International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 1, p. 92.

p1

No. 1

p1

Oblique
Patterson symmetry p 2

Origin arbitrary
Asymmetric unit

0 x 1;

0y1

Symmetry operations
(1) 1

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

no conditions

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
none
IIa none
IIb none
Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index
IIc [2] p 1 (a = 2a or b = 2b or a = a + b, b = a + b) (1)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 2 (2); [2] p m (3); [2] p g (4); [2] c m (5); [3] p 3 (13)
II
none

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Copyright 2006 International Union of Crystallography

International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 2, p. 93.

Oblique

p2

Patterson symmetry p 2

p2

No. 2

Origin at 2
0 x 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0y1

Symmetry operations
(1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

(2) x,
y

no conditions
Special: no extra conditions

1
2

, 12

1
2

,0

0, 12

0, 0

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] p 1 (1) 1
IIa none
IIb none
Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index
IIc [2] p 2 (a = 2a or b = 2b or a = a + b, b = a + b) (2)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
[2] p 2 m m (6); [2] p 2 m g (7); [2] p 2 g g (8); [2] c 2 m m (9); [2] p 4 (10); [3] p 6 (16)
I
II
none

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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 3, p. 94.

pm

No. 3

p1m1

Rectangular
Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

Origin on m
0 x 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0y1

Symmetry operations
(1) 1

(2) m 0, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

.m.

1
2

.m.

0, y

(2) x,
y

no conditions
Special: no extra conditions

,y

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

[2] p 1 (1) 1
I
IIa none
IIb [2] p g (b = 2b) (4); [2] c m (a = 2a, b = 2b) (5)
Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index
IIc [2] p m (a = 2a) (3); [2] p m (b = 2b) (3)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 2 m m (6); [2] p 2 m g (7)
II
[2] c m (5)

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Copyright 2006 International Union of Crystallography

International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 4, p. 95.

Rectangular

Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

p1g1

pg
No. 4

Origin on g
Asymmetric unit

0 x 12 ;

0y1

Symmetry operations
(1) 1

(2) b 0, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

(2) x,
y + 12

0k: k = 2n

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] p 1 (1) 1
IIa none
IIb none
Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index
IIc [2] p g (a = 2a) (4); [3] p g (b = 3b) (4)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 2 m g (7); [2] p 2 g g (8)
II
[2] c m (5); [2] p m (b = 12 b) (3)

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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 5, p. 96.

cm

No. 5

c1m1

Rectangular
Patterson symmetry c 2 m m

Origin on m
0 x 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0y

1
2

Symmetry operations
For (0, 0)+ set
(1) 1

(2) m 0, y

For ( 12 , 12 )+ set
(1) t( 21 , 12 )

(2) b

1
4

,y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); t( 21 , 12 ); (2)

Positions

Reection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

(0, 0)+ ( 12 , 12 )+
(1) x, y

General:
hk: h + k = 2n
h0: h = 2n
0k: k = 2n

(2) x,
y

Special: no extra conditions

2

.m.

0, y

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

[2] c 1 (p 1, 1) 1+
I
IIa [2] p g (4)
1; 2 + ( 12 , 12 )
IIb

[2] p m (3)
none

1; 2

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [3] c m (a = 3a) (5); [3] c m (b = 3b) (5)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] c 2 m m (9); [3] p 3 m 1 (14); [3] p 3 1 m (15)
II
[2] p m (a = 12 a, b = 12 b) (3)

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Copyright 2006 International Union of Crystallography

International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 6, p. 97.

Rectangular

2mm

Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

p2mm

p2mm
No. 6

Origin at 2 m m
0 x 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0y

1
2

Symmetry operations
(1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

(3) m 0, y

(4) m x, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

(2) x,
y

(3) x,
y

(4) x, y

no conditions
Special: no extra conditions

.m.

1
2

.m.

0, y

0, y

..m

x, 12

x,
12

..m

x, 0

x,
0

2mm

1
2

, 12

2mm

1
2

,0

2mm

0, 12

2mm

0, 0

,y

1
2

, y

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

[2] p 1 m 1 (p m, 3) 1; 3
I
IIa
IIb

[2] p 1 1 m (p m, 3) 1; 4
[2] p 2 1 1 (p 2, 2)
1; 2
none
[2] p 2 m g (a = 2a) (7); [2] p 2 g m (b = 2b) (p 2 m g, 7); [2] c 2 m m (a = 2a, b = 2b) (9)

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [2] p 2 m m (a = 2a or b = 2b) (6)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 4 m m (11)
II
[2] c 2 m m (9)

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Copyright 2006 International Union of Crystallography

International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 7, p. 98.

p2mg

2mm

No. 7

p2mg

Rectangular
Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

Origin at 2 1 g
0 x 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

0y1

Symmetry operations
(1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

(3) m

1
4

,y

(4) a x, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

(2) x,
y

(3) x + 12 , y

(4) x + 12 , y

h0: h = 2n
Special: as above, plus

.m.

