Professional Documents
Culture Documents
04
October 2014
ENGINEER
CONTENTS
Vol.: XLVII, No. 04, October 2014
ISSN 1800-1122
EDITORIAL BOARD
Eng. W J L S Fernando
Eng.Tilak De Silva
Eng. W. Gamage
COVER PAGE
III
SECTION I
Control Systems in Hybrid Energy
Renewable Power Systems: Review
by:
Eng. S M Wijewardana
17
33
SECTION II
Airport Curbside and Parking Area
Operations at BIA Analysis of User
Behavior
by :
Eng. S D B Galagedera,
Dr. H R Pasindu and
Prof. J M S J Bandara
43
53
New Dynamic Battery Model for Hybrid
Vehicles and Dynamic Model Analysis Using
Simulink
by:
Eng. S M Wijewardana
Notes:
63
69
79
87
95
II
III
III
ENGINEER
SECTION I
Abstract:
During the past couple of decades extensive research has been conducted in
renewable energy hybrid systems. As a result, wind solar hybrid energy systems have become more
popular and limelight of sustainable energy research. At present, the technology in this area has been
developing very rapidly in the manufacturing sector producing new equipment with many patent
rights. The main aim of this review paper is to re-examine the application of control systems used in
hybrid energy systems and opportunities for further research identified.
Keywords:
Algorithms, Control, Fuel cells, Fuzzy logic, Hybrid energy systems, Optimization,
Photovoltaic, Wind energy conversion.
1.
Introduction
2.
Renewable Energy/Alternative
Energy/Hybrid Energy
1
1
ENGINEER
The block diagram shown in Fig. 2. is a multienergy hybrid power supply system that can be
used to supply electricity to household
customers as a standalone system. (UC:
Ultracapacitor bank, FC: Fuel cells, WT: Wind
turbine, Solar-PV: Solar photovoltaic)
The economic conditions and the availability of
power sources can decide the topology and the
number of power sources to be combined [13].
Excess power from the system can be fed into
the grid for distribution or can be used to
produce hydrogen gas for storage by using the
electrolyser if proton exchange membrane fuel
cells (PEMFC) are used in the plant[14].
Solar PV
array
Self-excited
induction
generator
DC/DC
Inverter
Rectifier
Turbine
Solar irradiance
Excitation
capacitor
Wind
3.
Battery
AC Load
.(1)
Vstack s(1 RS / RC ) 1 / RC C
3
3
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
Transformer
Load
AC/AC
BS
ACBUS
WT
DC/AC
PV
DC/AC
MainControl
Centre
ENGINEER
4.
5. Conclusion
Stand- alone hybrid systems with minimum of
two energy resources are more suitable to
supply electricity in remote areas to off-grid
applications. This paper focussed mainly on the
control aspect of standalone hybrid systems. As
a result of the review, it was found that
WT/Solar PV/BS systems are very popular. For
stand-alone applications fuel cells combined
with wind turbines have the drawback of low
efficiency due to electricity-hydrogen-electricity
conversion process and the FCs are used only
as backup systems similar to BS systems. But,
WT/FC systems economically perform better
than the WT/BS systems. To achieve the best
combinations of components sizing, most
researchers used multi-objective evolutionary
algorithm (MOEA), Genetic Algorithm and the
Partical Swarm Optimization (PSO) techniques.
However,
considering
the
cost
and
computational time, researchers still prefer to
apply Fuzzy-PID controllers in many hybrid
control systems.
6.
ENGINEER
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ENGINEER
ENGINEER
16
ENGINEER--Vol.
Vol.XLVII,
XLVII,No.
No.
[17-32],
2014
ENGINEER
04,04,
pp.pp.
[page
range],
2014
The
Institution
of
Engineers,
Sri
Lanka
The Institution of Engineers, Sri Lanka
1.
Introduction
17
1
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
18
2
Deduru Oya Reservoir Project which is amultipurpose water resource development project
under
construction
by
the
Irrigation
Department aims primarily to improve the
livelihood of farmers in part of the North
Western
province
by
increasing
the
productivity of land through irrigated
agriculture. Other purposes of the project
include enhancement of reliable sources for
domestic and industrial water supply schemes
and regulation of the flow to enhance diversion
to RidiBendiEla and to control downstream
floods[18]. The project includes construction of
a dam across Deduru Oya to impound a
reservoir of a capacity of 75 MCM, two canals at
the RB and LB and instalment of a hydropower
plant at the downstream of the dam. RB canal is
a transbasin canal to augment water supply to
Iginimitiya reservoir which is located in Mee
Oya basin. It is proposed to develop 1000 ha
along the transbasin canal and 4115ha at the
Mee Oya basin. An area of 3000 ha under
RidiBendiEla scheme will be benefited by
regulated water supply from the Deduru Oya
reservoir (Table 1) [18].
LB
canal
RB
canal
RidiBendiEla
Total
2400
4715
2400
9515
600
400
600
1600
Canal Name
Number of tanks
Main Canal
77
Branch Canal 1
15
Branch Canal 2
16
Branch Canal 3
27
Branch Canal 4
Total
136
19
3
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
20
4
2.
