Coordinates and Control 3

EXAMPLE 2
polygon traverse
angular misclosure
Source: Uren and Price (2007)
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 2
EXAMPLE 3
polygon traverse A1234A starts at Control Point A (at
642.515 mE, 483.980 mN) and is orientated to Control
Point B (at 548.005 mE, 594.279 mN) i.e. AB = North
calculate adjusted coordinates of 14 and the fractional
linear misclosure
LINK
TRAVERSE
The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N

and those of Y are 897.274E and 1126.231N as
determined using the main traverse. The direction XA is
due North.
The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

those of Y are 897.274E and 1126.231N as determined
using the main traverse. The direction XA is due North.
measure all angles of a link traverse

on the same side (i.e. right or left in
the forward direction)
usually a known Control Point before

X an initial back bearing
and a further known Control Point after
Y a final forward bearing
to calculate the angular misclosure:
sum of angles (including at X and Y) = (final forward bearing initial back bearing) + (m 180)
Note: this example uses only coordinates to determine survey errors

Line
Length (m) WCB (o ' ")
WCB
(decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
AB
115.311
BC
186.967
CD
97.772
DY
160.221
dN (m)
Corrected E Corrected
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

to calculate Whole Circle

Bearing:
Forward bearing = Back bearing + left-hand angle
Line
WCB
(decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
AB
115.311
BC
186.967
CD
97.772
DY
160.221
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

to calculate Easting difference:

E = D sin(WCB)
to calculate Northing difference:
N = D cos(WCB)
where D is the measured length
Line
WCB
(decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

Easting coordinate = E coord.

of previous point + E
Northing coordinate = N coord.
of previous point + N

Line
WCB
(decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
Adjustments
dE (m)
X
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
0.000
138.163
-93.940
66.873
-186.429
-14.179
20.481
-95.603
157.191
31.011
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

MISCLOSURE (error)
in a link traverse, coordinates of
start and finish points are both
known
in this case, E-error =
N-error =
Line
WCB
(Decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
1000.000
1000.000
138.163
1000.000
1138.163
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
0.000
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
-93.940
66.873
906.060
1205.036
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
-186.429
-14.179
719.632
1190.857
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
20.481
-95.603
740.113
1095.254
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
157.191
31.011
897.304
1126.265
897.274
1126.231
Y (actual)
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

MISCLOSURE (error)
in a link traverse, coordinates of
start and finish points are both
known
in this case, E-error =
897.304 897.274 = 0.030 m
N-error =
1126.265 1126.231 = 0.034 m
Line
WCB
(Decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
1000.000
1000.000
138.163
1000.000
1138.163
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
0.000
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
-93.940
66.873
906.060
1205.036
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
-186.429
-14.179
719.632
1190.857
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
20.481
-95.603
740.113
1095.254
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
157.191
31.011
897.304
1126.265
897.274
1126.231
Y (actual)
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

MISCLOSURE (error)
to calculate linear misclosure
e = (E-error2 + N-error2)
= ?
total surveyed length = ?
fractional linear misclosure =

total length
1 in
= ?
e
Line
WCB
(Decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
1000.000
1000.000
138.163
1000.000
1138.163
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
0.000
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
-93.940
66.873
906.060
1205.036
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
-186.429
-14.179
719.632
1190.857
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
20.481
-95.603
740.113
1095.254
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
157.191
31.011
897.304
1126.265
897.274
1126.231
Y (actual)
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

MISCLOSURE (error)
to calculate linear misclosure
e = (E-error2 + N-error2)
= 0.046 m
total surveyed length = 698.434 m
fractional linear misclosure =

total length
1 in
= 1 in 15,299.03
e
Line
WCB
(Decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
1000.000
1000.000
138.163
1000.000
1138.163
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
0.000
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
-93.940
66.873
906.060
1205.036
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
-186.429
-14.179
719.632
1190.857
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
20.481
-95.603
740.113
1095.254
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
157.191
31.011
897.304
1126.265
897.274
1126.231
Y (actual)
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)
if fractional linear misclosure is within specification for the

survey then the errors in the E and N coordinates can be
distributed proportionately throughout the survey
use the Bowditch Method creates a geometrically

correct plan
this does not
correct the
actual errors
in the survey

BOWDITCH CORRECTION
to calculate Easting correction:
dE = E-error
length of traverse segment

total length of traverse
dN = N-error

then apply these corrections to

the differences (columns 5 & 6)
then recalculate the coordinates
Line
WCB
(Decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
1000.000
1000.000
138.163
1000.000
1138.163
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
0.000
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
-93.940
66.873
906.060
1205.036
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
-186.429
-14.179
719.632
1190.857
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
20.481
-95.603
740.113
1095.254
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
157.191
31.011
897.304
1126.265
897.274
1126.231
Y (actual)
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