1
4

,y

3
4

, y

no extra conditions

2..

0, 12

1
2

, 12

hk: h = 2n

2..

0, 0

1
2

,0

hk: h = 2n

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] p 1 1 g (p g, 4)
1; 4
IIa
IIb

[2] p 1 m 1 (p m, 3) 1; 3
[2] p 2 1 1 (p 2, 2)
1; 2
none
[2] p 2 g g (b = 2b) (8)

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [2] p 2 m g (b = 2b) (7); [3] p 2 m g (a = 3a) (7)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
none
II
[2] c 2 m m (9); [2] p 2 m m (a = 12 a) (6)

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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 8, p. 99.

Rectangular

2mm

p2gg

Patterson symmetry p 2 m m

p2gg

No. 8

Origin at 2
0 x 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0y

1
2

Symmetry operations
(1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

(3) b

1
4

,y

(4) a x, 14

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

(2) x,
y

(3) x + 12 , y + 12

(4) x + 12 , y + 12

h0: h = 2n
0k: k = 2n
Special: as above, plus

2..

1
2

2..

0, 0

,0

0, 12

hk: h + k = 2n

, 12

hk: h + k = 2n

1
2

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

[2] p 1 g 1 (p g, 4) 1; 3
I
IIa
IIb

[2] p 1 1 g (p g, 4)
[2] p 2 1 1 (p 2, 2)
none
none

1; 4
1; 2

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [3] p 2 g g (a = 3a or b = 3b) (8)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
[2] p 4 g m (12)
I
II
[2] c 2 m m (9); [2] p 2 m g (a = 12 a) (7); [2] p 2 g m (b = 12 b) (p 2 m g, 7)

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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 9, p. 100.

c2mm

2mm

No. 9

c2mm

Rectangular
Patterson symmetry c 2 m m

Origin at 2 m m
0 x 14 ;

Asymmetric unit

0y

1
2

Symmetry operations
For (0, 0)+ set
(1) 1

(2) 2 0, 0

For ( 12 , 12 )+ set
(1) t( 21 , 12 )

(2) 2

1
4

, 14

(3) m 0, y

(4) m x, 0

,y

(4) a x, 14

(3) b

1
4

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); t( 21 , 12 ); (2); (3)

Positions

Reection conditions

Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

(0, 0)+ ( 12 , 12 )+
(1) x, y

(2) x,
y

(3) x,
y

General:
(4) x, y

hk: h + k = 2n
h0: h = 2n
0k: k = 2n
Special: as above, plus

.m.

0, y

0, y

no extra conditions

..m

x, 0

x,
0

no extra conditions

2..

1
4

2mm

0, 12

no extra conditions

2mm

0, 0

no extra conditions

, 14

3
4

, 14

hk: h = 2n

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] c 1 m 1 (c m, 5)
(1; 3)+
IIa

IIb

[2] c 1 1 m (c m, 5)
[2] c 2 1 1 (p 2, 2)
[2] p 2 g g (8)
[2] p 2 g m (p 2 m g, 7)
[2] p 2 m g (7)
[2] p 2 m m (6)
none

(1; 4)+
(1; 2)+
1; 2; (3; 4) + ( 12 , 12 )
1; 4; (2; 3) + ( 12 , 12 )
1; 3; (2; 4) + ( 12 , 12 )
1; 2; 3; 4

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [3] c 2 m m (a = 3a or b = 3b) (9)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 4 m m (11); [2] p 4 g m (12); [3] p 6 m m (17)
II
[2] p 2 m m (a = 12 a, b = 12 b) (6)
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Copyright 2006 International Union of Crystallography

International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 10, p. 101.

Square

Patterson symmetry p 4

p4

p4
No. 10

Origin at 4
0 x 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0y

1
2

Symmetry operations
(1) 1

(3) 4+ 0, 0

(2) 2 0, 0

(4) 4 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

(2) x,
y

(3) y,
x

(4) y, x

no conditions
Special:

2..

1
2

,0

hk: h + k = 2n

4..

1
2

, 12

no extra conditions

4..

0, 0

no extra conditions

0, 12

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

[2] p 2 (2) 1; 2
I
IIa none
IIb none
Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index
IIc [2] c 4 (a = 2a, b = 2b) (p 4, 10)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 4 m m (11); [2] p 4 g m (12)
II
none

101
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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 11, p. 102.

p4mm

4mm

No. 11

p4mm

Square
Patterson symmetry p 4 m m

Origin at 4 m m
0 x 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 y 12 ;

xy

Symmetry operations
(1) 1
(5) m 0, y

(3) 4+ 0, 0
(7) m x, x

(2) 2 0, 0
(6) m x, 0

(4) 4 0, 0
(8) m x, x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3); (5)
Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y
(5) x,
y

(2) x,
y
(6) x, y

(3) y,
x
(7) y, x

(4) y, x
(8) y,
x

no conditions
Special:

..m

x, x

x,
x

.m.

x, 12

x,
12

1
2

.m.

x, 0

x,
0

0, x

2 m m.