Methodology
Data collection;
Land use, Geology, Topography data, Minor tank
detail, Soil data, Rainfall and runoff data
Hydrological modeling;
HEC-HMS model for application to small
catchment in the LB region
21
5
ENGINEER
Eq 1
Eq 2
Eq 3
Parameter
ENGINEER
Canopy (%)
Surface (%)
Soil (%)
70
Groundwater 1 (%)
31
Groundwater 2 (%)
82
23
15
Imperviousness
22
124
25
31
44
Groundwater 1 percolation
(mm/hr)
0.05
66
201
Groundwater 2 percolation
(mm/hr)
Groundwater 2 coefficient (hr)
22
Value
0.42
30
2.3. Water
Evaluation
Model(WEAP)
and
Planning
Simulation
of
natural
hydrological
processes(e.g., evapotranspiration, runoff
and infiltration) to enable assessment of the
availability of water within a basin.
23
7
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
24
8
Continuous
simulation
Oct-Nov
95
Oct-96
May-95
SeptNov 95
Sept
Nov 96
0.20
0.95
0.20
0.26
0.28
0.86
0.92
1.64
12.0
0.83
0.85
3.00
0.77
0.84
18.0
Sept 95Aug 96
1.69
0.73
33.0
May 95Mar 97
1.60
0.72
20.0
25
9
ENGINEER
1.8
0.8
400
600
0.6
800
0.4
Rainfall/mm
Simulated runoff
Discharge / (m3/s)
Observed runoff
0
3-Nov-95
5-Nov-95
Date
7-Nov-95
Observed runoff
1.2
Simulated runoff
200
300
400
0.8
500
0.6
600
700
0.2
1200
30-Oct-95 1-Nov-95
1.4
0.4
1000
0.2
100
Rainfall
1.6
Rainfall/mm
200
Rainfall
1.2
9-Nov-95 11-Nov-95
800
6-Oct-96
8-Oct-96
10-Oct-96
12-Oct-96
14-Oct-96
16-Oct-96
18-Oct-96
20-Oct-96
Date
1.4
Discharge / (m3/s)
1.2
1
Rainfall
100
Observed runoff
200
Simulated runoff
300
400
0.8
500
0.6
600
700
0.4
800
0.2
900
1000
2-Sep-95
12-Sep-95
22-Sep-95
2-Oct-95
12-Oct-95
22-Oct-95
Date
1-Nov-95
11-Nov-95
21-Nov-95
1.6
Rainfall
1.4
Observed runoff
Simulated runoff
1.2
200
400
600
1
0.8
800
0.6
1000
0.4
1200
0.2
1400
0
2-Sep-96
12-Sep-96
22-Sep-96
2-Oct-96
12-Oct-96
22-Oct-96
1-Nov-96
11-Nov-96
Date
10
ENGINEER
26
21-Nov-96
Rainfall/mm
Discharge / (m3/s)
1.8
Rainfall/mm
Discharge / (m3/s)
1.4
27
ENGINEER
Water height / mm
Inflow (MCM/month)
0.00
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.00
100.00
200.00
300.00
400.00
500.00
600.00
700.00
800.00
12
Month
Figure 10 - Monthly Irrigation Water Requirement and Rainfall for Mellapoththa Tank
Month
RF/mm
Inflow/( MCM/month)
Model
Results
3.2. WEAP
WEAP
Model
Results
1818
1616
1414
Volume/
Volume/ MCM
MCM
1010
00
Month
Month
Comparison of
of Supply
Supply
Figure 13- Comparison
Requirement and Supply Delivered in 2009
Volume / MCM
Volume / MCM
5050
4040
3030
2020
1010
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Year
Year
ENGINEER
66
22
6060
00
88
44
Supply Delivered
Delivered
Supply
7070
Supply Delivered
Delivered
Supply
1212
Supply Requirement
Requirement
Supply
8080
Supply Requirement
Requirement
Supply
28
12
13
OFC9
OFC8
OFC7
OFC6
OFC5
OFC4
OFC3
OFC20
OFC2
OFC19
OFC18
OFC17
OFC16
OFC15
OFC14
OFC13
OFC12
OFC11
OFC10
OFC1
D9
D8
D7
D6
D56
D55
D54_Up
D54_Down
D53c
D53b
D53a
D52
D51
D50
D5
D4_1
D49_Up
D49_Down
D48c
D48b
D48a
D47
D46
D45
D44
D43
D42
D41_Up
D41_Down
D40
D4
D3_9
D3_8
D3_7d
D3_7c
D3_7b
D3_7a
D3_6
D3_5h
D3_5g
D3_5f
D3_5e
D3_5d
D3_5c
D3_5b
D3_5a
D3_4b
D3_4a
D3_3
D3_2
D3_12
D3_11b
D3_11a
D3_10
D3_1
D39_Up
D39_Down
D38_Up
D38_Down
D37_Up
D37_Down
D36
D35
D34
D33
D32
D31
D30
D3
D2_9
D2_8
D2_7
D2_6
D2_5c
D2_5b