BOWDITCH CORRECTION
to calculate Easting correction:
dE = E-error

dN = N-error

then apply these corrections to

the differences (columns 5 & 6)
then recalculate the coordinates
Line
WCB
(Decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
1000.000
1000.000
138.163
1000.000
1138.163
Adjustments
dE (m)
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
0.000
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
-93.940
66.873
906.060
1205.036
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
-186.429
-14.179
719.632
1190.857
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
20.481
-95.603
740.113
1095.254
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
157.191
31.011
897.304
1126.265
897.274
1126.231
Y (actual)
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)

show the E-error, N-error and

the linear misclosure below the
main table
show the total survey (traverse)

length and the fractional linear
misclosure below the main table
Line
WCB
(decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
Adjustments
dE (m)
dN (m)
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)
1000.000
1000.000
1000.000
1000.000
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
0.000
138.163
1000.000
1138.163
-0.006
-0.007
-0.006
138.156
999.994
1138.156
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
-93.940
66.873
906.060
1205.036
-0.005
-0.006
-93.945
66.867
906.049
1205.023
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
-186.429
-14.179
719.632
1190.857
-0.008
-0.009
-186.437
-14.188
719.613
1190.836
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
20.481
-95.603
740.113
1095.254
-0.004
-0.005
20.477
-95.607
740.090
1095.228
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
157.191
31.011
897.304
1126.265
-0.007
-0.008
157.184
31.003
897.274
1126.231

show the E-error, N-error and

the linear misclosure below the
main table
show the total survey (traverse)

length and the fractional linear
misclosure below the main table
Line
WCB
(Decimal)
Easting
difference
(m)
Northing
difference
(m)
coordinates
Eastings
(m)
Northings
(m)
Adjustments
dE (m)
X
1000.000
1000.000
diff (m)
N diff (m)
Corrected
Eastings
(m)
Corrected
Northings
(m)
1000.000
1000.000
dN (m)
XA
138.163
000 00 00
0.000
0.000
138.163
1000.000
1138.163
-0.006
-0.007
-0.006
138.156
999.994
1138.156
AB
115.311
305 26 45
305.446
-93.940
66.873
906.060
1205.036
-0.005
-0.006
-93.945
66.867
906.049
1205.023
BC
186.967
265 39 03
265.651
-186.429
-14.179
719.632
1190.857
-0.008
-0.009
-186.437
-14.188
719.613
1190.836
CD
97.772
167 54 29
167.908
20.481
-95.603
740.113
1095.254
-0.004
-0.005
20.477
-95.607
740.090
1095.228
DY
160.221
078 50 24
78.840
157.191
31.011
897.304
1126.265
-0.007
-0.008
157.184
31.003
897.274
1126.231
897.274
1126.231
-0.030
-0.034
Perimeter
698.434
Y (actual)
Error (eastings) =
30.337 mm
0.030 m
Error (northings) =
34.114 mm
0.034 m
Overall error =
45.652 mm
0.046 m
Total circumference =
Error =
1 in
698.434 m
698.434 / 0.046 =
15299.03 (i.e. ~ 15200)
mE
mN
A 375.369 543.008
EXAMPLE 2
B 264.507 604.938
coordinates of Control Points:
X 601.624 404.041
Y 698.076 384.945
calculate adjusted coordinates of 14 and the fractional
linear misclosure
REFERENCES
Irvine W, Maclennan F (1995) Surveying for Construction (5th
Edition). McGraw-Hill Education, Maidenhead.
Schofield W, Breach M (2007) Engineering Surveying (6th Edition)

Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford.
Uren J, Price WF (2006) Surveying for Engineers (4th Edition).
Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke.

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EXAMPLE 2

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

measure all angles of a link traverse

usually a known Control Point before

Note: this example uses only coordinates to determine survey errors

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

to calculate Whole Circle

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

to calculate Easting difference:

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

Easting coordinate = E coord.

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

fractional linear misclosure =

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

fractional linear misclosure =

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

if fractional linear misclosure is within specification for the

use the Bowditch Method creates a geometrically

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

length of traverse segment

length of traverse segment

then apply these corrections to

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

length of traverse segment

length of traverse segment

then apply these corrections to

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

show the E-error, N-error and

show the total survey (traverse)

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

The co-ordinates of X are 1000.000E and 1000.000N and

show the E-error, N-error and

show the total survey (traverse)

Length (m) WCB (o ' ")

15299.03 (i.e. ~ 15200)

Source: Uren and Price (2007)

Schofield W, Breach M (2007) Engineering Surveying (6th Edition)

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