1
2

,0

0, 12

4mm

1
2

, 12

no extra conditions

4mm

0, 0

no extra conditions

x,
x
,x

x, x

no extra conditions

, x

no extra conditions

0, x

no extra conditions

1
2

hk: h + k = 2n

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] p 4 1 1 (p 4, 10)
1; 2; 3; 4
IIa
IIb

[2] p 2 1 m (c 2 m m, 9)
1; 2; 7; 8
[2] p 2 m 1 (p 2 m m, 6) 1; 2; 5; 6
none
[2] c 4 m g (a = 2a, b = 2b) (p 4 g m, 12)

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [2] c 4 m m (a = 2a, b = 2b) (p 4 m m, 11)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
none
II
none
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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 12, p. 103.

Square

4mm

Patterson symmetry p 4 m m

p4gm

p4gm
No. 12

Origin at 4 1 g
0 x 12 ;

Asymmetric unit

0 y 12 ;

y 12 x

Symmetry operations
(1) 1
(5) b

1
4

,y

(3) 4+ 0, 0
(7) g( 12 , 12 ) x, x

(2) 2 0, 0
(6) a x, 14

(4) 4 0, 0
(8) m x + 12 , x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (3); (5)
Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y
(5) x + 12 , y + 12

(2) x,
y
(6) x + 12 , y + 12

(3) y,
x
(7) y + 12 , x + 12

(4) y, x
(8) y + 12 , x + 12

h0: h = 2n
0k: k = 2n
Special: as above, plus

..m

x, x + 12

2 . mm

1
2

4..

0, 0

,0

x,
x + 12

x + 12 , x

x + 12 , x

0, 12

hk: h + k = 2n

, 12

hk: h + k = 2n

1
2

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

[2] p 4 1 1 (p 4, 10)
1; 2; 3; 4
I
IIa
IIb

[2] p 2 1 m (c 2 m m, 9)
[2] p 2 g 1 (p 2 g g, 8)
none
none

no extra conditions

1; 2; 7; 8
1; 2; 5; 6

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [9] p 4 g m (a = 3a, b = 3b) (12)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
none
I
II
[2] c 4 g m (p 4 m m, 11)

103
Copyright 2006 International Union of Crystallography

International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 13, p. 104.

p3

No. 13

p3

Hexagonal
Patterson symmetry p 6

Origin at 3
0 x 23 ;
0, 0 12 , 0

Asymmetric unit
Vertices

2
3

0 y 23 ; x (1 + y)/2;
, 13 31 , 23 0, 12

y min(1 x, (1 + x)/2)

Symmetry operations
(2) 3+ 0, 0

(1) 1

(3) 3 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y

(2) y,
xy

(3) x + y, x

no conditions
Special: no extra conditions

3..

2
3

, 13

3..

1
3

, 23

3..

0, 0

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[3] p 1 (1) 1
IIa none
IIb none
Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index
IIc [3] h 3 (a = 3a, b = 3b) (p 3, 13)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 3 m 1 (14); [2] p 3 1 m (15); [2] p 6 (16)
II
none

104
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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 14, p. 105.

Hexagonal

3m

Patterson symmetry p 6 m m

p3m1

p3m1
No. 14

Origin at 3 m 1
0 x 23 ;
0, 0 23 , 13

Asymmetric unit
Vertices

1
3

0 y 23 ;
, 23

x 2y;

y min(1 x, 2x)

Symmetry operations
(1) 1
(4) m x, x

(2) 3+ 0, 0
(5) m x, 2x

(3) 3 0, 0
(6) m 2x, x

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(1) x, y
(4) y,
x

(2) y,
xy
(5) x + y, y

(3) x + y, x
(6) x, x y

no conditions
Special: no extra conditions

.m.

x, x

3m.

2
3

, 13

3m.

1
3

, 23

3m.