D2_5a
D2_4b
D2_4a
D2_3
D2_2b
D2_2a
D2_1b
D2_1a
D2_10
D29
D28_Up
D28_Down
D27_Up
D27_Down
D26
D25_UP
D25_Down_down
D25_Down
D24_Up
D24_Down
D23c
D23b
D23a
D22
D21
D20
D2
D1_9
D1_8b
D1_8a
D1_7
D1_6b
D1_6a
D1_5
D1_4
D1_3c
D1_3b
D1_3a
D1_2
D1_11
D1_10
D1_1
D19
D18
D17
D16
D15_Down
D15
D14
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
D13
D12
D11
Year
D10
D1
D expansion
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
29
13
ENGINEER
10
Month
OFC9
OFC8
OFC7
OFC6
OFC5
OFC4
OFC3
OFC20
OFC2
OFC19
OFC18
OFC17
OFC16
OFC15
OFC14
OFC13
OFC12
OFC11
OFC10
OFC1
D9
D8
D7
D6
D56
D55
D54_Up
D54_Down
D53c
D53b
D53a
D52
D51
D50
D5
D4_1
D49_Up
D49_Down
D48c
D48b
D48a
D47
D46
D45
D44
D43
D42
D41_Up
D41_Down
D40
D4
D3_9
D3_8
D3_7d
D3_7c
D3_7b
D3_7a
D3_6
D3_5h
D3_5g
D3_5f
D3_5e
D3_5d
D3_5c
D3_5b
D3_5a
D3_4b
D3_4a
D3_3
D3_2
D3_12
D3_11b
D3_11a
D3_10
D3_1
D39_Up
D39_Down
D38_Up
D38_Down
D37_Up
D37_Down
D36
D35
D34
D33
D32
D31
D30
D3
D2_9
D2_8
D2_7
D2_6
D2_5c
D2_5b
D2_5a
D2_4b
D2_4a
D2_3
D2_2b
D2_2a
D2_1b
D2_1a
D2_10
D29
D28_Up
D28_Down
D27_Up
D27_Down
D26
D25_UP
D25_Down_down
D25_Down
D24_Up
D24_Down
D23c
D23b
D23a
D22
D21
D20
D2
D1_9
D1_8b
D1_8a
D1_7
D1_6b
D1_6a
D1_5
D1_4
D1_3c
D1_3b
D1_3a
D1_2
D1_11
D1_10
D1_1
D19
D18
D17
D16
D15_Down
D15
D14
D13
D12
D11
D10
D1
D expansion
ENGINEER
30
14
4. Conclusions
2.
3.
4.
5.
7.
8.
9.
References
Agrawal, A.,A Data Model with Pre and Post
Processor for HECHMS, Report of Graduate
Studies, Texas A& M Univ. College Station,
2005.
Acknowledgements
1.
6.
31
15
ENGINEER
24. Scharffenberg,
W.
A.,
and
Fleming,M.J.,Hydrologic Modeling System
HECHMS User's Manual, US Army Corps of
Engineers, Institute for Water Resources,
Hydrologic Engineering Centre, 2006.
21. Herath,S.,Mohri,H.,
Wong,P.,
Mishra,B.,Sampath,D.
S.,Weerakoon,S.
B.,Atapattu,S. and Woldie,D., Traditional and
Modern Agriculture Mosaic System for
Improving Resilience to Global Change,
Conference on Sri LankaJapan collaborative
research
(SLJCR
2013),
University
of
Peradeniya, Sri Lanka, 29-31 March 2013, p.
125.
ENGINEER
32
16
1.
Introduction
2.
Methodology
33
ENGINEER
3.
ENGINEER
34
purpose.
y2 - Depth sequent to ya
yt - Tail water depth
y1 - Depth at the vena contracta
y3 - Back up depth ratio
y3
y1
y2
y1
y2
f Fr
v1
v y1 t D S
, Re 1
, , ,
g y1
y1 y1 y1
...... (3.1)
yt
y1
y2
f Fr,
t D S
, ,
y1 y1 y1
. (3.2)
y1,V , g,, t, D, S
where, y1 = Depth at Vena-contracta, t = Height
of roughness elements, = Kinematic viscosity
of the fluid, V = Velocity at the upstream side
of the hydraulic jump, S = Submergence factor
and D = Spacing between roughness elements.
Using Buckinghams pi theorem, the following
relationship can be derived with non-
35
ENGINEER
y3
y1
where,
1 S 2 2 2 F12
2 F12
1 S
. (3.3)
yt y2 ; y 2 1 1 8F 2 1
1
y1 2
y2
t
1.04531 0.1 Fr1 0.1586
(3.4)
y1
y
2
1 0.15 d
y1
where,
d
Element width (t )
Spacing ( D)
t n1
y3
2 F12
1 d n2 s 2 2 F12
y1
t n1
y1
1 d n2 s
(3.5)
correction for submergence factor is needed.
For that roughness density terms were used as
mentioned in the section 3.3.
By trial and error, the values of the coefficients
n1 and n2 were found to be 0.33 and 0.44,
respectively to give better correlation between
(y3/y1) and S as given in Eq.(3.6).
