mSiO2
2:95
1=2
LSiSi
LNaNa

L
LAlAl Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
1:05 JAlO
2:95
JSiO2 0
0:05 AlAl JCaO
3=2
LCaCa
LSiSi
bfor Olg-layer>

0:75

LAlAl PlOlg
L
1:25 mPlOlg
Cao
AlO
3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa

LAlAl PlOlg
L
Pl
0:75 AlAl JNaO
mSiO2
2:75
1=2
LSiSi
LNaNa

L
L
Pl
Pl
Pl
1:25 JAlO
2:75 AlAl JSiO
0
0:25 AlAl JCaO
2
3=2
LCaCa
LSiSi
Olgrec
recKfs
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgrec
mrecKfs
JCaO
JCaO
CaO
CaO
CaO
Pl
Kfs
mPLOlg
mOlgrec
mrecKfs
AlO3=2 JAlO3=2 JAlO3=2
AlO3=2
AlO3=2
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgrec
mrecKfs
JSiO
JSiO
SiO2
SiO2
SiO2
2
2
Pl
JNaO
0
1=2
Kfs
JNaO
0:958
1=2
Pl
JCaO
0:007
Kfs
JCaO
0
Pl
JSiO
0
2
Kfs
JSiO
0:028
2
Pl
JAlO
0
3=2
Kfs
JAlO
0
3=2

mrecKfs
1
mOlgrec
Plr
Plr
Appendix E

Carlson, 1990) applied to the reaction rim formation in case of overall
reaction (R7): conservation of solid volume and closure of SiO2.
Fluxratio equations
bfor reaction rim>
Pl
JNaO
0
1=2

0:95

LAlAl recKfs
L
mNaO1=2 0:05 AlAl mrecKfs
1:05 mrecKfs
Cao
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa

L
LAlAl Kfs
0:95
J
2:95 AlAl mrecKfs
SiO2
L
LNaNa NaO1=2
SiSi

L
LAlAl Kfs
Kfs
Kfs
1:05 JAlO
2:95
JSiO2 0
0:05 AlAl JCaO
3=2
LCaCa
LSiSi
bfor Olg-layer>
Kfs
JNaO
0:994
1=2
Pl
JCaO
0
Kfs
JCaO
0:021
Pl
JSiO
0
2
Kfs
JSiO
0
2
Pl
JAlO
0
3=2
Kfs
JALO
0:028
3=2

0:75

LAlAl PlOlg
L
1:25 mPlOlg
CaO
AlO3=2
LNaNa
LCaCa

L
L
Pl
0:75 AlAl JNaO
2:75 AlAl mPlOlg
SiO
1=2
2
L
LNaNa
SiSi

LAlAl
L
Pl
Pl
Pl
0
0:25
2
LCaCa
LSiSi
259

recKfs
mrecKfs
0:95mrecKfs
0
NaO1=2 0:10mOr
Plr
mrecKfs
0:05mrecKfs
0
CaO
Plr
recKfs
mrecKfs
1:05mrecKfs
0
AlO3=2 mOr
Plr
mrecKfs
3mrecKfs
2:95mrecKfs
0
Or
SiO2
Plr
recKfs
mrecKfs
0
KO1=2 0:90mOr
Olgrec
0:95mOlgrec
0
mOlgrec
NaO1=2 0:75mOlg
Plm
0:25mOlgrec
0:05mOlgrec
0
mOlgrec
CaO
Olg
Plm
1:25mOlgrec
1:05mOlgrec
0
mOlgrec
AlO3=2
Olg
Plm
2:75mOlgrec
2:95mOlgrec
0
mOlgrec
SiO2
Olg
Plm
PlOlg
mPlOlg
0:60mPlOlg
0
NaO1=2 0:75mOlg
Pl
0:25mPlOlg
0:40mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
CaO
Olg
Pl
1:25mPlOlg
1:40mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
AlO3=2
Olg
Pl
2:75mPlOlg
2:60mPlOlg
0
mPlOlg
SiO2
Olg
Pl
Olgrec
recKfs
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgrec
mrecKfs
JCaO
JCaO
CaO
CaO
CaO
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgrec
mrecKfs
AlO3=2 JAlO3=2 JAlO3=2
AlO3=2
AlO3=2
Pl
Kfs
mPlOlg
mOlgrec
mrecKfs
JSiO
JSiO
SiO2
SiO2
SiO2
2
2

mrecKfs
1
mOlgrec
Plr
Plr
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Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

Contents lists available at ScienceDirect

The mechanism of myrmekite formation deduced from steady-diffusion modeling

concerning diffusion and reaction kinetics that can be used to interpret

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

gneisses. But its genesis has been also an enigma, because no

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

The mixture of albite and anorthite components yields a sodic

Schwanke's component is purely hypothetical, and is proven neither

Ashworth (1972) discussed the possibility that both exsolution and

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

1.7. The hypothesis of deformation-triggered formation

Alps). Deformation may play an important role in the formation of

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

signature is the occurrence of the reaction rim (Fig. 1C) in the

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

largest one (9 11 km2 on the surface) among several isolated stocks

Fig. 7. Plot of volume fraction of vermicular quartz in myrmekite against altitude.

the reaction rim is an albite-rich rim free of vermicular quartz.

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

3.2. The chemical compositions of myrmekite and the neighboring minerals

the core and rim compositions of plagioclase in contact with

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

bfor Olg layer>

mass balance equations

extent reaction equation

Plagioclase in contact with other minerals such as quartz and

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

3.4. The volume fraction in myrmekite

Olg-layer may have formed simultaneously with the myrmekite,

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

anorthite. Plagioclase and K-feldspar are assumed to be reactants and

a 0:671 and b 1:611

Fig. 12. Figures showing a procedure of measurement of volume fractions of vermicular

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

4.2. Overall reactions leading to formation of the reaction rim

will consider two cases: constant solid volume and closure of

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

0:473Ab60 An40 1:049Or90 Ab10 0:958NaO1=2 0:028SiO2

0:402Ab60 An40 1:120Or90 Ab10 0:994NaO1=2

layers (L1 to L4) can be recognized in this texture, based on the

fv100:358a 100:718b 153:138

0:547Ab60 An40 0:946Or90 Ab10 0:924NaO1=2 0:146SiO2

bfor Olg layer>

mass balance equations

extent reaction equation

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

4.4. Steady diffusion modeling of myrmekite and the reaction rim

by its chemical potential gradient, and 3) chemical reactions occur only at

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

overall reaction (R1). The system of simultaneous equations was solved

depend only on LAlAl/LCaCa and LAlAl/LNaNa, we will discuss the stability of

See Appendix A for the list of symbols used in this paragraph.

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

This equation gives a linear relation between LAlAl/LNaNa and LAlAl/

A thick solid line (13) in Fig. 11B represents a stability eld of

4.4.1.3. Case of the smallest proportion of vermicular quartz based on

mass balance equations

extent reaction equation

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

T. Yuguchi, T. Nishiyama / Lithos 106 (2008) 237260

myrmekite richer in vermicular quartz. Fig. 15 is an example of the

4.4.2. Steady diffusion modeling of the reaction rim

4.4.2.2. A model based on overall reaction (R6): conservation of solid