0, 0

x, 2x

2x,
x

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] p 3 1 1 (p 3, 13) 1; 2; 3

IIa
IIb

[3] p 1 m 1 (c m, 5)
1; 4
[3] p 1 m 1 (c m, 5)
1; 5
[3] p 1 m 1 (c m, 5)
1; 6
none
[3] h 3 m 1 (a = 3a, b = 3b) (p 3 1 m, 15)

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [4] p 3 m 1 (a = 2a, b = 2b) (14)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 6 m m (17)
II
[3] h 3 m 1 (p 3 1 m, 15)

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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 15, p. 106.

p31m

3m

No. 15

p31m

Hexagonal
Patterson symmetry p 6 m m

Origin at 3 1 m
0 x 23 ;
0, 0 12 , 0

Asymmetric unit
Vertices

0 y 12 ;
2 1
1 1
3, 3
2, 2

x (1 + y)/2;

y min(1 x, x)

Symmetry operations
(1) 1
(4) m x, x

(2) 3+ 0, 0
(5) m x, 0

(3) 3 0, 0
(6) m 0, y

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(2) y,
xy
(5) x y, y

(1) x, y
(4) y, x

(3) x + y, x
(6) x,
x + y

no conditions
Special: no extra conditions

..m

x, 0

3..

1
3

3.m

0, 0

, 23

0, x
2
3

x,
x

, 13

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] p 3 1 1 (p 3, 13) 1; 2; 3

IIa
IIb

[3] p 1 1 m (c m, 5)
1; 4
[3] p 1 1 m (c m, 5)
1; 5
[3] p 1 1 m (c m, 5)
1; 6
none
[3] h 3 1 m (a = 3a, b = 3b) (p 3 m 1, 14)

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [4] p 3 1 m (a = 2a, b = 2b) (15)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
[2] p 6 m m (17)
II
[3] h 3 1 m (p 3 m 1, 14)

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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 16, p. 107.

Hexagonal

Patterson symmetry p 6

p6

p6
No. 16

Origin at 6
0 x 23 ;
0, 0 12 , 0

Asymmetric unit
Vertices

2
3

0 y 12 ;
, 13 21 , 12

x (1 + y)/2;

y min(1 x, x)

Symmetry operations
(1) 1
(4) 2 0, 0

(2) 3+ 0, 0
(5) 6 0, 0

(3) 3 0, 0
(6) 6+ 0, 0

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4)

Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

Reection conditions
General:

(2) y,
xy
(5) y, x + y

(1) x, y
(4) x,
y

(3) x + y, x
(6) x y, x

no conditions
Special: no extra conditions

2..

1
2

,0

0, 12

3..

1
3

, 23

2
3

6..

0, 0

1
2

, 12

, 13

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] p 3 (13) 1; 2; 3
IIa
IIb

[3] p 2 (2)
none
none

1; 4

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [3] h 6 (a = 3a, b = 3b) (p 6, 16)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
[2] p 6 m m (17)
I
II
none

107
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International Tables for Crystallography (2006). Vol. A, Plane group 17, pp. 108109.

p6mm

6mm

No. 17

p6mm

Hexagonal
Patterson symmetry p 6 m m

Origin at 6 m m
Asymmetric unit
Vertices

0 x 23 ;
0, 0 12 , 0

0 y 13 ;
2 1
3, 3

x (1 + y)/2;

y x/2

Symmetry operations
(1)
(4)
(7)
(10)

1
2 0, 0
m x, x
m x, x

(2)
(5)
(8)
(11)

3+
6
m
m

0, 0
0, 0
x, 2x
x, 0

(3)
(6)
(9)
(12)

3
6+
m
m

0, 0
0, 0
2x, x
0, y

108
Copyright 2006 International Union of Crystallography

No. 17

CONTINUED

p6mm

Generators selected (1); t(1, 0); t(0, 1); (2); (4); (7)
Positions
Coordinates

Multiplicity,
Wyckoff letter,
Site symmetry

12

Reection conditions
General:

(1)
(4)
(7)
(10)

x, y
x,
y
y,
x
y, x

(2)
(5)
(8)
(11)

y,
xy
y, x + y
x + y, y
x y, y

(3)
(6)
(9)
(12)

x + y, x
x y, x
x, x y
x,
x + y

no conditions

Special: no extra conditions

6

.m.

x, x

x, 2x

..m

x, 0

0, x

2mm

1
2

,0

0, 12

3m.

1
3

, 23

2
3

6mm

0, 0

2x,
x
x,
x
1
2

x,
x
x,
0

x,
2x
0, x

, 12

, 13

Maximal non-isomorphic subgroups

I
[2] p 6 1 1 (p 6, 16)
1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6
[2] p 3 1 m (15)
[2] p 3 m 1 (14)


[3] p 2 m m (c 2 m m, 9)
[3] p 2 m m (c 2 m m, 9)
[3] p 2 m m (c 2 m m, 9)
IIa none
IIb none

1;
1;
1;
1;
1;

2;
2;
4;
4;
4;

3;
3;
7;
8;
9;

10; 11; 12
7; 8; 9
10
11
12

Maximal isomorphic subgroups of lowest index

IIc [3] h 6 m m (a = 3a, b = 3b) (p 6 m m, 17)
Minimal non-isomorphic supergroups
I
none
II
none

109

2x, x
x, x