2
t 0.33
y3
2 F12
1 d 0.44 s 2 2 F12
y1
t 0.33
y1
1 d 0.44 s
y1
(3.6)
ENGINEER
36
0.33
2
y3 y1 t
2 F1
0.44
2
1 d s 2 2 F1
0
.
33
y2 y2 y1
t
1 d 0.44 s
y1
(3.7)
To simplify the Eq. (3.7), (y1/y2) can be replaced
by 1/ and the equation can be rewritten as
follows;
2
0.33
2
y3 1 t
2 F1
0.44
2
1 d s 2 2 F1
y2 y1
t 0.33
1 d 0.44 s
y1
(3.8)
Figure (10) shows the comparison between the
theoretical (y3/y2) and observed (y3/y2) using
Eq.(3.8). It can be seen that the Eq. (3.8) predicts
accurate values with a regression coefficient of
above 80%.
37
ENGINEER
4.0
Conclusion and
Recommendations
References
Chow, V. T. (1959), Open Channel Hydraulics.
United States: McGraw-Hill.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
ENGINEER
1.
38
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
39
ENGINEER
SECTION II
iesl/pub/guide
1.
Introduction
2.
Research Objective
1
43
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
curbside
passenger) behaviors
roadway functions.
3.
affect
the
Literature Review
ENGINEER
Modal choices
This is to convert person trips into vehicle trips,
it is necessary to first determine the travel
modes used by airline passengers and visitors
(or the percentage of passengers using each
available travel mode).
2
44
ENGINEER
Vehicle occupancies
Vehicle occupancies (the number of passengers
per vehicle) are used to translate or convert
person trips by travel mode into vehicle trips.
When analyzing airport roadways, vehicle
occupancies represent the number of airline
passengers in each.
4.
Field Surveys
Peak-hour factors
Airport roadway traffic is not uniformly
distributed over a typical peak hour or other
peak period. Peak-hour (adjustment) factors are
used to translate non-uniform flows into
equivalent hourly flows to allow for the
analyses of roadways exhibiting such nonuniform peaks.
Parking Volume
Number of vehicles actually accommodated in
the parking premises in a given time duration is
called as volume. The volume changes with the
parking duration.
Parking Load
Parking load define the summation of number
of all vehicles parking in an hour. In this
particular term vehicles in the premises are
repetitively taken in to the account in every
concerned hour and therefore unit is vehicle
hours.
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
Departure curbside
The highest vehicle movement in to the
departure curbside roadway is during the 22:00
to 23:00 hour and it is 296 vehicles. The
observed total vehicle movement is 2,980 per
day and there are times that no vehicles in the
departure curbside. Nearly 41% of vehicles
arrivals are cars and 36% of vehicles are dual
purpose vehicles. It was notable that 23% uses
three wheelers.
6000000
5000000
4000000
3000000
2000000
1000000
2012
2011
2010
2009
2008
2007
0
2006
Passenger volume
8000000
Year
Figure 2 Passenger Movement
(Source: BIA Internal Data Records)
4.3 Curb
Arrival curb
BIAs arrival curb congestion closely follow the
arrival flight schedule and the highest flight
arrivals during 4:00 6:00hours and 10:00,
17:00, and 22:00 hours in each day, there are no
significant arrivals in the rest of the hours. It is
found that the curb congestion arises after
averagely 40 minutes later the aircraft landings
(from peak to peak distance of arrival curbside
vehicle accumulation graph and arrival flight
graph).
700000
600000
500000
400000
300000
200000
100000
0
Jaunary
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
Passenger volume
Month
2012
2011
Arrival curbside
Vehicle speeds at the arrival porch noticeably
decrease since vehicle drivers looking for their
passengers along the curb. Most of the vehicles
always attempt to stop at the closest to their
passengers. There are inner and outer porch
segments doubled the available curb length.
However, the outer porch curbside is fully
occupied by BIA taxies most of the time.
(Airport directly handled taxi service). They are
having higher dwelling time due to waiting for
passengers. Therefore, the effective number of
parking slots drops to 20 even though there are
36 slots available. At grade pedestrian crossings
at the arrival porch entrance lead to vehicle
queues and duty free shop item deliveries
enhance the congestion further.
ENGINEER
4
46
ENGINEER
5.0
4.0
3.0
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
0.0
9:00
11:00
13:00
15:00
17:00
19:00
21:00
23:00
1:00
3:00
5:00
7:00
3.53
3
2
3.39
Far End
1
0
3.65
3.33
3.09
3.80
Far End
Near End
No of vehicles
No of aircrafts
Foreign
Local
Foreign
1.0
Time
Local
2.0
Aircrafts
Number of vehicles
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
4.00
3.22
Near End
2
3
4
5= or <
Number of passenger in a group
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
Departure Porch
Departure curbside vehicle queues create
during 21:00 to 23:00 hour period. However,
there are random queues due to parking
attempts of vehicles at the close proximity to
the terminal entrance door for more convenient
passenger and baggage handlings. As a result,
curbside area close to terminal entrance door
and the first half of the curbside shows more
vehicle congestion and passenger operation.
