Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Conduction
Fouriers Law of Conduction
Qo =- kA dT , where
dx
oQ = rate of heat transfer (W)
k = the thermal conductivity [W/(mK)]
A = the surface area perpendicular to direction of heat
transfer (m2)
T2
r2
Cylinder (Length = L)
k insulation
Qo = DT
Rtotal
T2
Fluid 1
T1 T1
h1
- kA ^T2 - T1h
Qo =
, where
L
kA
Fluid 2
T2
h2
kB
T2
1
h1 A
Q
HEAT TRANSFER
r insulation
84
CONDUCTION
r1
Convection
Newtons Law of Cooling
T1
T1
T1
T1
LA
LB
LA
kA A
LB
kB A
T2
T3
1
h2 A
T3
T2
T(x)
Ts1
Ts2
k
Q gen
Q"1
Q"2
x
L
T ^ xh =
As
2
Qo gen L2
T
T
T
T
d1 - x 2 n + c s2 - s1 m b x l + c s1 - s2 m
L
2
2
2k
L
hAs
b=
tVcP
Ts
, V, c P, T
where b = 1x and
x = time constant ^ sh
Q gen
r0
Q'
o
1 d b r dT l + Qgen = 0
r dr dr
k
T ]r g =
2
Qo genr02
1 - r 2 p + Ts
f
4k
r0
85
m=
Terms
D = diameter (m)
h = average convection heat transfer coefficient of the fluid
[W/(m2K)]
L = length (m)
Nu = average Nusselt number
c n
Pr = Prandtl number = P
k
um = mean velocity of fluid (m/s)
u = free stream velocity of fluid (m/s)
= dynamic viscosity of fluid [kg/(sm)]
= density of fluid (kg/m3)
External Flow
In all cases, evaluate fluid properties at average temperature
between that of the body and that of the flowing fluid.
Flat Plate of Length L in Parallel Flow
ReL =
tu3 L
n
A
Lc = L + c , corrected length of fin (m)
P
ReD =
Rectangular Fin
tu3 D
n
T , h
P = 2w + 2t
Ac = w t
t
Tb
CONVECTION
C
0.989
0.911
0.683
0.193
0.0266
ReD
14
4 40
40 4,000
4,000 40,000
40,000 250,000
n
0.330
0.385
0.466
0.618
0.805
P= D
D
Tb
86
HEAT TRANSFER
Ac =
D 2
4
Internal Flow
ReD =
tumD
n
NuD = 3.66
For laminar flow (ReD < 2300), combined entry length with
constant surface temperature
NuD = 1.86 f
1 3
ReDPr
L p
D
nb
n
ns
0.25
tl2 gh fg D3
H
NuD = hD = 0.729 >
k
nlkl _Tsat - Tsi
0.14
, where
n
NuD = 0.027 Re0D.8 Pr1 3 d nb n
s
0.14
Non-Circular Ducts
In place of the diameter, D, use the equivalent (hydraulic)
diameter (DH) defined as
DH = 4 # cross -sectional area
wetted perimeter
Circular Annulus (Do > Di)
In place of the diameter, D, use the equivalent (hydraulic)
diameter (DH) defined as
DH = Do - Di
Liquid Metals (0.003 < Pr < 0.05)
NuD = 6.3 + 0.0167 Re0D.85 Pr0.93 (uniform heat flux)
NuD = 7.0 + 0.025 Re0D.8 Pr0.8 (constant wall temperature)
Condensation of a Pure Vapor
On a Vertical Surface
0.25
tl2 gh fg L3
H
NuL = hL = 0.943 >
k
nlkl _Tsat - Tsi
, where
, where
C
0.59
0.10
n
1/4
1/3
gb _Ts - T3i D3
Pr
v2
RaD
10 102
102 104
104 107
107 1012
C
1.02
0.850
0.480
0.125
n
0.148
0.188
0.250
0.333
Heat Exchangers
The rate of heat transfer in a heat exchanger is
Qo = UAFDTlm, where
A
= any convenient reference area (m2)
F
= heat exchanger configuration correction factor
(F = 1 if temperature change of one fluid is negligible)
U
= overall heat transfer coefficient based on area A and
the log mean temperature difference [W/(m2K)]
Tlm = log mean temperature difference (K)
HEAT TRANSFER
87
Effectiveness-NTU Relations
C
Cr = min = heat capacity ratio
Cmax
For parallel flow concentric tube heat exchanger
f=
1 - exp 8- NTU ^1 + Cr hB
1 + Cr
DTlm =
ln d
THo - TCi
n
THi - TCo
T - TCo
n
ln d Ho
THi - TCi
, where
C _T - TCi i
CH _THi - THoi
or f = C Co
Cmin _THi - TCi i
Cmin _THi - TCi i
where
C = mc
o P = heat capacity rate (W/K)
Cmin = smaller of CC or CH
Number of Transfer Units (NTU)
NTU = UA
Cmin
88
HEAT TRANSFER
^Cr< 1h
^Cr = 1h
^Cr< 1h
^Cr = 1h
RADIATION
Types of Bodies
Any Body
For any body, + + = 1 , where
= absorptivity (ratio of energy absorbed to incident energy)
= reflectivity (ratio of energy reflected to incident energy)
= transmissivity (ratio of energy transmitted to incident
energy)
Opaque Body
For an opaque body: + = 1
Gray Body
A gray body is one for which
= , (0 < < 1; 0 < < 1), where
= the emissivity of the body
Black body
A black body is defined as one which absorbs all energy
incident upon it. It also emits radiation at the maximum rate
for a body of a particular size at a particular temperature. For
such a body
==1
3, 1
A1 , T1,
1
! Fij = 1
j=1
Qo 12 =
A1 , T1 , 1
Generalized Cases
A1 , T1 , 1
v `T14 - T24j
1 - f3, 1 1 - f3, 2
1 - f1
1 - f2
1
1
f1A1 + A1F13 + f3, 1A3 + f3, 2A3 + A3F32 + f2A2
Reradiating Surface
Reradiating Surfaces are considered to be insulated or
adiabatic _Qo R = 0i .
Net Energy Exchange by Radiation between Two DiffuseGray Surfaces that Form an Enclosure
A2 , T2 ,
2
A3 , T3
3, 2
Q12
AR , TR , R
A2 , T2 , 2
Qo 12 =
v `T14 - T24j
1 - f1
1 - f2
1
-1 + f A
f1A1 +
2 2
A1F12 + =c 1 m + c 1 mG
A1F1R
A2F2R
A2 , T2 , 2
Q12
Q12
A1 , T1 , 1
A2 , T2 , 2
Qo 12 =
v `T14 - T24j
1 - f1
1 - f2
1
f1A1 + A1F12 + f2A2
HEAT TRANSFER
89