On average there are nine vehicles at the
departure porch entrance in a given time
during the typical busy hour.
Arrival Porch
Average vehicle accumulation at the entrance
of the arrival curbside is 6 vehicles at a time.
The average queue length is 4 vehicles during
the day time, from 9:00 to 10:00 hours (typical
busy hour in day time) when the busiest in day
time. Loading of duty free items and passenger
and movement of duty free items though
pedestrian crossings create obstructions to
arrival vehicle flow and results vehicle queues.
5.
ENGINEER
Calculation:
Departure curbside double parking is
prohibited and it is a four lane road segment.
The peak hour vehicle flow rate = 296 veh/hr
Dwell Time
=2.97 min
Vehicle stall length
=7.6 m
Ra =(Vehicle flow rate x Dwell time)/60 ..(1)
=(296 x 2.97) / 60 = 14.65
F (constant)= 1.25
(3for less than 5, or 1.2
for 100 or more)
Required Stall length (K)=Ra x F ..... (2)
=14.65 x 1.25=18.32
6
48
ENGINEER
S = 27.12km/hr
Density by Segment, S
V = Equivalent passenger car units (pc/hr)
* +
. (7)
D = 23.66 pc/km
Heavy vehicle adjustment and driver
familiarity are 0.976 and 0.992 respectively. The
equivalent passenger car unit (pcu) of 1095 with
1.2 of safety factor is used for the analysis.
BIAs weaving section length 90.9 m and
effective three numbers of lanes are in
operation.
1150
935
2.19
2.31
0.21
0.24
45
55
( )] (5)
Day
Time
525
Parameter
7
49
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
6.
Conclusion
ENGINEER
References
[1]. Transport Research Board, Airport curbside &
Terminal Area roadway operations, Airport
Cooperative Research Program (ACRP), USA, 2010.
[2]. Ashford, N., Level of Service Design Concept
for Airport Passenger Terminals : A European
View. Transportation Research Record, volume
1199, 1988.
[3] Creswell, & John, C., Research Design
Qualitative
&
Quantitative
Approaches.
ThousandOaks:SagePublication, 1994.
8
50
ENGINEER
[12]
http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?9403862
, 12th December 2013.
9
51
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
Abstract:
Mathematical modeling and dynamic simulation of battery storage systems can be
challenging and demanding due to nonlinear nature. Simulation in time domain could be time
consuming as battery storage (BS) systems do not behave according to readily available mathematical
functions. Economic advantages, partial sustainability and the portability of these units pose
promising substitutes for backup power systems in hybrid vehicles, hybrid electricity power
generation systems, telecommunication exchanges and computer networks. Though, there have been
many research papers published in this area with complex mathematical models and simulation
systems, each system has its own constraints and specific applications. The aim of this research paper
is to present a suitable convenient, dynamic battery model that can be used to model a general BS
system. The proposed new dynamic battery model has the capability to analyse the effect of
temperature, cyclic charging/discharging, and voltage stabilization effects. Simulink has been used to
study the characteristics of the system and the proposed system has produced very good successful
results.
Keywords:
1.
Introduction
1
53
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
2.
f1(it , i, i, Exp ) E0 K .
.(1)
Exp( s) 1
Q
Q
.i K .
.it Laplace1
.
it 0.1.Q
Q it
Sel ( s) s
.(2)
For a Lithium-ion battery the governing
equations as given in [4] were presented for
reference:
For discharging (i
*>0):
f1 (it , i, i ) E 0 K .
Q
Q
.i K .
.it A. exp( B.i )
Q it
Q it
Exp ( s)
Q
Q
.i K .
.it Laplace1
.0
Q it
Q it
Sel ( s)
Q
Q
.i K .
.it A. exp( B.it )
it 0.1.Q
Q it
.(4)
Exp ( s ) 1
Q
Q
.i K .
.it Laplace1
.
Q it
Q it
Sel ( s) s
.(3)
.(5)
Exp( s) 1
Q
Q
.i K .
.it Laplace1
.
it 0.1.Q
Q it
Sel ( s) s
.(6)
The Lithium-ion battery model which was
given by MathWorks Inc. [4] can be simulated
as given by Fig.1. Dynamic Lead-Acid battery
model which was presented by Saiju, R. et alin
[5] was revisited and simulated here for
analysis. The model defined in [5] was specially
selected for comparison as it was based on the
specific gravity (SG) of the battery acid to
2
54
DK
due to SOC .
.(9)
SG is the specific gravity of the acid and the
SGfull and SGempty are the specific gravities when
the battery is fully charged and when the
battery is fully discharged respectively. AhD is
the number of Ah that would have to be
discharged from a fully charged battery to
bring it to the current state. The parameter I is
the normalised charge current and I is negative
when discharging. The Simulink block diagram
for the dynamic model presented in [5] is
shown by Fig.2. The generic battery model
presented by MathWorks Inc [4] has not taken
into account of temperature and gassing effect
(for Li-Ion batteries the effect can be considered
as minimal for certain applications)
I_bat : Battery current
I_gas : Gassing effect
V_bat: Battery terminal voltage
SOC : State of charge
AhD : Ampere.hour discharged
Ahnom: Nominal ampere hour of the battery.
DK: Fit parameter corresponding to the
discharge capacity of reference cell at an
infinitesimal discharge current
Ah : Ampere.hour
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
.(12)
E(q,T) = E0 iRintS
Where:
RintS: Battery internal series resistance
T:Ambient temperature of the battery cell
E0: Battery constant
.(13)
.(14)
xE0 (T ) f (T ) 0.986 4.97 104 T 6.6 *105 T
.(15)
Q
A exp Bq
E (q, T ) E0 K *
.(16)
Q
q
. (17)
Where:
E(q,T): No load voltage(V)
E0: Battery constant voltage(V)
K: Polarization voltage(V)
Q: Battery capacity(Ah)
A,B: Exponential constants
q: Charge or extracted capacity(Ah)
Simulation data:
Kref = 0.05 (Polarization voltage)
Q = 0.830(Ah)(Battery capacity)
E0_ref = 3.55 Volts; Aref=0.35(Exponential Coeff.)
Bref = 0.18 (Exponential Coeff.)
3.
.(10)
xn f (T ) A BT CT 2
n f ( K , E 0 , B, C )
.(11)
The equation for the battery terminal voltage,
Eas given in [7]:
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
4
56
4.
5
57
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
dV1
i
V1
.
dt
CTS RTS CTS
.(18)
dV2
i
V2
.
dt
CTL RTLCTL
.(19)
.(20)
The effect of Rint S , RTS , CTS , and CTL due to
the battery SOC can be calculated as in [7]. The
improved new modified generic equation is
presented here with as shown by equation (21):
Cg 3 exp(Cg 4 SOC).
.(21)
Rcg (SOC)
C g1
Cg 2
Cg 3
Cg 4
Rint S ( SOC )
1.21
-52.1
0.0435
0.00941
RTS (SOC )
0.1562
-24.37
0.04669
1100
.1500
-1200
-7.100
1.321
-34.72
0.0491
0.0071
5200
0.2585
-8350
-19.4
CTS (SOC )
RTL (SOC )
CTL (SOC )
5.
with
the simulation results from existing
battery models and known experimental data
from Tan et al [9] and the Chen et al [10]
experiments.
Q
A exp xB Bq .
+ xk (T ) K
Q
.(30)
.(31)
7
59
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
.(33)
6.
.(34)
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
Conclusion
8
60
References
[1]
[2]
Ross, M. M. D., A
simple
but
comprehensive Lead- Acid battery model for
Hybrid
System Simulation 1471 Boul,
Lionel- Bouled, Suite 26, Varennes, Quebec
J3X 1P7. Available online:Article from www.
RERinfo.ca, accessed on 18 Dec 2013.
[9]
9
61
[19]
[20]
Wijewardana,
S., Maximum
Power
Point Analysis Using Simulink/Matlab for a
Hybrid Solar Photovoltaic / Battery Storage
system, International Journal of
Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering,
Volume 3, Issue 11,November 2013.
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
Abstract:
History of building constructions in Sri Lanka goes back to pre-Christian era. Among
the many building types, historical records indicate the presence of timber made buildings since this
early period. Many of these buildings are either totally destroyed by now or in ruined state. However,
some building types in which timber has been extensively used as construction material and were
constructed during medieval times are still in preserved order. Some elements in these buildings are
alien to current construction methodologies. Studies on them in structural perspectives would enable
to conjecture the early forms of Sri Lankan buildings as well as to provide some alternative structural
designs. Study on two such elements, widely used in medieval timber buildings in Sri Lanka,
constitutes the core theme of this paper.
Key words:
1.
2.
Introduction
ENGINEER
1
63
ENGINEER
3.
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
64
Pekada
z
y
Pillar
Pillar
ENGINEER
(b)
3
65
ENGINEER
Beam
y
P
Pekada
Y
Z
Pillar
4.
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
Madol-kurupawa: Rafters
Ridge plate Interface
66
Conclusion
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
P
A
B
Ridge plate
Y
Rafter
Plate
Post
MadolKurupawa
References
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
68
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Universal Science-Part IV
S. D. S. Deshapriya
Abstract:
This paper is an outcome of a trial carried out to find a common methodology to
address the different subjects together using circular thinking pattern which borrowed from
Buddhism rather than addressing them separately. In addition to this, Buddhism which comprises
of the perfect structure (body), immense innovative power and the broader ways of knowledge
gaining are also utilized here to combine various subjects together.
Universal Science(US) reveals that , all are at a transitional stage hence it has been the reason for every
thing in the universe to have mutually opposite duel characters, representing the (concept of)
unique origin (Sataramahabuta) in one hand. Strength of US had been shown earlier, by addressing
the universal secrets such as the revolving of planets, gravitational forces, occurance of common
patterns in different things, such as rain, food circle etc. Further the new areas has also been
introduced, such as the influence to the subjects by the common patterns at a higher level, need for
exploring the whole area than one at a time, forming new theories using Buddhist texts, such as the
universal conservation, effect of way of loading on bearing capacity etc. Hence, it is an occation of
showing a link in spiritual & material world in a different form.
Further the US which comprises of many talents & techniques, emerges as the new life style to the
modern world. Similarly, these techchniques are expressed here as, which can be practiced even by
the most deprived sectors of the society, for their self determination irrespective of the political
surround etc., while raising US, being the material version of Buddhism, as the new doctrine for the
social liberation to the world in place of Marxism. It is also proposed to find the inherent path of US
as the solution which could be found in 4 qdrnt plane for development & to end the(nearly) by-polor
political struggle in the country. Here in, it is further proposed through the US, for a change in the
education pattern for the genious to come up easily. In addition to this,it reminds the need to be more
selfless & friendly to reach the climax in this (net) zero sum world for maximum gains through a
spiritual approach. (Part I, II &III were published in July2012 , July2013& January2014 journals
respectively.)
1.
Forming theorems :
69
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
70
71
ENGINEER
3.
Development:
US
as the material version, which
empowered by Buddhism, urges
to
constitute law in the four quadrent logical
frame as its base (foundation) & to
incorporate other (subject) matters as well,
by means of (common) patterns, in order
to strengthen & enhance the law subject
(as an example to the subjects
enhancement), of which guided by the
Buddhist thinking pattern.
4.
Patterns in action:
ENGINEER
72
5.
73
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ENGINEER
74
6.
Problems Solving:
75
ENGINEER
7.
ENGINEER
8.
76
9.
Conclusion:
77
ENGINEER
References
1.
2.
ENGINEER
78
Abstract:
Agriculture Ministry statics show that while the targeted acreage for cultivation during
Yala 2012 was 494100 hectares. Only 348761 hectares have actually been cultivated. The harvest is
estimated at 1.25 million metric tons. However these figures are expected to see drastic change due to
the drought weather condition experienced in most part of the country, specially the agricultural areas.
Of the cultivated lands, most paddy lands in the Anuradhapura and Polonnaruwa districts have been
severely affected by the shortage of water. According to Agriculture ministry 5000 hectares of paddy
lands in Kurunegala district have been completely destroyed by the drought.
Under the above situation, the farmers of the Irrigation schemes who are in Galgamuwa area in
Kurunegala district have been harvested their maximum yield in Yala 2012.
This paper reviews the hydrological, meteorological records and strategies to examine the possibility
of planning irrigation issues during Yala season 2012 in the Galgamuwa area.
1.
Introduction
79
ENGINEER
1.
2.
3.
4.
2.
follows.
ENGINEER
First
Intermonsoon
Season
( March April)
Southwest
monsoon
season
( May September)
Second
Intermonsoon
season
(October November)
Northeast Monsoon season (December
February)
80
81
ENGINEER
2.2
2012
Large parts of the island were under drought
this Yala which refers to the cultivation season
that starts after the April-May rains. Impacts of
droughts have led to shortages in drinking
water in some areas and wells and rivers drying
up and clapped landscapes. Farmers have been
affected in large swathes of the island
particularly in Polonnaruwa, Anuradhapura,
Ampara, Kurunegala and Batticaloa districts.
The sowing and harvesting of the principal crop
of rice takes place during the two cultivation
seasons, Maha (starting in October) and Yala
(starting end of April). During Maha, the
farmlands usually receive sufficient water to
cultivate all rice fields whereas during Yala,
farmlands usually receive only enough water to
cultivate about half the fields and farmers are
particularly affected by shortfalls in this season.
The drought was due to an accumulated rainfall
deficit in the months preceding the Yala from
January to April and significant deficits from
June to August.
3.
4.
Reservoirs in Galgamuwa
Irrigation Division
ENGINEER
82
4.1
area
Mee oya system (Figure 02)
Maha Siyambalangmuwa
5.
83
ENGINEER
Reservoir
Extent
Capacity at
Total
Balance
Quantity
Water
cultivated
beginning
Capacity
Capacity
used for
used
(MCM)
During the
at end of
cultivation
(MCM/
season
the season
from the
Ha)
(MCM)
(MCM)
tank (MCM)
(Ha)
1.Abakolawewa
340
3.58
6.40
1.37
5.03
4.86
2.Ataragalla
220
2.53
4.43
1.19
3.23
4.84
3.Palukadawala
790
8.13
8.90
3.64
5.25
2.19
4.Maha
176
4.87
5.43
3.56
1.88
3.5
60
0.36
0.69
0.37
0.33
1.76
101
1.61
2.34
0.34
1.99
6.5
Galgamuwa
5.Maha
Nanneriya
6.Maha
Siyambalangmu
wa
ENGINEER
84
5.1
Possibility
of
planning
the
date
of
commencement of cultivation according to this
concept was examined by doing study of past
meteorological and hydrological records which
entirely depend on its own catchment. For this
purpose
Abakolawewa,
Ataragalla,
Palukadawala, Maha Galgamuwa, Maha
Nanneriya and Maha Siyambalangamuwa
schemes in Galgamuwa area was selected. Yala
cultivation during 2012 was considered.
Decision makers had to face many challenges to
85
ENGINEER
Conclusions
Acknowledgements
ENGINEER
References
Dharmasena G T, 1990 Planning of
Irrigation to Optimize the effective
rainfall IESL.
86
1. Introduction
Development goes hand in hand with the
progress of civilisation and it is inextricably
interwoven with each other. No proper
positive development can be achieved with
certainty without adequate and proper
infrastructure. There are only a few towns
in Sri Lanka where there is a well laid
sewerage system. Although the British
commenced the laying of a sewerage
system in Colombo when they started
settling in Colombo as their capital city, the
same advancement of expanding the
sewerage system had not taken place either
in the Colombo city or the rest of the island.
Even in cities like Kandy, which is the next
big city, the sewerage system had been
introduced at a much latter stage.
Presently, still we are using this age old
sewerage pipe system augmented with a
few improvements in the Colombo city. It
ENGINEER
87
ENGINEER
52 T10-50(b-n)-300 T & B
4 T10-50a-300 T & B
200
100
150
1 BEAM
675
NOTE
6700
12 T12-45-250
2 NOTATION USED
104
88 T12-43-250
10
50
300
NO. OF BARS
4 T10-50a-300 T&B
TYPE OF STEEL
BAR DIAMETER
BAR MARK
BAR SPACING
3500
52 T10-50(b-n)-300 T& B
250
2 T10-51-T & B
4 LAP LENGTH SHALL BE 50 X SMALLER BAR DIAMETER AND TO BE STAGGERED WHEREVER POSSIBLE
2 T10-47b
22 R6-49-150
176 T16-38-125
G.L.
6 STRENGTH OF R/F
HIGH YIELD STEEL
MILD STEEL
=450 N/mm2
=250 N/mm2
7 GRADE OF CONCRETE
PLUG CONCRETE
= GRADE 20
R/F
52 T10-50(b-n)-300 T & B
8-48
8-48
21 T10-47(a-k)-300 T & B
200
300
550
2 T10-47b
CONCRETE
= GRADE 35
225
3000
156 T16-40-125
800
800
4621
609
661
SHAPE OF BAR NO 05
156 T16-39-125
7039
AT THE BASE CONCRETE BAR NO 5 SHOULD BE STRAIGHT AS SHAPE 38 WITH GRADE 15 CONCRETE
45
56 T16-42-125
ABBREVIATIONS
G. L. = GROUND LEVEL
61 T16-41-125
800
GRADE 15 CONC.
27 T16-35(a-z)-125T & B
D E TAIL P LAN F O R
R O O F S LAB
156 Y16-39-125
550
150
500
SCALE: 1 : 25
Y16-C - 5 - 200 C/C WELDED
SHOWERS
DRAWN :
DESIGNED :
B. D. G GUNASEKERA
B. D. G GUNASEKERA
750
176 T16--37-125
CHECKED :
APPROVED :
7100
DATE
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
88
4.
ENGINEER
89
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
90
5.
ENGINEER
91
ENGINEER
Figure 6 -Typical
Duplication Road
6.
Vent
shaft
at
Force Main
7.
ENGINEER
ENGINEER
Design Criteria
92
Figure 8-CCTV inspection shows Leaking Joints and Cracked pipes in a sewer
Force mains are typically designed for
velocities between 0.75 m/s (self cleansing
velocity) to 3.0 m/s (non scouring velocity).
Such velocities are normally based on the
most economical pipe diameters and
typical available heads. For shorter force
mains (less than 600 meters) and low lift
requirements (less than 9 meters) the
recommended force main velocity range is
1.8 to 2.7 m/s. This higher design velocity
allows the use of smaller pipe, reducing
construction costs. Higher velocity also
increases pipeline friction loss by more than
50%, resulting in increased energy costs.
Valves are installed to regulate wastewater
and pressure in the force mains. Valves can
be used to stop and start flow, control the
flow rate, divert the flow, prevent
backflow, and control and relieve the
pressure. Air valves are provided at higher
elevations while scour valves are provided
at
lower
elevations.
Force
main
performance is closely tied to the
performance of the pumping station to
which it is connected. System head curves
are used to define and compare the
operating characteristics of a given pump
or set of pumps with the associated force
main. They are also used to identify the
best
combination
of
performance
characteristics under which the pumping
station force main system will operate
under typical conditions.
The operation of force main pumping
station systems is usually automated and
does not require continuous on-site
operator presence.
ENGINEER
93
ENGINEER
8.
Conclusion
References
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
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Abstract:
The energy required to operate drip irrigation water pumps for crop production can
be measured in terms of fuel consumption or electric power usage. Energy usage depends on the
amount of irrigation water, irrigation time and consequently on the fuel consumption or electric
power required for each pumping unit of water. While appreciating the drip irrigation concept for the
Sri Lankan context, this publication aims to prove hydropower is a solution to meet the energy need of
drip irrigation systems to be designed for countrys future development.
Key Words:
1.
Introduction
2.
Drip irrigation
2.1
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3.
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3
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4.
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Conclusion
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